Where Top Down Where Bottom Up
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Where Top Down Where Bottom Up
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Author : Silke Tönshoff
language : en
Publisher: Peter Lang
Release Date : 2008
Where Top Down Where Bottom Up written by Silke Tönshoff and has been published by Peter Lang this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Europe categories.
The necessity for regional policy-makers to find a balance between shaping and adapting to structural change is well-known. But to what extent does this apply to a European strategy with a «soft» governance process relying largely on benchmarking and peer pressure - the Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs? Paradigms for an increase of competitiveness - also regional competitiveness - spelled out so often and vigorously lose their degree of assertiveness, when turning to economic theory for their foundations. The authors - economists and political scientists with practical experience in EU institutions - deal in their contributions with different issues relevant for decision-makers in modern regional policy. By doing so, it is possible to challenge the seemingly established consensus on what is feasible in the EU and what is not.
Bottom Up And Top Down Processes In Reading
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Author : Michael Dambacher
language : en
Publisher: Universitätsverlag Potsdam
Release Date : 2010
Bottom Up And Top Down Processes In Reading written by Michael Dambacher and has been published by Universitätsverlag Potsdam this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
In reading, word frequency is commonly regarded as the major bottom-up determinant for the speed of lexical access. Moreover, language processing depends on top-down information, such as the predictability of a word from a previous context. Yet, however, the exact role of top-down predictions in visual word recognition is poorly understood: They may rapidly affect lexical processes, or alternatively, influence only late post-lexical stages. To add evidence about the nature of top-down processes and their relation to bottom-up information in the timeline of word recognition, we examined influences of frequency and predictability on event-related potentials (ERPs) in several sentence reading studies. The results were related to eye movements from natural reading as well as to models of word recognition. As a first and major finding, interactions of frequency and predictability on ERP amplitudes consistently revealed top-down influences on lexical levels of word processing (Chapters 2 and 4). Second, frequency and predictability mediated relations between N400 amplitudes and fixation durations, pointing to their sensitivity to a common stage of word recognition; further, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a result providing evidence for ongoing processing beyond a fixation (Chapter 3). Third, influences of presentation rate on ERP frequency and predictability effects demonstrated that the time available for word processing critically co-determines the course of bottom-up and top-down influences (Chapter 4). Fourth, at a near-normal reading speed, an early predictability effect suggested the rapid comparison of top-down hypotheses with the actual visual input (Chapter 5). The present results are compatible with interactive models of word recognition assuming that early lexical processes depend on the concerted impact of bottom-up and top-down information. We offered a framework that reconciles the findings on a timeline of word recognition taking into account influences of frequency, predictability, and presentation rate (Chapter 4).
Peacebuilding Memory And Reconciliation
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Author : Bruno Charbonneau
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-06-17
Peacebuilding Memory And Reconciliation written by Bruno Charbonneau and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-17 with Political Science categories.
This book aims to bridge the gap between what are generally referred to as ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches to peacebuilding. After the experience of a physical and psychological trauma, the period of individual healing and recovery is intertwined with political and social reconciliation. The prospects for social and political reconciliation are undermined when a ‘top-down’ approach is favoured over the ‘bottom-up strategy’- the prioritization of structural stability over societal well-being. Peacebuilding, Memory and Reconciliation explores the inextricable link between psychological recovery and socio-political reconciliation, and the political issues that dominate this relationship. Through an examination of the construction of social narratives about or for peace, the text offers a new perspective on peacebuilding, which challenges and questions the very nature of the dichotomy between ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches. This book will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding, peace and conflict studies, social psychology, political science and IR in general.
True Kaizen
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Author : Collin McLoughlin
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2017-11-13
True Kaizen written by Collin McLoughlin and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-13 with Business & Economics categories.
What does it take to manage an organization to success? No matter what industry you are in, an organization is primarily a group of people. This book focuses on that ever-important human element. In the rush to get 'lean', many organizations focus solely on tools for increasing productivity, but where do these tools come from? In this book, Collin McLoughlin and Toshihiko Miura look back on their decades of international consulting experience to examine how organizations around the world have transformed on a cultural level by respecting the people who work within them and leveraging their creativity to solve problems. As our workforce becomes more knowledgeable, skillful, and more perceptive of their needs and wants as employees, the ability to reach the true potential of an organization becomes more and more difficult. Managers must look at each individual element of an equation like this in order to fully understand how to achieve an answer. They must begin to answer more focused questions, such as: 1. How productive is the existing work climate and culture? 2. How do employees, as individuals, navigate the existing work climate? (How do they deal with day-today issues with each other?) 3. Where and how are individuals and their work processes assessed? 4. What obstacles do employees face every day, and are they empowered to fix these obstacles? 5. What role does leadership play at each level of the organization? (Looking at the organization in layers of management.) To address these challenges, this book focuses on three main aspects of leadership and management: 1. Addressing and Improving the Perspective of Management -- The ideas presented in this book are not limited to a certain industry or field of work, but can be applied in any setting because they speak to a universal human element. 2. Exploring and Improving Work Climate -- Organizations are social entities, operating within their own controlled environment. This book will explore the factors that contribute to, and encourage, a positive work climate. 3. Observing and Eliminating Wasteful Work Processes -- Observing wasteful activities and work processes requires a refined perspective. The case studies presented illustrate the How and Why to help refine expertise. This will also lead to the joy and benefits
Top Down Thinking In A Bottom Up World
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018-06-05
Top Down Thinking In A Bottom Up World written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-05 with categories.
