X Rays And Crystal Structure
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X Rays And Crystal Structure
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Author : William Henry Bragg
language : en
Publisher: Legare Street Press
Release Date : 2022-10-27
X Rays And Crystal Structure written by William Henry Bragg and has been published by Legare Street Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-27 with categories.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Structure Determination By X Ray Crystallography
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Author : M. Ladd
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Structure Determination By X Ray Crystallography written by M. Ladd and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Crystallography may be described as the science of the structure of materi als, using this word in its widest sense, and its ramifications are apparent over a broad front of current scientific endeavor. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that most universities offer some aspects of crystallography in their undergraduate courses in the physical sciences. It is the principal aim of this book to present an introduction to structure determination by X-ray crystal lography that is appropriate mainly to both final-year undergraduate studies in crystallography, chemistry, and chemical physics, and introductory post graduate work in this area of crystallography. We believe that the book will be of interest in other disciplines, such as physics, metallurgy, biochemistry, and geology, where crystallography has an important part to play. In the space of one book, it is not possible either to cover all aspects of crystallography or to treat all the subject matter completely rigorously. In particular, certain mathematical results are assumed in order that their applications may be discussed. At the end of each chapter, a short bibliog raphy is given, which may be used to extend the scope of the treatment given here. In addition, reference is made in the text to specific sources of information. We have chosen not to discuss experimental methods extensively, as we consider that this aspect of crystallography is best learned through practical experience, but an attempt has been made to simulate the interpretive side of experimental crystallography in both examples and exercises.
X Ray Diffraction Crystallography
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Author : Yoshio Waseda
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-03-18
X Ray Diffraction Crystallography written by Yoshio Waseda and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.
X-ray diffraction crystallography for powder samples is a well-established and widely used method. It is applied to materials characterization to reveal the atomic scale structure of various substances in a variety of states. The book deals with fundamental properties of X-rays, geometry analysis of crystals, X-ray scattering and diffraction in polycrystalline samples and its application to the determination of the crystal structure. The reciprocal lattice and integrated diffraction intensity from crystals and symmetry analysis of crystals are explained. To learn the method of X-ray diffraction crystallography well and to be able to cope with the given subject, a certain number of exercises is presented in the book to calculate specific values for typical examples. This is particularly important for beginners in X-ray diffraction crystallography. One aim of this book is to offer guidance to solving the problems of 90 typical substances. For further convenience, 100 supplementary exercises are also provided with solutions. Some essential points with basic equations are summarized in each chapter, together with some relevant physical constants and the atomic scattering factors of the elements.
Multiple Diffraction Of X Rays In Crystals
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Author : Shih-Lin In-Hang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Multiple Diffraction Of X Rays In Crystals written by Shih-Lin In-Hang and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms and molecules in crystals and the comparable magnitude of x-ray wavelengths and interatomic distances make it possible for crystals to have more than one set of atomic planes that satisfy Bragg's law and simultaneously diffract an incident x-ray beam - this is the so-called multiple diffraction. This type of diffraction should, in prin ciple, reflect three-dimensional information about the structure of the dif fracting material. Recent progress in understanding this diffraction phenome non and in utilizing this diffraction technique in solid-state and materials sciences reveals the diversity as well as the importance of multiple diffraction of x-rays in application. Unfortunately, there has been no single book written that gives a sys tematic review of this type of diffraction, encompasses its diverse applica tions, and foresees future trends gf development. It is for this purpose that this book is designed. It is hoped that its appearance may possibly turn more attention of condensed-matter physicists, chemists and material scientists toward this particular phenomenon, and that new methods of non-destructive analysis of matter using this diffraction technique may be developed in the future.
X Rays And Crystal Structure
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Author : William Henry Bragg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1918
X Rays And Crystal Structure written by William Henry Bragg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1918 with Crystallography categories.
