Waterflood Optimization Using Streamlines And Reservoir Management Risk Analysis With Market Uncertainty
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Waterflood Optimization Using Streamlines And Reservoir Management Risk Analysis With Market Uncertainty
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Author : Tailai Wen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Waterflood Optimization Using Streamlines And Reservoir Management Risk Analysis With Market Uncertainty written by Tailai Wen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Waterflooding is a common oil recovery method in which water is injected into an oil reservoir using strategically placed injectors to maintain pressure and sweep oil to production wells. Waterflood performance of mature fields can be improved significantly by modifying injection and production rates at individual wells. Compared to improving production through infill wells, rate changes are economical and readily implemented. In most traditional optimization methods, the number of evaluations of the objective function at each optimization step is of the same order as the number of control variables. As a result, applying traditional optimization methods to the exploitation of mature waterfloods generally involves elevated computational costs. In the first half of this dissertation, we propose a new optimization method based on flux patterns in which the number of simulations per optimization step is independent of the number of control variables. At each optimization step, our method approximates the complicated objective function of well rates by means of a local linear sensitivity analysis based on the flux patterns generated by streamline simulation or a finite-volume flow diagnostic technique. The generation of the flux patterns requires only a single simulation. This sensitivity analysis allows the oil/water production rates to be estimated as linear functions of well rates, and hence it locally linearizes the objective function. Using the linearized objective function within this optimization step does not require additional simulation until the determination of next optimization step, which reduces the computational cost dramatically compared to traditional optimization approaches. This core idea is also generalized for longterm optimization problems in two ways: one using an analytical decline model and the other using flow fraction information between wells. We demonstrate the method using several waterflooding scenarios. We find solutions that yield good operational strategies at significantly reduced computational cost. The efficiency of the method makes the approach powerful and applicable to mature waterfloods currently operated around the world. While the application of formal optimization techniques in reservoir management has lately received significant attention in the oil industry, the realization of long-term optimum production strategies is still challenging, partially because of the uncertainty associated with the future oil price. In the second half of this dissertation, we propose a risk measure of a given production strategy with respect to the market uncertainty. This measure is interpreted as the value of the knowledge of oil price associated with the assumed stochastic distribution of the uncertain market variables. However, with the computational cost increasing with the number of market scenarios, the computation of this risk measure with reservoir simulation directly is numerically infeasible when the market model is complex. We present a numerical approach to estimate the upper and lower bounds of this risk measure efficiently, where computational cost does not increase with the number of possible oil price scenarios. The tightness of the bounds can be controlled according to the user's computational capability. We also generalize the risk measure and its corresponding estimation approach to the case where the stochastic distribution of market variables is not fully known (i.e. the case with distributional uncertainty). Comparing the risk measured with a base market model to the risk measured with an upgraded market model with additional stochastic information, the difference between these two values of the risk measure implies the monetary value of the additional information in the upgraded market model. This value might be used to decide if it is worthwhile to invest capital that aims at improving the oil price forecast or reducing market uncertainty. Our approach is validated on several fields undergoing waterflooding. In each case we consider a large number of market scenarios to analyze their impact on performing waterflooding optimization, and we estimate the monetary value associated with different degrees of uncertainty in market forecasts.
Optimal Waterflood Management Under Geologic Uncertainty Using Rate Control
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Author : Ahmed Humaid H. Alhuthali
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Optimal Waterflood Management Under Geologic Uncertainty Using Rate Control written by Ahmed Humaid H. Alhuthali and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Waterflood optimization via rate control is receiving increased interest because of rapid developments in the smart well completions and I-field technology. The use of inflow control valves (ICV) allows us to optimize the production/injection rates of various segments along the wellbore, thereby maximizing sweep efficiency and delaying water breakthrough. It is well recognized that field scale rate optimization problems are difficult because they often involve highly complex reservoir models, production and facilities related constraints and a large number of unknowns. Some aspects of the optimization problem have been studied before using mainly optimal control theory. However, the applications to-date have been limited to rather small problems because of the computation time and the complexities associated with the formulation and solution of adjoint equations. Field-scale rate optimization for maximizing waterflood sweep efficiency under realistic field conditions has still remained largely unexplored. We propose a practical and efficient approach for computing optimal injection and production rates and thereby manage the waterflood front to maximize sweep efficiency and delay the arrival time to minimize water cycling. Our work relies on equalizing the arrival times of the waterfront at all producers within selected sub-regions of a water flood project. The arrival time optimization has favorable quasi-linear properties and the optimization proceeds smoothly even if our initial conditions are far from the solution. We account for geologic uncertainty using two optimization schemes. The first one is to formulate the objective function in a stochastic form which relies on a combination of expected value and standard deviation combined with a risk attitude coefficient. The second one is to minimize the worst case scenario using a min-max problem formulation. The optimization is performed under operational and facility constraints using a sequential quadratic programming approach. A major advantage of our approach is the analytical computation of the gradient and Hessian of the objective which makes it computationally efficient and suitable for large field cases. Multiple examples are presented to support the robustness and efficiency of the proposed optimization scheme. These include several 2D synthetic examples for validation purposes and 3D field applications.
