U S Disposal Of Chemical Weapons In The Ocean
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U S Disposal Of Chemical Weapons In The Ocean
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Author : David M. Bearden
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011-05-18
U S Disposal Of Chemical Weapons In The Ocean written by David M. Bearden and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-05-18 with categories.
The U.S. Armed Forces disposed of chemical weapons in the ocean from World War I through 1970. At that time, it was thought that the vastness of ocean waters would absorb chemical agents that may leak from these weapons. However, public concerns about human health and environmental risks, and the economic effects of potential damage to marine resources, led to a statutory prohibition on the disposal of chemical weapons in the ocean in 1972. For many years, there was little attention to weapons that had been dumped offshore prior to this prohibition. However, the U.S. Army completed a report in 2001 indicating that the past disposal of chemical weapons in the ocean had been more common and widespread geographically than previously acknowledged. The Army cataloged 74 instances of disposal through 1970, including 32 instances off U.S. shores and 42 instances off foreign shores. The disclosure of these records renewed public concern about lingering risks from chemical weapons still in the ocean. Contents of this report: Introduction; History of U.S. Disposal of Chemical Weapons in the Ocean; Cessation of U.S. Disposal in the Ocean; Potential Risks from Disposal in the Ocean; Relevant Scientific Studies in Europe and Russia; Response Options and Issues; Response Authorities: CERCLA; Clean Water Act; RCRA; Legislation Enacted in the 109th Congress; Conclusion. Table. This is a print on demand report.
European Disposal Operations
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Author : H. Lindsey Arison III
language : en
Publisher: H. Lindsey Arison III
Release Date : 2014-03-07
European Disposal Operations written by H. Lindsey Arison III and has been published by H. Lindsey Arison III this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03-07 with Science categories.
Ticking Time Bomb. Between 1946 and 1990, on the order of 754,975 tons (over 1.5 billion pounds or 684 million kilograms) of chemical weapons were disposed in European waters. At least 21 European Nations are now potentially at risk because of the expected toxic effect on marine life and the food chain. Critical research revealed in over 400 print pages contains 111 images including 23 declassified TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL, and RESTRICTED documents, 40 photographs, and 17 maps. Principal Chapters: - Evolution of Plans for the Disposition of Captured Chemical Weapons - Accounting of All Captured Chemical Weapons - Accounting of All Sea-Disposed Chemical Weapons - Locations of the Scuttled Ships - Estimated Total Chemical Warfare Agents Disposed in European Waters - Legal Responsibilities of States - Conclusion and The Imperative for an International Strategy “Bottom Line”: The environmental and public health problems facing European nations incident to the anticipated release of potentially massive amounts of slowly hydrolyzing nerve and blister agents into the marine environment are more critical and urgent than generally supposed. Increased incidents of human and marine injury in recent years have convinced many the threat of chemical poisons leaking from the deteriorating shells, canisters, and containers on the ocean floor is an imminent and insoluble problem. The fundamental premise of this study is that when the these sea disposals occurred, dumping of toxic CW into the ocean was the preferred disposal method and was not an act of malevolence or ill will. Such dumping was not prohibited and the effect on the environment was simply not considered important at that time. It is therefore not the intent of this book to affix blame or culpability. Rather, a detailed analysis of principal findings underscores the imperative for an international strategy and a proposal for international collaboration and cooperation in addressing the potential problem is advanced.
The Sea Disposal Of Chemical Weapons
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Author : H. Lindsey Arison, III
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
Release Date : 2013-01-04
The Sea Disposal Of Chemical Weapons written by H. Lindsey Arison, III and has been published by Createspace Independent Pub this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-04 with Science categories.
Between 1946 and 1990, on the order of 754,975 tons (over 1.5 billion pounds or 684 million kilograms) of chemical weapons were disposed in European waters. At least 21 European Nations are now potentially at risk because of the expected toxic effect on marine life and the food chain.Critical research revealed in over 400 print pages contains 111 images including 23 declassified TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL, and RESTRICTED documents, 40 photographs, and 17 maps.Principal Chapters:• Evolution of Plans for the Disposition of Captured Chemical Weapons• Accounting of All Captured Chemical Weapons• Accounting of All Sea-Disposed Chemical Weapons• Locations of the Scuttled Ships• Estimated Total Chemical Warfare Agents Disposed in European Waters• Legal Responsibilities of States• Conclusion and The Imperative for an International Strategy“Bottom Line”The environmental and public health problems facing European nations incident to the anticipated release of potentially massive amounts of slowly hydrolyzing nerve and blister agents into the marine environment are more critical and urgent than generally supposed. Increased incidents of human and marine injury in recent years have convinced many the threat of chemical poisons leaking from the deteriorating shells, canisters, and containers on the ocean floor is an imminent and insoluble problem. The fundamental premise of this study is that when the these sea disposals occurred, dumping of toxic CW into the ocean was the preferred disposal method and was not an act of malevolence or ill will. Such dumping was not prohibited and the effect on the environment was simply not considered important at that time. It is therefore not the intent of this book to affix blame or culpability.Rather, a detailed analysis of principal findings underscores the imperative for an international strategy and a proposal for international collaboration and cooperation in addressing the potential problem is advanced. THIS IS THE BLACK & WHITE VERSION.THE FULL COLOR VERSION IS ALSO AVAILABLE.Key Links:• The Institute for Sea-Disposed Chemical Weapons:http://www.isdcw.org• Facebook Sites: o Book: “The Sea Disposal of Chemical Weapons”: http://www.facebook.com/TSDCW o Institute for Sea-Disposed Chemical Weapons: http://www.facebook.com/157185534305736
Sea Dumped Chemical Weapons Aspects Problems And Solutions
