Understanding Changes In Poverty
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Understanding Changes In Poverty
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Author : Gabriela Inchauste
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2014-08-21
Understanding Changes In Poverty written by Gabriela Inchauste and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-21 with Social Science categories.
The 2015 Millennium Development Goal to cut in half the share of the world’s population living in extreme poverty was met with time to spare. By 2013, the percentage of developing-country populations living in extreme poverty decreased from 43 percent in 1990 to 21 percent by 2010. Clearly, there is still a long way to go, with 1.2 billion people without enough to eat. What can we learn from the recent success? This volume presents recent methods to decompose the contributions to poverty reduction. What was the main contributor to poverty reduction? Using a simple accounting approach, we find that labor income growth was the largest contributor to moderate poverty reduction for a group of 21 countries with substantial reductions in poverty over the past decade. Moreover, in most cases, it was the growth in income per worker that contributed the most to poverty reduction, rather than an increase in employment. Changes in demographics, public transfers and remittances helped, but made relatively smaller contributions to poverty reduction. Public transfers were important in reducing extreme poverty, pointing to the crucial role of social protection systems. How was labor income growth able to reduce poverty? After a review of the literature, a structural decomposition method is presented and implemented in three countries. The results show that that labor income grew mainly because of higher returns to human capital endowments. This could signal increases in productivity, a higher relative price of labor, or both. In Bangladesh and Peru, this was driven by higher returns to workers with low levels of education, which may have partly been driven by higher food prices. In contrast, in Thailand, poverty fell partly due to increasing returns to education.
Understanding Changes In Poverty
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Author : Gabriela Inchauste
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2014-08-29
Understanding Changes In Poverty written by Gabriela Inchauste and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-29 with Business & Economics categories.
The 2015 Millennium Development Goal to reduce by 50 percent the share of the world's population living in extreme poverty was met early. The number of individuals in developing countries who live in extreme poverty had decreased from 43 percent in 1990 to 21 percent by 2010. Yet, with 1.2 billion people still struggling today, we have a long way to go. What can we learn from the recent success of reducing extreme poverty? Understanding Changes in Poverty brings together different methods to decompose the contributions to poverty reduction. A simple approach quantifies the contribution of changes in demographics, employment, earnings, public transfers, and remittances to poverty reduction. A more complex approach quantifies the contributions to poverty reduction from changes in individual and household characteristics, including changes in the sectoral, occupational, and educational structure of the workforce, as well as changes in the returns to individual and household characteristics. Understanding Changes in Poverty implements these approaches and finds that labor income growth--that is, growth in income per worker rather than an increase in the number of employed workers--was the largest contributor to moderate poverty reduction in 21 countries experiencing substantial reductions in poverty over the past decade. Changes in demographics, public transfers, and remittances helped, but made relatively smaller contributions to poverty reduction. Further decompositions in three countries find that labor income grew mainly because of higher returns to human capital endowments, signaling increases in productivity, higher relative price of labor, or both. Understanding Changes in Poverty will be of particular relevance to development practitioners interested in better understanding distributional changes over time. The methods and tools presented in this book can also be applied to better understand changes in inequality or any other distributional change.
Understanding Poverty
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Author : Sheldon DANZIGER
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2009-06-30
Understanding Poverty written by Sheldon DANZIGER and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-30 with Social Science categories.
In spite of an unprecedented period of growth and prosperity, the poverty rate in the United States remains high relative to the levels of the early 1970s and relative to those in many industrialized countries today. Understanding Poverty brings the problem of poverty in America to the fore, focusing on its nature and extent at the dawn of the twenty-first century.
Understanding Changes In Poverty
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Author : Joao Pedro Azevedo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014-09-01
Understanding Changes In Poverty written by Joao Pedro Azevedo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-01 with categories.
The 2015 Millennium Development Goal to cut in half the share of the worlds population living in extreme poverty was met with time to spare. By 2013, the percentage of developing-country populations living in extreme poverty decreased from 43 percent in 1990 to 21 percent by 2010. Clearly, there is still a long way to go, with 1.2 billion people without enough to eat. What can we learn from the recent success? This volume presents recent methods to decompose the contributions to poverty reduction. What was the main contributor to poverty reduction? Using a simple accounting approach, we find that labor income growth was the largest contributor to moderate poverty reduction for a group of 21 countries with substantial reductions in poverty over the past decade. Moreover, in most cases, it was the growth in income per worker that contributed the most to poverty reduction, rather than an increase in employment. Changes in demographics, public transfers and remittances helped, but made relatively smaller contributions to poverty reduction. Public transfers were important in reducing extreme poverty, pointing to the crucial role of social protection systems. How was labor income growth able to reduce poverty? After a review of the literature, a structural decomposition method is presented and implemented in three countries. The results show that that labor income grew mainly because of higher returns to human capital endowments. This could signal increases in productivity, a higher relative price of labor, or both. In Bangladesh and Peru, this was driven by higher returns to workers with low levels of education, which may have partly been driven by higher food prices. In contrast, in Thailand, poverty fell partly due to increasing returns to education.
Understanding The Poverty Impact Of The Global Financial Crisis In Latin America And The Caribbean
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Author : Margaret Grosh
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2014-06-18
Understanding The Poverty Impact Of The Global Financial Crisis In Latin America And The Caribbean written by Margaret Grosh and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-18 with Social Science categories.
