Verification Of A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty From Space
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Verification Of A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty From Space
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Author : Bhupendra Jasani
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Verification Of A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty From Space written by Bhupendra Jasani and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Law categories.
This publication examines the monitoring of nuclear tests in the atmosphere, space & underground.
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Negotiations
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Author : Maurice A. Mallin
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Negotiations written by Maurice A. Mallin and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty categories.
On July 16, 1945, the United States conducted the world's first nuclear explosive test in Alamagordo, New Mexico. The test went off as planned; a nuclear chain reaction, in the form of an explosion, could be created. Less than a month later, nuclear weapons were used to support Allied efforts to end World War II. Just 4 years later, on August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union conducted its first nuclear test. The United States intensified efforts to develop the hydrogen bomb, which it tested in 1952. The development of new nuclear weapon designs, as well as the imperative to test these designs, were now inextricably linked. Nuclear tests were considered essential to maintaining confidence in the effectiveness and usability of these weapons. Since the Alamogordo test, upwards of 2,000 nuclear tests have taken place globally. Of these, 528 were conducted in the atmosphere, with significant environmental consequences. Between 1945 and 1950, seven atmospheric nuclear tests took place. As the Cold War escalated, weapons testing accelerated: 63 such tests occurred between 1951 and 1954. Three of these were conducted by the United Kingdom, who joined the nuclear "club" with a test in 1952 (France tested in 1960, followed by China in 1964). In 1954, after an unexpectedly powerful and environmentally damaging test called Castle Bravo took place over Bikini Atoll in the Asia Pacific, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru called for a "standstill" in nuclear explosive testing: "Pending progress towards some solution, full or partial, in respect of the prohibition of these weapons of mass destruction, the Government would consider, some sort of what may be called a "standstill agreement" in respect, at least, of these actual explosions." In 1958 the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom undertook negotiations over a cessation of nuclear testing, but a number of issues, mostly related to verifying compliance, proved intractable. Some success was attained after the Cuban Missile Crisis, as the three parties agreed in 1963 to the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), which banned all nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in space, or underwater. Nuclear tests would henceforth be permitted only underground. Subsequent efforts to negotiate a complete cessation proved unsuccessful until 1994, when negotiations on a multilateral comprehensive nuclear test ban began in earnest. These negotiations were completed in 1996. Shortly thereafter, a treaty text was overwhelmingly supported at the United Nations. However, over 20 years later, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) has not yet entered into force. As such, this case study will consider the following: -- the developments that led to the start of negotiations; - the perspectives of the key actors and their impacts upon the negotiations; - summary of the negotiations, focusing on key issues and the efforts to reach resolution on them; - the endgame of the negotiationsa few key lessons learned, which may have utility for future multilateral negotiations, touching on issues associated with leadership, factors that impact decisionmaking, and how a negotiation must balance national interests and negotiating objectives.
Research Required To Support Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Monitoring
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1997-08-01
Research Required To Support Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Monitoring written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-08-01 with Political Science categories.
On September 24, 1996, President Clinton signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty at the United Nations Headquarters. Over the next five months, 141 nations, including the four other nuclear weapon statesâ€"Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdomâ€"added their signatures to this total ban on nuclear explosions. To help achieve verification of compliance with its provisions, the treaty specifies an extensive International Monitoring System of seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasonic, and radionuclide sensors. This volume identifies specific research activities that will be needed if the United States is to effectively monitor compliance with the treaty provisions.
Technical Issues Related To The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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Author : National Academy of Sciences
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2002-08-01
Technical Issues Related To The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty written by National Academy of Sciences and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-08-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Drawing upon the considerable existing body of technical material related to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the National Academy of Sciences reviewed and assessed the key technical issues that arose during the Senate debate over treaty ratification. In particular, these include: (1) the capacity of the United States to maintain confidence in the safety and reliability of its nuclear stockpile in the absence of nuclear testing; (2) the nuclear-test detection capabilities of the international monitoring system (with and without augmentation by national systems and instrumentation in use for scientific purposes, and taking into account the possibilities for decoupling nuclear explosions from surrounding geologic media); and (3) the additions to their nuclear-weapons capabilities that other countries could achieve through nuclear testing at yield levels that might escape detection, and the effect of such additions on the security of the United States.
