A Change Is In The Air
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A Change Of Air
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Author : Anthony Hope
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 1894
A Change Of Air written by Anthony Hope and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1894 with Literary Collections categories.
In his speech at the annual banquet of the Royal Academy in 1894, among many other good things, Mr. Andrew Lang said: "The thrifty plan of giving us sermons, politics, fiction, all in one stodgy sandwich, produces no permanent literature, produces but temporary 'tracts for the times.' Fortunately we have among us many novelists-young ones, luckily-who are true to the primitive and eternal, the Fijian canons of fiction. We have Oriental romance from the author of 'Plain Tales from the Hills.' We have the humor and tenderness-certainly not Fijian, I admit-which produces that masterpiece 'A Window in Thrums'; we have the adventurous fancy that gives us 'A Gentleman of France, ' 'The Master of Ballantrae, ' 'Micah Clarke, ' 'The Raiders, ' 'The Prisoner of Zenda.'" The last of these books was by Anthony Hope Hawkins, whom Mr. Lang thus classed among potential immortals. This romance has made him within the last three months fairly famous. Walter Besant, too, has stamped it with his high approval, and the English and American press have been unusually unanimous in their praise.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Francesco Loreto
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Francesco Loreto and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play a critical role in biosphere–atmosphere interactions and are key constraints of the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, potentially influencing the climate and the quality of air, especially in the areas exposed to in situ release or long-range transport of anthropogenically polluted air masses. Under these conditions, reactive BVOC may contribute to ozone and particle production. The very large amount of BVOC emitted by vegetation, estimated today to more than 1000Tg C annually, is dominated by methanol and isoprenoids, released predominantly by forest species. Such a high rate of emission implies a large metabolic cost and hence likely indicates very important plant functional roles for these compounds. BVOC can be emitted by plants constitutively, or the emission may be induced in response to biotic and abiotic factors. Both constitutive and induced isoprenoids often act as defensive compounds and are crucial for plant protection in stressful environments. The importance of volatile isoprenoids as protecting molecules has been widely discussed. However, based on the use of genetically modified plants and novel technologies that allow detection of BVOC oxidation products, the idea is emerging that especially volatile isoprenoids act as antioxidants in planta, whereas they contribute to the oxidation potential of the atmosphere.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Juha-Pekka Tuovinen
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Juha-Pekka Tuovinen and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
The air pollution load to northern European forests is changing as a result of emission reductions. Climate change modifies this load, either directly via atmospheric processes or indirectly by affecting emission patterns. We estimate the risk of harmful effects due to tropospheric ozone and nitrogen deposition in present and future conditions. Our modelling results show that critical levels are exceeded in northern Europe for both ozone and nitrogen. Emission reductions will reduce the vegetation stress, but climate change is likely to have an opposite effect. While tropospheric ozone is reduced, its phytotoxic dose increases due to atmospheric warming. The amplified warming in the Arctic may significantly enhance shipping emissions. The effect of these increases extends to the boreal region. In addition, we review recent literature on the interactions between climate change and air quality, and discuss the assessment of pollution risks and carbon stocks and related synergies in emission control.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Technology & Engineering categories.
There are significant pressures from climate change and air pollution that forests currently face. This book aims to increase understanding of the state and potential of forest ecosystems to mitigate and adapt to climate change in a polluted environment. It reconciles process-oriented research, long-term monitoring and applied modeling through comprehensive forest ecosystem research. Furthermore, it introduces "forest super sites for research for integrating soil, plant and atmospheric sciences and monitoring. It also provides mechanistic and policy-oriented modeling with scientifically sound risk indications regarding atmospheric changes and ecosystem services. - Identifies current knowledge gaps and emerging research needs - Highlights novel methodologies and integrated research concepts - Assesses ecological meaning of investigations and prioritizing research need
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : John J. Couture
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by John J. Couture and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Anthropogenic activities are increasing concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, especially atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3, that play significant roles in the functioning of forest ecosystems. Elevated levels of CO2 and O3 alter tree metabolism, growth, and chemical composition. Shift in chemical composition may, in turn, cascade through trophic levels to influence ecosystem processes important for forest functioning. As the most abundant animals in forest ecosystems, arthropods influence multiple facets of ecosystem functioning, including herbivory, predation, and nutrient cycling. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of atmospheric change on tree foliar chemistry and address the responses by forest arthropods to atmospheric change at the individual, population, community, and ecosystem levels. We identify knowledge gaps and highlight future research directions that will further our understanding of the influence of atmospheric change on forest ecosystems in future environments.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Elina Oksanen
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Elina Oksanen and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