Crystal Structure Determination
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Author : Werner Massa
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Crystal Structure Determination written by Werner Massa and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
To solve a crystal structure means to determine the precise spatial arrangements of all of the atoms in a chemical compound in the crystalline state. This knowledge gives a chemist access to a large range of information, induding connectivity, conformation, and accurate bond lengths and angles. In addition, it implies the stoichiometry, the density, the symmetry and the three dimensional packing of the atoms in the solid. Since interatomic distances are in the region of 100-300 pm or 1-3 A, I microscopy using visible light ( wavelength Je ca. 300-700 nm) is not applicable (Fig. l. l). In 1912, Max von Laue showed that crystals are based on a three dimensional lattice which scatters radiation with a wavelength in the vicinity of interatomic distances, i. e. X -rays with Je = 50-300 pm. The process by wh ich this radiation, without changing its wave length, is converted through interference by the lattice to a vast number of observable "reflections" with characteristic directions in space is called X-ray diffraction. The method by which the directions and the intensities of these reflections are measured, and the ordering of the atoms in the crystal deduced from them, is called X -ray struc ture analysis. The following chapter deals with the lattice properties of crystals, the starting point for the explanation of these interference phenomena. Interatomic distances Crystals . . . . . . . . . .
Structure Of Materials
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Author : Marc De Graef
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2012-10-08
Structure Of Materials written by Marc De Graef and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-08 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This highly readable, popular textbook for upper undergraduates and graduates comprehensively covers the fundamentals of crystallography and symmetry, applying these concepts to a large range of materials. New to this edition are more streamlined coverage of crystallography, additional coverage of magnetic point group symmetry and updated material on extraterrestrial minerals and rocks. New exercises at the end of chapters, plus over 500 additional exercises available online, allow students to check their understanding of key concepts and put into practice what they have learnt. Over 400 illustrations within the text help students visualise crystal structures and more abstract mathematical objects, supporting more difficult topics like point group symmetries. Historical and biographical sections add colour and interest by giving an insight into those who have contributed significantly to the field. Supplementary online material includes password-protected solutions, over 100 crystal structure data files, and Powerpoints of figures from the book.
The Theory Of Crystal Structure Analysis
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Author : A. Kitaigorodskii
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
The Theory Of Crystal Structure Analysis written by A. Kitaigorodskii and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Structure analysis is based on the phenomena of the diffraction of radia tion by materials. In the first ten to twenty years after Laue's discovery, a very complete theory was developed for the diffraction of x-rays and, later, of electrons. This theory led to equations by means of which it was possible to compute the intensity pattern for a given structure. The theory of structure analysis came to mean that of the diffraction of radiation. In 1935, Patterson pointed out a way leading to the solution of the inverse problem: the finding of the structure from a given intensity distribution pattern. At first the conservatism of researchers, and then the war, hampered the de velopment and broad application of the ideas set forth in this work. It was only during the last ten years that all the rich possibilities of the Patterson method - the method of the analysis of the convolution of the electron density - were brought to light and applied in practice.
Parametric X Ray Radiation In Crystals
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Author : Vladimir G. Baryshevsky
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2005-12-20
Parametric X Ray Radiation In Crystals written by Vladimir G. Baryshevsky and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-12-20 with Science categories.
This systematic and comprehensive monograph is devoted to parametric X-ray radiation (PXR). This radiation is generated by the motion of electrons inside a crystal, whereby the emitted photons are diffracted by the crystal and the radiation intensity critically depends on the parameters of the crystal structure. Nowadays PXR is the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental studies throughout the world. The first part of the book is a theoretical treatment of PXR, which includes a new approach to describe the radiation process in crystals. The second part is a survey of PXR experimental results and the possible applications of PXR as a tool for crystal structure analysis and a source of tunable X-ray radiation.
X Ray Analysis And The Structure Of Organic Molecules
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Author : Jack D. Dunitz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1979
X Ray Analysis And The Structure Of Organic Molecules written by Jack D. Dunitz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1979 with Science categories.
Jack D. Dunitz X-Ray Analysis and the Structure of Organic Molecules From the Reviews of the First Edition æThe book may be recommended most heartily to anyone who would like to know how molecular structures are determined and what can be deduced from them apart from their topology. The author is evidently a great admirer of the method and its results. The reviewer would agree that æcooking' is not the only way to bring chemically relevant knowledge to light.' Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. æAll the information in this text is of considerable value especially to those engaged in, or about to embark upon, X-ray crystal structure analysis but even more so, perhaps, to the non-specialist who may now proceed profitably and discriminately to read the explosively growing crystallographic literature. The author has certainly succeeded in taking us not only on a guided tour, but at the same time has provided rather more of the kind of detail one expects in the best guidebooks.' Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. æAll crystallographers, whatever their special structural interests, should get a copy and keep it by them, and many research supervisors will be very happy to entrust their research students to such a sound and stimulating guide.' Chem. in Britain