Reservoir Characterization
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Author : Larry Lake
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-12-02
Reservoir Characterization written by Larry Lake and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Reservoir Characterization is a collection of papers presented at the Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference, held at the Westin Hotel-Galleria in Dallas on April 29-May 1, 1985. Conference held April 29-May 1, 1985, at the Westin Hotel—Galleria in Dallas. The conference was sponsored by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Reservoir characterization is a process for quantitatively assigning reservoir properties, recognizing geologic information and uncertainties in spatial variability. This book contains 19 chapters, and begins with the geological characterization of sandstone reservoir, followed by the geological prediction of shale distribution within the Prudhoe Bay field. The subsequent chapters are devoted to determination of reservoir properties, such as porosity, mineral occurrence, and permeability variation estimation. The discussion then shifts to the utility of a Bayesian-type formalism to delineate qualitative ""soft"" information and expert interpretation of reservoir description data. This topic is followed by papers concerning reservoir simulation, parameter assignment, and method of calculation of wetting phase relative permeability. This text also deals with the role of discontinuous vertical flow barriers in reservoir engineering. The last chapters focus on the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on oil reservoir. Petroleum engineers, scientists, and researchers will find this book of great value.
Streamline Simulation
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Author : Akhil Datta-Gupta
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Streamline Simulation written by Akhil Datta-Gupta and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Business & Economics categories.
Streamline-Simulation emphasizes the unique features of streamline technology that in many ways complement conventional finite-difference simulation. It fills gaps in the mathematical foundations.
Data Analytics In Reservoir Engineering
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Author : Sathish Sankaran
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020-10-29
Data Analytics In Reservoir Engineering written by Sathish Sankaran and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-29 with categories.
Data Analytics in Reservoir Engineering describes the relevance of data analytics for the oil and gas industry, with particular emphasis on reservoir engineering.
Efficient Simulation Of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes
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Author : Zhouyuan Zhu
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011
Efficient Simulation Of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes written by Zhouyuan Zhu and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Simulating thermal processes is usually computationally expensive because of the complexity of the problem and strong nonlinearities encountered. In this work, we explore novel and efficient simulation techniques to solve thermal enhanced oil recovery problems. We focus on two major topics: the extension of streamline simulation for thermal enhanced oil recovery and the efficient simulation of chemical reaction kinetics as applied to the in-situ combustion process. For thermal streamline simulation, we first study the extension to hot water flood processes, in which we have temperature induced viscosity changes and thermal volume changes. We first compute the pressure field on an Eulerian grid. We then solve for the advective parts of the mass balance and energy equations along the individual streamlines, accounting for the compressibility effects. At the end of each global time step, we account for the nonadvective terms on the Eulerian grid along with gravity using operator splitting. We test our streamline simulator and compare the results with a commercial thermal simulator. Sensitivity studies for compressibility, gravity and thermal conduction effects are presented. We further extended our thermal streamline simulation to steam flooding. Steam flooding exhibits large volume changes and compressibility associated with the phase behavior of steam, strong gravity segregation and override, and highly coupled energy and mass transport. To overcome these challenges we implement a novel pressure update along the streamlines, a Glowinski scheme operator splitting and a preliminary streamline/finite volume hybrid approach. We tested our streamline simulator on a series of test cases. We compared our thermal streamline results with those computed by a commercial thermal simulator for both accuracy and efficiency. For the cases investigated, we are able to retain solution accuracy, while reducing computational cost and gaining connectivity information from the streamlines. These aspects are useful for reservoir engineering purposes. In traditional thermal reactive reservoir simulation, mass and energy balance equations are solved numerically on discretized reservoir grid blocks. The reaction terms are calculated through Arrhenius kinetics using cell-averaged properties, such as averaged temperature and reactant concentrations. For the in-situ combustion process, the chemical reaction front is physically very narrow, typically a few inches thick. To capture accurately this front, centimeter-sized grids are required that are orders of magnitude smaller than the affordable grid block sizes for full field reservoir models. To solve this grid size effect problem, we propose a new method based on a non-Arrhenius reaction upscaling approach. We do not resolve the combustion front on the grid, but instead use a subgrid-scale model that captures the overall effects of the combustion reactions on flow and transport, i.e. the amount of heat released, the amount of oil burned and the reaction products generated. The subgrid-scale model is calibrated using fine-scale highly accurate numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. This approach significantly improves the computational speed of in-situ combustion simulation as compared to traditional methods. We propose the detailed procedures to implement this methodology in a field-scale simulator. Test cases illustrate the solution consistency when scaling up the grid sizes in multidimensional heterogeneous problems. The methodology is also applicable to other subsurface reactive flow modeling problems with fast chemical reactions and sharp fronts. Displacement front stability is a major concern in the design of all the enhanced oil recovery processes. Historically, premature combustion front break through has been an issue for field operations of in-situ combustion. In this work, we perform detailed analysis based on both analytical methods and numerical simulation. We identify the different flow regimes and several driving fronts in a typical 1D ISC process. For the ISC process in a conventional mobile heavy oil reservoir, we identify the most critical front as the front of steam plateau driving the cold oil bank. We discuss the five main contributors for this front stability/instability: viscous force, condensation, heat conduction, coke plugging and gravity. Detailed numerical tests are performed to test and rank the relative importance of all these different effects.
