Using The Think Aloud Method Cognitive Labs To Evaluate Test Design For Students With Disabilities And English Language Learners Technical Report 44
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Using The Think Aloud Method Cognitive Labs To Evaluate Test Design For Students With Disabilities And English Language Learners Technical Report 44
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Author : Christopher J. Johnstone
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Using The Think Aloud Method Cognitive Labs To Evaluate Test Design For Students With Disabilities And English Language Learners Technical Report 44 written by Christopher J. Johnstone and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Finding ways to improve the design of large-scale tests is a timely issue. Recent changes in Federal legislation (including the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001) have placed greater emphasis on accountability via large-scale tests. Students who have previously been exempted from large-scale assessments, including students with disabilities and English language learners, are now expected to reach achievement levels comparable to their non-disabled or English proficient peers. Schools are held accountable for their performance, and their scores are reported publicly. With such high stakes placed on large-scale assessment, there is a critical need for states to have valid information about how the design of assessments affects student test performance. This report provides information on the use of "think aloud methods" to detect design issues in large-scale assessments. Various design problems may introduce construct-irrelevant variance or hinder students from showing what they know on assessments. Research included a variety of students, including students with learning disabilities, students with hearing impairments, students with cognitive disabilities, English language learners, and students without disabilities who were proficient in English. In this project, the authors asked students to "think out loud" when solving mathematics large-scale assessment items. The sentences that students uttered produced data that led the authors to believe that think aloud methods, under certain circumstances, can successfully detect design issues. Specifically, they found issues related to unclearly defined constructs, inaccessibility of items, unclear instructions, incomprehensible language, and illegible text and graphics. To this end, think aloud methods appear to be a useful strategy in the design and refinement of large-scale assessments. Think aloud methods, as the authors designed them, were not effective for students with cognitive disabilities. This population had great difficulty in producing the language needed to explain problem-solving processes and may require additional research accommodations to help them participate in think aloud research. All other groups sufficiently participated in research activities. Think aloud methods also did not produce informative data for very difficult mathematics items because students had difficulty verbalizing their thoughts while solving problems. Despite shortcomings found in this study, the think aloud method appears to be an effective way to determine the effects of item design for a wide variety of students (with the exception of students with cognitive disabilities) and for items with low to moderate difficulty levels. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.).
Using Think Aloud Interviews And Cognitive Labs In Educational Research
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Author : Jacqueline P. Leighton
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017
Using Think Aloud Interviews And Cognitive Labs In Educational Research written by Jacqueline P. Leighton and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Education categories.
What is the problem to be solved? -- Think-aloud interview procedures: measuring problem solving response processes -- Cognitive laboratory interview procedures: measuring comprehension and understanding -- Think-aloud interview procedures: analyzing and generating inferences from verbal report data -- Cognitive laboratory interview procedures: analyzing and generating inferences from verbal report data.
Assessing Students In The Margin
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Author : Michael Russell
language : en
Publisher: IAP
Release Date : 2011-02-01
Assessing Students In The Margin written by Michael Russell and has been published by IAP this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-02-01 with Education categories.
The importance of student assessment, particularly for summative purposes, has increased greatly over the past thirty years. At the same time, emphasis on including all students in assessment programs has also increased. Assessment programs, whether they are large-scale, district-based, or teacher developed, have traditionally attempted to assess students using a single instrument administered to students under the same conditions. Educators and test developers, however, are increasingly acknowledging that this practice does not result in valid information, inferences, and decisions for all students. This problem is particularly true for students in the margins, whose characteristics and needs differ from what the public thinks of as the general population of students. Increasingly, educators, educational leaders, and test developers are seeking strategies, techniques, policies, and guidelines for assessing students for whom standard assessment instruments do not function well. Whether used for high-stakes decisions or classroom-based formative decisions, the most critical element of any educational assessment is validity. Developing and administering assessment instruments that provide valid measures and allow for valid inferences and decisions for all groups of students presents a major challenge for today’s assessment programs. Over the past few decades, several national policies have sparked research and development efforts that aim to increase test validity for students in the margins. This book explores recent developments and efforts in three important areas. The first section focuses on strategies for improving test validity through the provision of test accommodations. The second section focuses on alternate and modified assessments. Federal policies now allow testing programs to develop and administer alternate assessments for students who have not been exposed to grade-level content, and thus are not expected to demonstrate proficiency on grade-level assessments. A separate policy allows testing programs to develop modified assessments that will provided more useful information about achievement for a small percentage of students who are exposed to grade-level content but for whom the standard form of the grade-level test does not provide a valid measure of achievement. These policies are complex and can be confusing for educators who are not familiar with their details. The chapters in the second section unpack these policies and explore the implications these policies have for test design. The third and final section of the book examines how principles of Universal Design can be applied to improve test validity for all students. Collectively, this volume presents a comprehensive examination of the several issues that present challenges for assessing the achievement of all students. While our understanding of how to overcome these challenges continues to evolve, the lessons, strategies, and avenues for future research explored in this book empower educators, test developers, and testing programs with a deeper understanding of how we can improve assessments for students in the margins.