Verification Of Arms Reductions
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Author : Jürgen Altmann
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Verification Of Arms Reductions written by Jürgen Altmann and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Anybody concerned about the maintenance of peace in our world, and in prospects of reaching agreements on arms control and disarmament, is bound to be interested in one of the key pre-conditions for related international treaties: the verification of compliance with such treaties. This book presents an up-to-date exposition of the latest developments in science and practice of international verification. It contains an account of the experience with new practical results of scientific research, devoted to solving verification problems in areas where agreements have not yet been concluded. The authors are scientists and practitioners from governments and research institutes in East and West. This book is required reading for anybody interested in the field: especially for decision-makers, government and military experts, natural scientists, technologists, those working in political and historical science. Among the topics covered are: INF Treaty, nuclear test ban, control of mobile missiles, and fissile material, demilitarization of space, stability and reductions of conventional forces, ban on chemical weapons. From the Reviews: "Verfication of Arms Reductions is packed with information and analysis which is vital for arms-control students, negotiators and other practitioners. The strength of the book lies in the science and technology contributions, but there are comprehensive political analyses also which have been written for longevity and are unlikely to become dated too quickly."
A Handbook Of Verification Procedures
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Author : Dr. Frank Barnaby
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1990-06-18
A Handbook Of Verification Procedures written by Dr. Frank Barnaby and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990-06-18 with Political Science categories.
An examination of how, in practice, the effective verification of various arms control treaties - including a comprehensive test ban treaty, conventional forces reductions, a fissile material cut-off and a freeze on the development and production of nuclear weapons - can be achieved.
Verification
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Author : Allan S. Krass
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2020-11-19
Verification written by Allan S. Krass and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-19 with Political Science categories.
Originally published in 1985, the level of anxiety and suspicion between the USA and the USSR had rarely been higher. Many advocates of arms control believed that effective verification would reduce tensions and lessen the risk of war. This book analyses the two main issues of verification. One is technological: what are the present capabilities of various verification techniques and what is their potential? The devices and methods currently employed by the two major nuclear powers and by international organizations to monitor the compliance of states with arms control or disarmament treaties are examined. The second issue is political: how do US and Soviet approaches compare, what are the roles of domestic and bureaucratic politics, and on what criteria can a workable standard of adequacy be based? In short, how much is enough? Although the study concludes that a number of significant arms control measures can already be adequately verified, modern weapons are becoming more mobile and it is becoming easier to conceal them. There is a danger that the ability to hide weapons will outstrip the ability to find them. Verification cannot promise to detect all violations; a workable standard of adequacy in verification must derive from the ability to detect militarily significant violations.
The Making Of The Test Ban Treaty
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Author : Ronald J. Terchek
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-12-01
The Making Of The Test Ban Treaty written by Ronald J. Terchek and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-01 with Law categories.
Eighteen years after the United States presented its plan for the international control of atomic energy to the United Nations, the first major arms control agreement was signed between the United States and the Soviet Union. Including Great Britain, the three major nuclear powers pledged to refrain from nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater in a treaty negotiated in Moscow within two weeks during the summer of 1963. It was hoped that the treaty would at least discourage those phases of the arms race which required large-yield nuclear explosions in the atmosphere or outer space as well as eliminate further radioactive pollution of the atmos phere. In addition, the test ban would discourage, though not eliminate, the development of nuclear weapons by other treaty adherents because the un derground testing allowed under the terms of the document would escalate already heavy costs for countries intending to conduct their first nuclear tests. The Kennedy administration expected other agreements to follow the test ban treaty, particularly an agreement to keep outer space free from 1 nuclear warheads and to outlaw underground tests in the near future. But one of the most important anticipated benefits of the treaty was the expected improvement of relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. The treaty was important not only because it was a tangible breakthrough in East-West arms-control negotiations but also because of its implications for domestic and international politics.
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Background And Current Developments
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2008
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Background And Current Developments written by and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
A comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty (CTBT) is the oldest item on the nuclear arms control agenda. Three treaties currently bar all but underground tests with a maximum force equal to 150,000 tons of TNT. Since 1997, the United States has held 23 "subcritical experiments" at the Nevada Test Site to study how plutonium behaves under pressures generated by explosives. It asserts these experiments do not violate the CTBT because they cannot produce a self-sustaining chain reaction. Russia reportedly held some since 1998. The U.N. General Assembly adopted the CTBT in 1996. As of January 23, 2009, 180 states had signed it; 148, including Russia, had ratified. Of the 44 that must ratify the treaty for it to enter into force, 41 had signed and 35 had ratified. Five conferences have been held to facilitate entry into force, most recently in 2007. In 1997, President Clinton sent the CTBT to the Senate. In October 1999, the Senate rejected it, 48 for, 51 against, 1 present. It is on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's calendar. It would require a two-thirds Senate vote to send the treaty back to the President for disposal or to give advice and consent for ratification. The Obama Administration plans to seek Senate approval of the CTBT, followed by a diplomatic effort to secure ratification by the remaining states that must ratify for the treaty to enter into force.
Banning Nuclear Tests
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Author : Betty Goetz Lall
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Banning Nuclear Tests written by Betty Goetz Lall and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with History categories.