In this chapter, we present information about metabolomic, transcriptomic and ecophysiological responses of birch (Betula pendula, Betula papyrifera) and aspen (Populus tremula, Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides, Populus nigra) species to increasing ozone, CO2 and/or climate warming collected from several long-term field experiments and complementary laboratory studies. Metabolomic and genetic analyses have indicated several changes in metabolites (phenolic and volatile organic compounds in particular), defence reactions and target pathways for ozone and CO2 action, and a strong impact of climate warming on metabolism of these tree species. We have been searching for metabolic and genetic indicators for ozone tolerance/sensitivity of birch and aspen and connections between gene expression, metabolite and physiological response. In the end, we discuss the limitations, challenges and current needs for methodological developments particularly in metabolomic techniques leading to more efficient tools in climate change research.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Maria Nijnik
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Maria Nijnik and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Contemporary societies expect a range of services (including of carbon sequestration) to be supplied from forest ecosystems. Their growing societal importance is clearly reflected in policies. The conceptual framework for the states that people are integral parts of ecosystems and that a dynamic interaction exists between them and other parts of ecosystems. This approach encompasses social, economic and environmental interactions, and the dynamics and cross scale issues that have multiple outcomes. However, forest multifunctionality is a challenge since the combination of multiple ecosystem services may be very different and dependent on a high number of factors. Stakeholder priorities with respect to individual ecosystem services may be variable, as may be a range of stakeholders. Reflexive, participatory and multilevel governance, in a continuous process of its adjustment, needs therefore to be developed to enable forestry decision-makers to consider existing opinions and behavioural patterns of the diverse stakeholders who drive the forestry change and respond to it. In such a retrospective, numerous questions have arisen, among which the integration of carbon sequestration into multifunctional forestry is among priorities. Carbon forestry enables society to buy time for development of low carbon and decarbonisation technologies; while its integration into multifunctional land use offers innovation, employment and new markets, with locally and regionally oriented value chains. This particularly concerns remote areas where forestry could foster socio-economic development and combine it with the enhancement of nature and rural landscape. However, the question: how to multiply synergies and balance trade-offs merits attention. Fostering resilience of forestry systems to climate change necessitates the establishment of an appropriate framework, because, although multipurpose afforestation may result in lower rates of carbon sequestration, it is expected to be more attractive to people as it will provide additional benefits and will promote sustainable development.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Hojka Kraigher
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Hojka Kraigher and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Mycorrhizal fungi have evolved with their plant partners and enabled them with better growth in stressed and disturbed environments by better nutrient acquisition and protection against pathogens. Any stress or disturbance belowground is reflected first in changes in mycorrhizal community structure. The complex mycorrhizal networks and interactions among mycorrhizosphere organisms regulate the carbon dynamics and stability of forest ecosystems by ‘beneficial interactions’ or ‘collaboration’ rather than by competition—especially under stress and disturbance. This chapter provides an overview of mycorrhizal forms, structure and functions, their vulnerability and their central role in complex mycorrhizosphere interactions. Their disruption may lead to the loss of essential functions of forest ecosystems. The conservation of belowground interactions should be among priority areas of future research and monitoring programmes and strategies.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : John King
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by John King and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Goods and services provided by forests will be needed in greater amounts in the coming decades, yet are threatened by climate change and air pollution. In this chapter, we survey the peer-reviewed literature on elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) and tropospheric O3 (eO3) interaction experiments, and discuss implications of results for policy development and social welfare. We located 58 studies reporting data on physiology, biomass production, litter quality and decomposition. Studies were abundant for young and intermediate ages, but non-existent for mature forests. Most plant parameters increased with exposure to eCO2, decreased under eO3 and were often intermediate for the eCO2×eO3 interaction, though this latter treatment was not always statistically significant. Current environmental policy could make better use of existing science, but more work, especially on mature forest ecosystems, is needed in step with process-model development to better predict forest responses and guide policy for future changes in air quality and climate.
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges
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Author : Stan Cieslik
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-19
Climate Change Air Pollution And Global Challenges written by Stan Cieslik and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-19 with Nature categories.
Climate change is expected to affect the exchange of gases between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. In this review, we focus on a few related topics, including the emission of greenhouse gases from the forest floor, and vegetation fires and their impact on air quality and soil CO2 efflux. In particular, we summarise the current state of knowledge on O3 deposition in forest ecosystems, both for stomatal uptake and non-stomatal sinks. Based on such summaries, we discuss interactions between forests, atmospheric composition and climate, and finally outline directions for multi- and interdisciplinary research required for mechanistically understanding such interrelationships.