With Reference To The Sources And Relevant Secondary Literature Examine The Reasons For The Success Of The First Crusade
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With Reference To The Sources And Relevant Secondary Literature Examine The Reasons For The Success Of The First Crusade
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Author : Michael Gärtner
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2003-06-05
With Reference To The Sources And Relevant Secondary Literature Examine The Reasons For The Success Of The First Crusade written by Michael Gärtner and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-06-05 with History categories.
Essay from the year 2003 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 61 %, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of History), language: English, abstract: Before we can consider the reasons for the success of the First Crusade, we have to first ask some initial questions that should be kept in mind throughout my essay. To begin with, we have to raise the question if the crusade was a success. To do so we have to establish what qualifies as a success. To judge its success is to compare the ideals and aims of the crusade with what happened and what was actually achieved. Here, though, we meet yet another problem in that we ask which aims should we look at? Those of pope Urban II? Those of the military leadership of the crusade, or those of the ordinary participants? Finally, we may wish to define success. Let us start by asking what the aims of the First Crusade were. The most obvious place to look for aims is Pope Urban II's speech, made on 27 November 1095 at the Council of Clermont. At this meeting Pope Urban II responded publicly for the first time to Alexius Comnenus' appeal for help against the Muslims, “to stem the flood of Turkish violence”1, that had almost reached the Bosporus. There are four2 main accounts of the speech; those of Fulcher of Chartres, Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent, and Baldric of Bourgueil. His first appeal, which all four sources mention, is for the cessation of hostilities between fellow Christians and the unification of Christendom. Fulcher of Chartres quotes Urban as saying “those who once waged war against their brothers and blood relatives should fight lawfully against barbarians”3, Robert the Monk ́s account Urban comments on Christians fighting each other and advises, “stop these hatreds among yourselves”4. In this account he even charges “the Turks with violating the women of Anatolia”5. This account was written 25 years after Urban's call in France and does not claim to give more than a general idea of the pope's arguments. [...] 1 Penny J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095 – 1270, (Cambridge, Mass : Medieval Academy of America, 1991), 11. 2 James A. Brundage, The crusades. Motives and Achievements. (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964), 7. 3 Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London: Edward Arnold, 1981), 42. 4 Ibid., 44. 5 P.W. Edbury (ed.), Crusade and settlement. (Cardiff: University College Cardiff Press, 1985), 61.
The Crusades 4 Volumes
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Author : Alan V. Murray
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Release Date : 2006-08-30
The Crusades 4 Volumes written by Alan V. Murray and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-08-30 with Religion categories.
The first multivolume encyclopedia to document the history of one of the most influential religious movements of the Middle Ages—the Crusades. The Crusades: An Encyclopedia surveys all aspects of the crusading movement from its origins in the 11th century to its decline in the 16th century. Unlike other works, which focus on the eastern Mediterranean region, this expansive four-volume encyclopedia also includes the struggle of Christendom against its enemies in Iberia, Eastern Europe, and the Baltic region, and also covers the military orders, crusades against fellow Christians, heretics, and more. This work includes comprehensive entries on personalities such as Godfrey of Bouillon, who refused the title "King of Jerusalem," and St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who tore up his own clothing to make symbols of the cross for crusaders, as well as key events, countries, places, and themes that shed light on everything from the propaganda that inspired crusading warriors to the ways in which they fought. Special coverage of topics such as taxation, pilgrimage, warfare, chivalry, and religious orders give readers an appreciation of the multifaceted nature of these "holy wars."
Warfare Crusade And Conquest In The Middle Ages
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Author : John France
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-04-21
Warfare Crusade And Conquest In The Middle Ages written by John France and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-04-21 with History categories.
This volume brings together a series of articles by John France, published over a span of more than forty years, covering a number of aspects of the military and crusading history of the Middle Ages, both in Europe and the Near East. An interest in understanding how war worked and why informs a first group of articles, ranging from Carolingian armies to the organisation of war in the 13th century. The focus then turns to the Crusades, the most ambitious conquests of the era, with a set of studies on the First Crusade and others on the manner and conduct of warfare in the territories of the Latin East. The volume also includes a major unpublished analysis, co-authored with Nicholas Morton, of the problems faced by the local Islamic powers in the early Crusading period, reminding us that an army is only as strong as its enemies permit, and suggesting that the crusaders should be seen in this light.
Competing Voices From The Crusades
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Author : Andrew Holt
language : en
Publisher: Greenwood
Release Date : 2008-08-30
Competing Voices From The Crusades written by Andrew Holt and has been published by Greenwood this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-08-30 with History categories.
"Fighting Words is an innovative and accessible new military-history series, each title juxtaposing the voices of opposing combatants in a major historical conflict. Presented side by side are the testimonies of fighting men and women, the reportage of nations at war, and the immediate public responses of belligerent war leaders. Together, they offer strikingly different perspectives on the same events." "The extracts are short and snappy, complemented by brief introductions which set the scene. They vividly recreate the conflicts as they were experienced. At the same time, they open up new perspectives and challenge accepted assumptions. Readers will question the nature of primary sources, the motivations of the authors, the agendas that influence media reports and the omissions inherent in all of the sources. Ultimately, readers will be left to ponder the question: whose history is this?"--BOOK JACKET.
Encountering Islam On The First Crusade
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Author : Nicholas Morton
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-12-21
Encountering Islam On The First Crusade written by Nicholas Morton and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-21 with History categories.