Numerical Treatment Of Multiphase Flows In Porous Media
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Author : Zhangxin Chen
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2000-08-15
Numerical Treatment Of Multiphase Flows In Porous Media written by Zhangxin Chen and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-08-15 with Science categories.
The need to predict, understand, and optimize complex physical and c- mical processes occurring in and around the earth, such as groundwater c- tamination, oil reservoir production, discovering new oil reserves, and ocean hydrodynamics, has been increasingly recognized. Despite their seemingly disparate natures, these geoscience problems have many common mathe- tical and computational characteristics. The techniques used to describe and study them are applicable across a broad range of areas. The study of the above problems through physical experiments, mat- matical theory, and computational techniques requires interdisciplinary col- boration between engineers, mathematicians, computational scientists, and other researchers working in industry, government laboratories, and univ- sities. By bringing together such researchers, meaningful progress can be made in predicting, understanding, and optimizing physical and chemical processes. The International Workshop on Fluid Flow and Transport in Porous - dia was successfully held in Beijing, China, August 2{6, 1999. The aim of this workshop was to bring together applied mathematicians, computational scientists, and engineers working actively in the mathematical and nume- cal treatment of ?uid ?ow and transport in porous media. A broad range of researchers presented papers and discussed both problems and current, state-of-the-art techniques.
Reservoir Engineering
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Author : Abdus Satter
language : en
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
Release Date : 2015-09-22
Reservoir Engineering written by Abdus Satter and has been published by Gulf Professional Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Reservoir Engineering focuses on the fundamental concepts related to the development of conventional and unconventional reservoirs and how these concepts are applied in the oil and gas industry to meet both economic and technical challenges. Written in easy to understand language, the book provides valuable information regarding present-day tools, techniques, and technologies and explains best practices on reservoir management and recovery approaches. Various reservoir workflow diagrams presented in the book provide a clear direction to meet the challenges of the profession. As most reservoir engineering decisions are based on reservoir simulation, a chapter is devoted to introduce the topic in lucid fashion. The addition of practical field case studies make Reservoir Engineering a valuable resource for reservoir engineers and other professionals in helping them implement a comprehensive plan to produce oil and gas based on reservoir modeling and economic analysis, execute a development plan, conduct reservoir surveillance on a continuous basis, evaluate reservoir performance, and apply corrective actions as necessary. Connects key reservoir fundamentals to modern engineering applications Bridges the conventional methods to the unconventional, showing the differences between the two processes Offers field case studies and workflow diagrams to help the reservoir professional and student develop and sharpen management skills for both conventional and unconventional reservoirs
Computational Methods For Multiphase Flows In Porous Media
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Author : Zhangxin Chen
language : en
Publisher: SIAM
Release Date : 2006-04-01
Computational Methods For Multiphase Flows In Porous Media written by Zhangxin Chen and has been published by SIAM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-04-01 with Computers categories.
This book offers a fundamental and practical introduction to the use of computational methods. A thorough discussion of practical aspects of the subject is presented in a consistent manner, and the level of treatment is rigorous without being unnecessarily abstract. Each chapter ends with bibliographic information and exercises.
Principles Of Applied Reservoir Simulation
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Author : John R. Fanchi
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2005-12-08
Principles Of Applied Reservoir Simulation written by John R. Fanchi and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-12-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Simulate reservoirs effectively to extract the maximum oil, gas and profit, with this book and free simlation software on companion web site.