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Author : A.V. Kaffka
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Sea Dumped Chemical Weapons Aspects Problems And Solutions written by A.V. Kaffka and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
This volume summarises the materials presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sea-Dumped Chemical Munitions, held in Kaliningrad (Moscow Region), Russia, in January 1995. The conference was sponsored by the NATO Division of Scientific and Environmental Affairs in the framework of its outreach programme to develop co-operation between NATO member countries and the Cooperation Partner countries in the area of disarmament technologies. The problem of the ecological threat posed by chemical weapons (CW) dumped in the seas after the Second World War deserves considerable international attention: the amount of these weapons, many of them having been captured from the German Army, is assessed at more than three times as much as the total chemical arsenals reported by the United States and Russia. They were disposed of in the shallow depths of North European seas - areas of active fishing - in close proximity to densely populated coastlines, with no consideration of the long-term consequences. The highly toxic material have time and again showed up, for instance when retrieved occasionally in the fishing nets, attracting local media coverage only. Nevertheless, this issue has not yet been given adequate and comprehensive scientific analysis, the sea-disposed munitions are not covered by either the Chemical Weapons Convention or other arms control treaties. In fact, the problem has been neglected for a long time on the international level. Only recently were official data made available by the countries which admitted conducting dumping operations.
Ocean Disposal Of Unserviceable Chemical Munitions
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1970
Ocean Disposal Of Unserviceable Chemical Munitions written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oceanography and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1970 with Chemical weapons disposal categories.
Alternative Technologies For The Destruction Of Chemical Agents And Munitions
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1993-02-01
Alternative Technologies For The Destruction Of Chemical Agents And Munitions written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-02-01 with Science categories.
The U.S. Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program was established with the goal of destroying the nation's stockpile of lethal unitary chemical weapons. Since 1990 the U.S. Army has been testing a baseline incineration technology on Johnston Island in the southern Pacific Ocean. Under the planned disposal program, this baseline technology will be imported in the mid to late 1990s to continental United States disposal facilities; construction will include eight stockpile storage sites. In early 1992 the Committee on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies was formed by the National Research Council to investigate potential alternatives to the baseline technology. This book, the result of its investigation, addresses the use of alternative destruction technologies to replace, partly or wholly, or to be used in addition to the baseline technology. The book considers principal technologies that might be applied to the disposal program, strategies that might be used to manage the stockpile, and combinations of technologies that might be employed.
Safely Destroying America S Chemical Weapons
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Safely Destroying America S Chemical Weapons written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Chemical weapons disposal categories.
Dumped Chemical Weapons In The Sea Options
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Author : Egbert Klaas Duursma
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-02-24
Dumped Chemical Weapons In The Sea Options written by Egbert Klaas Duursma and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Baltic Sea *Although leaked chemical warfare (CW) gases rapidly hydrolyse in sea water, potential risks of serious contamination will exist for many decades for sailors, fishermen and coastal visitors of the Baltic Sea, in particular concerning contact with lumps of mustard gas. *Since 72% of the CW agents is contained in aircraft bombs, which are already in various stages of corrosion and 63% of all CW agents is S-mustard gas, the loss by lumps of mustard, spread over the seabed in the neighbourhood of dump sites, represents the greatest danger. *There remain sites at risk outside the Allied Forces dump sites, since during the disposal procedures before 1948, ammunition was thrown overboard between the discharge ports of Wolfgast and Peenemunde and the dump sites east of Bornholm and south of Gotland. *Blue prints of emergency plans should be available in order to confine, bury or destroy ammunition at risk. Skagerak *Most dumped CW ammunition is contained in deliberately sunken vessels. *Implosion of the chemical weapon's cargo in these vessels, due to its own weight, may increase loss of CW agents, in particular from corroded aircraft bombs. *Several wrecked ships have been located outside the dump site as indicated on the nautical charts. *Steps should be taken to sarcophage the wrecked ships in order to avoid an eventual contamination of the eastern North Sea and coastal waters of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. General *Although the Helsinki Commission, through its ad hoc Working Group HELCOM CHEMU has correctly evaluated the present risks of the dumped CW ammunition, it is obvious that the authorities of the Baltic States and Norway should be prepared to act jointly in emergency situations.
Chemical Weapons Destruction
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Author : United States. General Accounting Office
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Chemical Weapons Destruction written by United States. General Accounting Office and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Chemical arms control categories.
The Challenge Of Old Chemical Munitions And Toxic Armament Wastes
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Author : Thomas Stock
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
The Challenge Of Old Chemical Munitions And Toxic Armament Wastes written by Thomas Stock and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with History categories.
In October 1993, eighteen experts from ten countries met in Munster, Germany to discuss various aspects of the problem of old chemical munitions and toxic armaments wastes. This comprehensive study discusses the characteristics of chemical warfare agents and toxic armament wastes, past chemical weapons production activities, chemical weapons disposal and destruction, sea dumping of chemical weapons, and legal issues related to old chemical munitions and toxic armament wastes.