Bottom Up And Top Down Processes In Reading
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Bottom Up And Top Down Processes In Reading
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Author : Michael Dambacher
language : en
Publisher: Universitätsverlag Potsdam
Release Date : 2010
Bottom Up And Top Down Processes In Reading written by Michael Dambacher and has been published by Universitätsverlag Potsdam this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
In reading, word frequency is commonly regarded as the major bottom-up determinant for the speed of lexical access. Moreover, language processing depends on top-down information, such as the predictability of a word from a previous context. Yet, however, the exact role of top-down predictions in visual word recognition is poorly understood: They may rapidly affect lexical processes, or alternatively, influence only late post-lexical stages. To add evidence about the nature of top-down processes and their relation to bottom-up information in the timeline of word recognition, we examined influences of frequency and predictability on event-related potentials (ERPs) in several sentence reading studies. The results were related to eye movements from natural reading as well as to models of word recognition. As a first and major finding, interactions of frequency and predictability on ERP amplitudes consistently revealed top-down influences on lexical levels of word processing (Chapters 2 and 4). Second, frequency and predictability mediated relations between N400 amplitudes and fixation durations, pointing to their sensitivity to a common stage of word recognition; further, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a result providing evidence for ongoing processing beyond a fixation (Chapter 3). Third, influences of presentation rate on ERP frequency and predictability effects demonstrated that the time available for word processing critically co-determines the course of bottom-up and top-down influences (Chapter 4). Fourth, at a near-normal reading speed, an early predictability effect suggested the rapid comparison of top-down hypotheses with the actual visual input (Chapter 5). The present results are compatible with interactive models of word recognition assuming that early lexical processes depend on the concerted impact of bottom-up and top-down information. We offered a framework that reconciles the findings on a timeline of word recognition taking into account influences of frequency, predictability, and presentation rate (Chapter 4).
Exploring English Language Teaching
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Author : Graham Hall
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2011-03-08
Exploring English Language Teaching written by Graham Hall and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03-08 with Foreign Language Study categories.
This title will provide a single volume introduction to the field of ELT from an applied linguistics perspective.
Interactive Processes In Reading
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Author : Alan M. Lesgold
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-11-06
Interactive Processes In Reading written by Alan M. Lesgold and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-06 with Psychology categories.
Originally published in 1981, this volume is the edited proceedings of a conference held at the Learning Research and Development Center of the University of Pittsburgh in September 1979. The 15 chapters share a number of common issues. These include the role of contextual influences on lexical access, specific models of lexical access and word pronunciation, speech and visual processes in reading, the role of knowledge in comprehension, and sources of skill difference and skill development.
Comprehension Processes In Reading
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Author : D. A. Balota
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 1990
Comprehension Processes In Reading written by D. A. Balota and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Education categories.
Comprehension Processes in Reading addresses the interrelationship among several areas relevant to understanding how people comprehend text. The contributors focus on the on-line processes associated with text understanding rather than simply with the product of that comprehension -- what people remember from reading. Presenting the latest theories and research findings from a distinguished group of contributors, Comprehension Processes in Reading is divided into four major sections. Each section, concluding with a commentary chapter, discusses a different aspect of reader understanding or dysfunction such as individual word comprehension, sentence parsing, text comprehension, and comprehension failures and dyslexia .
Interactive Approaches To Second Language Reading
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Author : Patricia L. Carrell
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1988-04-29
Interactive Approaches To Second Language Reading written by Patricia L. Carrell and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988-04-29 with Foreign Language Study categories.
Emphasis is on English as a second language.
Teaching Reading To English Language Learners
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Author : Thomas S. C. Farrell
language : en
Publisher: Corwin Press
Release Date : 2009
Teaching Reading To English Language Learners written by Thomas S. C. Farrell and has been published by Corwin Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Education categories.
This resource offers practical methods for helping ELLs succeed in reading, with strategies to increase fluency and comprehension, teach vocabulary and text structure, and more.
Content Area Reading
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Author : Anthony V. Manzo
language : en
Publisher: LiteracyLeaders
Release Date : 1990
Content Area Reading written by Anthony V. Manzo and has been published by LiteracyLeaders this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Education categories.
A content reading methods text that takes a quick start, heuristic approach to imparting the skills future teachers need to improve their pupils' reading ability in essential content areas. Coverage of current theories and practices in comprehension, assessment and heuristics is organized around pre-reading, guided silent reading, and post-reading.
Comprehension
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Author : Walter Kintsch
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1998-01-13
Comprehension written by Walter Kintsch and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-01-13 with Psychology categories.
In this landmark volume, Walter Kintsch presents a theory of human text comprehension that he has refined and developed over the past 20 years.
Encyclopedia Of The Sciences Of Learning
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Author : Norbert M. Seel
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-10-05
Encyclopedia Of The Sciences Of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-05 with Education categories.
Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.
Attentional Selection
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Author : Jan Theeuwes
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-09-03
Attentional Selection written by Jan Theeuwes and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-03 with Psychology categories.
In this Element, a framework is proposed in which it is assumed that visual selection is the result of the interaction between top-down, bottom-up and selection-history factors. The Element discusses top-down attentional engagement and suppression, bottom-up selection by abrupt onsets and static singletons as well as lingering biases due to selection-history entailing priming, reward and statistical learning. We present an integrated framework in which biased competition among these three factors drives attention in a winner-take-all-fashion. We speculate which brain areas are likely to be involved and how signals representing these three factors feed into the priority map which ultimately determines selection.