The First Crusade (1095-9) has often been characterised as a head-to-head confrontation between the forces of Christianity and Islam. For many, it is the campaign that created a lasting rupture between these two faiths. Nevertheless, is such a characterisation borne out by the sources? Engagingly written and supported by a wealth of evidence, Encountering Islam on the First Crusade offers a major reinterpretation of the crusaders' attitudes towards the Arabic and Turkic peoples they encountered on their journey to Jerusalem. Nicholas Morton considers how they interpreted the new peoples, civilizations and landscapes they encountered; sights for which their former lives in Western Christendom had provided little preparation. Morton offers a varied picture of cross cultural relations, depicting the Near East as an arena in which multiple protagonists were pitted against each other. Some were fighting for supremacy, others for their religion, and many simply for survival.
The Crusades Christianity And Islam
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Author : Jonathan Riley-Smith
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2011
The Crusades Christianity And Islam written by Jonathan Riley-Smith and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with History categories.
Claiming that many in the West lack a thorough understanding of crusading, Jonathan Riley-Smith explains why and where the Crusades were fought, identifies their architects, and shows how deeply their language and imagery were embedded in popular Catholic thought and devotional life.
The Crusades To The Holy Land
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Author : Alan V. Murray
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Release Date : 2015-04-28
The Crusades To The Holy Land written by Alan V. Murray and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-28 with Religion categories.
Based on the latest scholarship by experts in the field, this work provides an accessible guide to the Crusades fought for the liberation and defense of the Holy Land—one of the most enduring and consequential conflicts of the medieval world. The Crusades to the Holy Land were one of the most important religious and social movements to emerge over the course of the Middle Ages. The warfare of the Crusades affected nearly all of Western Europe and involved members of social groups from kings and knights down to serfs and paupers. The memory of this epic long-ago conflict affects relations between the Western and Islamic worlds in the present day. The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide provides almost 90 A–Z entries that detail the history of the Crusades launched from Western Europe for the liberation or defense of the Holy Land, covering the inception of the movement by Pope Urban II in 1095 up to the early 14th century. This concise single-volume work provides accessible articles and perspective essays on the main Crusade expeditions as well as the important crusaders, countries, places, and institutions involved. Each entry is accompanied by references for further reading. Readers will follow the career of Saladin from humble beginnings to becoming ruler of Syria and Egypt and reconquering almost all of the Holy Land from its Christian rulers; learn about the main sites and characteristics of the castles that were crucial to the Christian domination of the Holy Land; and understand the key aspects of crusading, from motivation and recruitment to practicalities of finance and transport. The reference guide also includes survey articles that provide readers with an overview of the original source materials written in Latin, Arabic, Greek, Hebrew, Armenian, and Syriac.
Frankish Rural Settlement In The Latin Kingdom Of Jerusalem
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Author : Ronnie Ellenblum
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2003-11-13
Frankish Rural Settlement In The Latin Kingdom Of Jerusalem written by Ronnie Ellenblum and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-11-13 with History categories.
This book is based on an unprecedented archaeological survey of more than two hundred Frankish rural sites.
To Follow In Their Footsteps
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Author : Nicholas L. Paul
language : en
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Release Date : 2012-09-21
To Follow In Their Footsteps written by Nicholas L. Paul and has been published by Cornell University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-21 with History categories.
When the First Crusade ended with the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, jubilant crusaders returned home to Europe bringing with them stories, sacred relics, and other memorabilia, including banners, jewelry, and weapons. In the ensuing decades, the memory of the crusaders' bravery and pious sacrifice was invoked widely among the noble families of western Christendom. Popes preaching future crusades would count on these very same families for financing, leadership, and for the willing warriors who would lay down their lives on the battlefield. Despite the great risks and financial hardships associated with crusading, descendants of those who suffered and died on crusade would continue to take the cross, in some cases over several generations. Indeed, as Nicholas L. Paul reveals in To Follow in Their Footsteps, crusading was very much a family affair. Scholars of the crusades have long pointed to the importance of dynastic tradition and ties of kinship in the crusading movement but have failed to address more fundamental questions about the operation of these social processes. What is a "family tradition"? How are such traditions constructed and maintained, and by whom? How did crusading families confront the loss of their kin in distant lands? Making creative use of Latin dynastic narratives as well as vernacular literature, personal possessions and art objects, and architecture from across western Europe, Paul shows how traditions of crusading were established and reinforced in the collective memories of noble families throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Even rulers who never fulfilled crusading vows found their political lives dominated and, in some ways, directed by the memory of their crusading ancestors. Filled with unique insights and careful analysis, To Follow in Their Footsteps reveals the lasting impact of the crusades, beyond the expeditions themselves, on the formation of dynastic identity and the culture of the medieval European nobility.
The First Crusade And The Idea Of Crusading
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Author : Damien Peters
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-07-05
The First Crusade And The Idea Of Crusading written by Damien Peters and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-05 with History categories.
Perhaps no work of history written in the 20th century has done more to undermine an existing consensus and cause its readers to re-evaluate their own preconceptions than has Jonathan Riley-Smith's revisionist account of the motives of the first crusaders. Riley-Smith's thesis – based on extensive original research and firmly rooted in his refusal to uncritically accept the evidence or reasoning of earlier historians – is that the majority of the men who travelled to the east on crusade in the years 1098-1100 were primarily motivated by faith. This finding, which ran directly counter to at least four centuries of consensus that other motives, not least greed for land, were more important, has helped to stimulate exciting reappraisals of the whole crusading movement. Riley-Smith backed it up with forensic examination of the key crusader-inspiring speech delivered by Pope Urban II, looking to clarify the meanings of five competing contemporary accounts in order to understand how an initially simple, and rather confused, appeal for help became a sophisticated rationale for the concept of ‘just war.’