Research Methods For Understanding Child Second Language Development
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Author : Yuko Goto Butler
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2022-09-15
Research Methods For Understanding Child Second Language Development written by Yuko Goto Butler and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Butler and Huang’s book is one of the first to focus on second language (L2) development research methods and techniques specifically targeted at children of primary and pre-primary years. The last decade has seen a growing number of L2 studies of children aged 4–12, a demographic with special developmental characteristics that confound research methods designed for studying adults. Written by experts from a variety of disciplines, this book covers major research methods and techniques in existing L2 development research, including observations, surveys, interviews, introspective methods, speech production methods, receptive methods, eye tracking, and brain imaging, as well as research methods specifically designed for L2 children with special educational needs. The book also discusses various age-related considerations and challenges if they are employed to young L2 learners. This will be essential reading for SLA, child development, and TESOL researchers, and students in these courses will benefit particularly from pedagogical material such as further readings and discussion questions.
Handbook Of Accessible Achievement Tests For All Students
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Author : Stephen N. Elliott
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-04-28
Handbook Of Accessible Achievement Tests For All Students written by Stephen N. Elliott and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-28 with Psychology categories.
The Handbook of Accessible Achievement Tests for All Students: Bridging the Gaps Between Research, Practice, and Policy presents a wealth of evidence-based solutions designed to move the assessment field beyond “universal” standards and policies toward practices that enhance learning and testing outcomes. Drawing on an extensive research and theoretical base as well as emerging areas of interest, the volume focuses on major policy concerns, instructional considerations, and test design issues, including: The IEP team’s role in sound assessment. The relationships among opportunity to learn, assessment, and learning outcomes. Innovations in computerized testing and the “6D” framework for standard setting. Legal issues in the assessment of special populations. Guidelines for linguistically accessible assessments. Evidence-based methods for making item modifications that increase the validity of inferences from test scores. Strategies for writing clearer test items. Methods for including student input in assessment design. Suggestions for better measurement and tests that are more inclusive. This Handbook is an essential reference for researchers, practitioners, and graduate students in education and allied disciplines, including child and school psychology, social work, special education, learning and measurement, and education policy.
Handbook Of Research On Technology Tools For Real World Skill Development
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Author : Rosen, Yigal
language : en
Publisher: IGI Global
Release Date : 2015-10-19
Handbook Of Research On Technology Tools For Real World Skill Development written by Rosen, Yigal and has been published by IGI Global this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-19 with Education categories.
Education is expanding to include a stronger focus on the practical application of classroom lessons in an effort to prepare the next generation of scholars for a changing world economy centered on collaborative and problem-solving skills for the digital age. The Handbook of Research on Technology Tools for Real-World Skill Development presents comprehensive research and discussions on the importance of practical education focused on digital literacy and the problem-solving skills necessary in everyday life. Featuring timely, research-based chapters exploring the broad scope of digital and computer-based learning strategies including, but not limited to, enhanced classroom experiences, assessment programs, and problem-solving training, this publication is an essential reference source for academicians, researchers, professionals, and policymakers interested in the practical application of technology-based learning for next-generation education.
Constructing Measures
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Author : Mark Wilson
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-06-05
Constructing Measures written by Mark Wilson and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-05 with Psychology categories.
Constructing Measures introduces a way to understand the advantages and disadvantages of measurement instruments. It explains the ways to use such instruments, and how to apply these methods to develop new instruments or adapt old ones, based on item response modeling and construct references. Now in its second edition, this book focuses on the steps taken while constructing an instrument, and breaks down the "building blocks" that make up an instrument—the construct map, the design plan for the items, the outcome space, and the statistical measurement model. The material covers a variety of item formats, including multiple-choice, open-ended, and performance items, projects, portfolios, Likert and Guttman items, behavioral observations, and interview protocols. Each chapter includes an overview of the key concepts, related resources for further investigation, and exercises and activities. A variety of examples from the behavioral and social sciences and education—including achievement and performance testing, attitude measures, health measures, and general sociological scales—demonstrate the application of the material. New to this edition are additional example contexts including a cognitive/achievement example, an attitude example, and a behavioral example and new concentrations on specific measurement issues and practices such as standard-setting, computer-delivery and reporting, and going beyond the Likert response format. Constructing Measures is an invaluable text for undergraduate and graduate courses on item, test, or instrument development; measurement; item response theory; or Rasch analysis taught in a variety of departments, including education, statistics, and psychology. The book also appeals to practitioners who develop instruments, including industrial/organizational, educational, and school psychologists; health outcomes researchers; program evaluators; and sociological measurers.