A Matter Of Bottom Up Or Top Down Processes The Role Of Attention In Multisensory Integration
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Author : Jess Hartcher-O'Brien
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2017-07-04
A Matter Of Bottom Up Or Top Down Processes The Role Of Attention In Multisensory Integration written by Jess Hartcher-O'Brien and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-04 with categories.
The integration of information from various sensory modalities influences behaviour. It can induce behavioural benefits such as faster reaction times and enhanced detection of noisy signals but may also produce illusions, all of which have been characterized by specific neuronal signatures. Yet, while these effects of multisensory integration are largely accepted, the role of attention in this process is still the object of intense debate. On the one hand, it has been suggested that attention may guide multisensory integration in a top-down fashion by selection of specific inputs to be integrated out of the plethora of information in our environment. On the other hand, there is evidence that integration could occur in a bottom-up manner, based on temporal and spatial correlations, and outside the focus of attention. An extreme example is the multisensory enhancement of neural responses in anesthetised animals. Attention itself is not a unitary construct, and may refer to a range of different selection mechanisms. Therefore, the interplay between attention and multisensory integration can take many forms which explain, in part, the diversity of findings and the disputes in the literature. The goal of this Research Topic is to help clarify the picture by trying to answer the following questions from various perspectives: Under which circumstances does multisensory integration take place without attention?, and, When does attention determine the fate of multisensory integration?
Surface Structuring By Bottom Up And Top Down Approaches
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Author : Michael Manfred Hirtz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Surface Structuring By Bottom Up And Top Down Approaches written by Michael Manfred Hirtz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Bottom Up And Top Down Molecules And Circuits That Underlie Chemosensory Behaviors
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Author : Markus Rothermel
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-02-03
Bottom Up And Top Down Molecules And Circuits That Underlie Chemosensory Behaviors written by Markus Rothermel and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-03 with Science categories.
Agile Principles Patterns And Practices In C
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Author : Micah Martin
language : en
Publisher: Pearson Education
Release Date : 2006-07-20
Agile Principles Patterns And Practices In C written by Micah Martin and has been published by Pearson Education this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-07-20 with Computers categories.
With the award-winning book Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and Practices, Robert C. Martin helped bring Agile principles to tens of thousands of Java and C++ programmers. Now .NET programmers have a definitive guide to agile methods with this completely updated volume from Robert C. Martin and Micah Martin, Agile Principles, Patterns, and Practices in C#. This book presents a series of case studies illustrating the fundamentals of Agile development and Agile design, and moves quickly from UML models to real C# code. The introductory chapters lay out the basics of the agile movement, while the later chapters show proven techniques in action. The book includes many source code examples that are also available for download from the authors’ Web site. Readers will come away from this book understanding Agile principles, and the fourteen practices of Extreme Programming Spiking, splitting, velocity, and planning iterations and releases Test-driven development, test-first design, and acceptance testing Refactoring with unit testing Pair programming Agile design and design smells The five types of UML diagrams and how to use them effectively Object-oriented package design and design patterns How to put all of it together for a real-world project Whether you are a C# programmer or a Visual Basic or Java programmer learning C#, a software development manager, or a business analyst, Agile Principles, Patterns, and Practices in C# is the first book you should read to understand agile software and how it applies to programming in the .NET Framework.
Programming Pearls
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Author : Jon Bentley
language : en
Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional
Release Date : 2016-04-21
Programming Pearls written by Jon Bentley and has been published by Addison-Wesley Professional this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-21 with Computers categories.
When programmers list their favorite books, Jon Bentley’s collection of programming pearls is commonly included among the classics. Just as natural pearls grow from grains of sand that irritate oysters, programming pearls have grown from real problems that have irritated real programmers. With origins beyond solid engineering, in the realm of insight and creativity, Bentley’s pearls offer unique and clever solutions to those nagging problems. Illustrated by programs designed as much for fun as for instruction, the book is filled with lucid and witty descriptions of practical programming techniques and fundamental design principles. It is not at all surprising that Programming Pearls has been so highly valued by programmers at every level of experience. In this revision, the first in 14 years, Bentley has substantially updated his essays to reflect current programming methods and environments. In addition, there are three new essays on testing, debugging, and timing set representations string problems All the original programs have been rewritten, and an equal amount of new code has been generated. Implementations of all the programs, in C or C++, are now available on the Web. What remains the same in this new edition is Bentley’s focus on the hard core of programming problems and his delivery of workable solutions to those problems. Whether you are new to Bentley’s classic or are revisiting his work for some fresh insight, the book is sure to make your own list of favorites.