Using data from household and labor force surveys, this study documents the effects of the 2008–09 global financial crisis on poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean, the social protection policy responses activated, and a macro-micro modeling of crisis/no-crisis scenarios for Mexico and Brazil.
Understanding Poverty
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Author : Peter Alcock
language : en
Publisher: Macmillan Pub Limited
Release Date : 1997
Understanding Poverty written by Peter Alcock and has been published by Macmillan Pub Limited this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Political Science categories.
This second edition of an important text has been substantially revised and updated to incorporate new evidence and arguments regarding poverty in Britain. Comprehensive and accessible, it deals with the problems of definition, measurement and distribution of poverty and analyses the full range of debates about its causes and its possible solution. It is essential reading for students of social policy, sociology, social work and related social sciences.
Reducing Poverty Protecting Livelihoods And Building Assets In A Changing Climate
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Author : Dorte Verner
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2010-06-25
Reducing Poverty Protecting Livelihoods And Building Assets In A Changing Climate written by Dorte Verner and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-06-25 with Political Science categories.
Climate change is the defining development challenge of our time. More than a global environmental issue, climate change and variability threaten to reverse recent progress in poverty reduction and economic growth. Both now and over the long run, climate change and variability threatens human and social development by restricting the fulfillment of human potential and by disempowering people and communities in reducing their livelihoods options. Communities across Latin America and the Caribbean are already experiencing adverse consequences from climate change and variability. Precipitation has increased in the southeastern part of South America, and now often comes in the form of sudden deluges, leading to flooding and soil erosion that endanger people s lives and livelihoods. Southwestern parts of South America and western Central America are seeing a decrease in precipitation and an increase in droughts. Increasing heat and drought in Northeast Brazil threaten the livelihoods of already-marginal smallholders, and may turn parts of the eastern Amazon rainforest into savannah. The Andean inter-tropical glaciers are shrinking and expected to disappear altogether within the next 20-40 years, with significant consequences for water availability. These environmental changes will impact local livelihoods in unprecedented ways. Poverty, inequality, water access, health, and migration are and will be measurably affected by climate change. Using an innovative research methodology, this study finds quantitative evidence of large variations in impacts across regions. Many already poor regions are becoming poorer; traditional livelihoods are being challenged in unprecedented ways; water scarcity is increasing, particularly in poor arid areas; human health is deteriorating; and climate-induced migration is already taking place and may increase. Successfully reducing social vulnerability to climate change and variability requires action and commitment at multiple levels. This volume offers key operational recommendations at the government, community, and household levels with particular emphasis placed on enhancing good governance and technical capacity in the public sector, building social capital in local communities, and protecting the asset base of poor households.
Understanding And Reducing Persistent Poverty In Africa
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Author : Christopher B. Barrett
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-10-21
Understanding And Reducing Persistent Poverty In Africa written by Christopher B. Barrett and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-21 with Business & Economics categories.
Prior work has shown that there is a significant amount of turnover amongst the African poor as households exit and enter poverty. Some of this mobility can be attributed to regular movement back and forth in response to exogenous variability in climate, prices, health, etc. ('churning'). Other crossings of the poverty line reflect permanent shifts in long-term well-being associated with gains or losses of productive assets or permanent changes in asset productivity due, for example, to adoption of improved technologies or access to new, higher-value markets. Distinguishing true structural mobility from simple churning is important because it clarifies the factors that facilitate such important structural change. Conversely, it also helps identify the constraints that may leave other households caught in a trap of persistent, structural poverty. The papers in this book help to distinguish the types of poverty and to deepen understanding of the structural features and constraints that create poverty traps. Such an understanding allows communities, local governments and donors to take proactive, effective steps to combat persistent poverty in Africa. This book was previously published as a special issue of the Journal of Development Studies.
Understanding Poverty And The Environment
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Author : Fiona Nunan
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2015-03-27
Understanding Poverty And The Environment written by Fiona Nunan and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-27 with Nature categories.
Does poverty lead to environmental degradation? Do degraded environments and natural resources lead to poverty? Or, are there other forces at play? Is the relationship between poverty and the environment really as straightforward as the vicious circle portrayal of ‘poverty leading to environmental destruction leading to more poverty’ would suggest? Does it matter if the relationship is portrayed in this way? This book suggests that it does matter. Arguing that such a portrayal is unhelpful and misleading, the book brings together a diverse range of analytical frameworks and approaches that can enable a much deeper investigation of the context and nature of poverty-environment relationships. Analytical frameworks and approaches examined in the book include political ecology, a gendered lens, Critical Institutionalism, the Environmental Entitlements framework, the Institutional Analysis and Development approach, the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, wellbeing analysis, social network analysis and frameworks for the analysis of the governance of natural resources. Recommended further reading draws on published material from the last thirty years as well as key contemporary publications, giving readers a steer towards essential texts and authors within each subject area. Key themes running through the analytical frameworks and approaches are identified and examined, including power, access, institutions and scale.
Understanding Inequality And Poverty In China
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Author : G. Wan
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-12-04
Understanding Inequality And Poverty In China written by G. Wan and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-04 with Business & Economics categories.
This book explores trends of inequality and poverty in China, identifies their causes and assesses their consequences, analyzing in detail the regional/personal variation in incomes, measures of human wellbeing, the gap between the coastal regions and the interior regions, and urban–rural disparity.