Research In Deaf Education
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Author : Stephanie W. Cawthon
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017
Research In Deaf Education written by Stephanie W. Cawthon and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Education categories.
"Research in Deaf Education showcases work across the field of deaf education. It begins with foundational chapters in research design, history, researcher positionality, community engagement, and ethics to ground the reader within the context of research in the field. Here, the reader will be motivated to consider significant contemporary issues within deaf education, including the relevance of theoretical frameworks and the responsibility of deaf researchers in the design and implementation of research in the field. As the volume progresses, contributing authors explore scientific research methodologies such as survey design, single case design, intervention design, secondary data analysis, and action research at large. In doing so, these chapters provide solid examples as to how the issues raised in the earlier groundwork of the book play out in diverse orientations within deaf education, including both quantitative and qualitative research approaches."--Provided by the publisher.
Research In Deaf Education
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Author : Stephanie Cawthon
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017-05-31
Research In Deaf Education written by Stephanie Cawthon and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-31 with Psychology categories.
Edited by Stephanie W. Cawthon and Carrie Lou Garberoglio, Research in Deaf Education: Contexts, Challenges, and Considerations is a showcase of insight and experience from a seasoned group of researchers across the field of deaf education. Research in Deaf Education begins with foundational chapters in research design, history, researcher positionality, community engagement, and ethics to ground the reader within the context of research in the field. Here, the reader will be motivated to consider significant contemporary issues within deaf education, including the relevance of theoretical frameworks and the responsibility of deaf researchers in the design and implementation of research in the field. As the volume progresses, contributing authors explore scientific research methodologies such as survey design, single case design, intervention design, secondary data analysis, and action research at large. In doing so, these chapters provide solid examples as to how the issues raised in the earlier groundwork of the book play out in diverse orientations within deaf education, including both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Designed to help guide researchers from the germ of their idea through seeing their work publish, Research in Deaf Education offers readers a comprehensive understanding of the critical issues behind the decisions that go into this rigorous and important research for the community at hand.
Competence Based Vocational And Professional Education
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Author : Martin Mulder
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-09-08
Competence Based Vocational And Professional Education written by Martin Mulder and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-08 with Education categories.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of extant literature on competence-based vocational and professional education since the introduction of the competence concept in the 1950s. To structure the fi eld, the book distinguishes between three approaches to defi ning competence, based on 1.functional behaviourism, 2. integrated occupationalism, and 3. situated professionalism. It also distinguishes between two ways of operationalizing competence: 1. behaviour-oriented generic, and 2. task-oriented specifi c competence. Lastly, it identifi es three kinds of competencies, related to: 1. specific activities, 2. known jobs, and 3. the unknown future. Competence for the unknown future must receive more attention, as our world is rapidly evolving and there are many ‘glocal’ challenges which call for innovation and a profound transformation of policies and practices. Th e book presents a range of diff erent approaches to competence-based education, and demonstrates that competencebased education is a worldwide innovation, which is institutionalized in various ways. It presents the major theories and policies, specifi c components of educational systems, such as recognition, accreditation, modelling and assessment, and developments in discipline-oriented and transversal competence domains. Th e book concludes by synthesizing the diff erent perspectives with the intention to contribute to further improving vocational and professional education policy and practice. Joao Santos, Deputy Head of Unit C5, Vocational Training and Adult Education, Directorate General for Employment, Social Aff airs and Inclusion, European Commission: “This comprehensive work on competence-based education led by Martin Mulder, provides an excellent and timely contribution to the current debate on a New Skills Agenda for Europe, and the challenge of bridging the employment and education and training worlds closer together. Th is book will infl uence our work aimed at improving the relevance of vocational education to support initial and continuing vocational education and training policy and practice aimed at strengthening the key competencies for the 21st century.” Prof. Dr. Reinhold Weiss, Deputy President and Head of the Research, Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB), Bonn, Germany: “This book illustrates that the idea and concept of competence is not only a buzzword in educational debates but key to innovative pedagogical thinking as well as educational practice.” Prof. Dr. Johanna Lasonen, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA: "Competence-based Vocational and Professional Education is one of the most important multi-disciplinary book in education and training. Th is path-breaking book off ers a timely, rich and global perspective on the fi eld. Th e book is a good resource for practitioners, policymakers and researchers."