Adverse Reactions To Biomaterials State Of The Art In Biomaterial Risk Assessment Immunomodulation And In Vitro Models For Biomaterial Testing
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Adverse Reactions To Biomaterials State Of The Art In Biomaterial Risk Assessment Immunomodulation And In Vitro Models For Biomaterial Testing
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Author : Nihal Engin Vrana
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2019-05-15
Adverse Reactions To Biomaterials State Of The Art In Biomaterial Risk Assessment Immunomodulation And In Vitro Models For Biomaterial Testing written by Nihal Engin Vrana and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-15 with categories.
Adverse immune reactions to biomaterials are important bottlenecks for translation of novel biomaterials for clinical use. Moreover, recent advances in highthrough-put biomaterial discovery and synthetic biology, while providing exciting new veues, also significantly increases potential risks related to the in vivo reactions to these new materials. For example, the novel materials might have unintended biological activities due to their natural building blocks. In this perspective, biomaterial field needs i) better understanding of cell/biomaterial interactions at systems level; ii) development of new analysis and testing tools for advanced risk assessment iii) tools and technologies for modulating reactions to biomaterials and iv) advanced in vitro models for understanding and testing of reactions to biomaterials. In the following collection of articles you will find examples of such systems,together with comprehensive reviews of current developments in in vitro model systems. The collection also contains articles that elucidate the immune reaction to biomaterials in vitro and in vitro.
Systematic Investigation Of The Interplay Between Biomaterials And The Immune System In Vitro
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Author : Florian Billing
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Systematic Investigation Of The Interplay Between Biomaterials And The Immune System In Vitro written by Florian Billing and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Medical implants are widely used nowadays. Following tissue contact, proteins adhere to the device's surface and surrounding cells become activated, causing an initial inflammatory host response. If this host response develops into a chronic inflammatory state, significant adverse effects such as implant rejection and loss might occur. The physico-chemical qualities of the biomaterials employed have a substantial influence on the degree of the immune response. Therefore, modulating surface properties such as topography or wettability may be a viable strategy for altering the immune response. However, the complex interrelation between surface properties, highly sensitive adsorption of proteins, and multifaceted immune response remains largely unresolved. This thesis aims at investigating the interplay of all three of these critical factors determining a device's biocompatibility in order to enable effective modulation of the immune response to biomedical implants. In the first part of this thesis, investigation of the contributing role of different immune cell types identified monocytes/macrophages as essential mediators of the initial inflammatory response, while involvement of T and NK cells was just minor during this phase. Analysis of titanium dental implant specimen revealed surface-dependent immune responses related to wettability and roughness. In contrast, systematic analysis of the influence of surface roughness of polymer materials in the second part of the thesis showed similar immunological activation irrespective of the applied surface roughness throughout the tested range. This was independent of the biological complexity of the cell culture system used (macrophage cell line, PBMCs, whole blood). The final section of the thesis examined wettability-mediated effects on immune cell activity using PEM coatings and discovered that pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses are highly dependent on wettability, with lower pro-inflammatory effects reported on the more hydrophilic PEM surface. Experiments using serum-free cell culture medium demonstrated that the observed effects are clearly dependent on the presence of serum proteins at the biomaterial surface. Significant changes in the type and amount of adsorbed proteins were discovered using mass spectrometry analysis. The observed immunological differences could be correlated with the presence of specific apolipoproteins at the surfaces, implying that apolipoproteins might play a significant role in the modulation of biomaterial immune responses. These findings may aid in the targeted design of immunomodulatory surfaces to promote healing and implant integration. In addition, they place a larger emphasis on adsorption of proteins such as apolipoproteins as crucial class of immune cell mediators.
Characterization Of Biomaterials
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Author : Ryan K. Roeder
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-03-12
Characterization Of Biomaterials written by Ryan K. Roeder and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-12 with Science categories.
The design of biomedical devices almost always involves some form of mechanical characterization of biomaterials. This chapter provides a broad overview of experimental methods and important considerations for mechanical characterization of biomaterials, with special attention to the practical needs of engineers and scientists who encounter a need to characterize the mechanical properties of a biomaterial but may not know where to begin or what the key considerations should be. Many details are necessarily omitted from this broad overview, but numerous references are provided for greater technical depth on a particular topic, standardized methodologies, and exemplary studies. Fundamental concepts are introduced, beginning with stress and strain versus force and displacement. The mechanical properties measured from a stress–strain curve, different types of stress–strain curves, and corresponding constitutive models are reviewed, including differences in material classes and anisotropy. Three primary methods of analysis for fracture mechanics are introduced, including stress concentrations, energy criteria for crack initiation and propagation (fracture toughness), and statistical methods for the probability of fracture. The mechanical characterization of biomaterials begins with selection and preparation of standardized test specimens, which are critical to obtaining accurate and reproducible measurements of material properties. Practical considerations are outlined for selection and preparation of the specimen size, geometry, surface finish, and precracking. The mechanical characterization of biomaterial test specimens always involves the application and measurement of load and deformation. Practical considerations are outlined for the selection and use of load frames, load cells, load fixtures, extensometers, and strain gauges. A number of common loading modes are introduced and compared: uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, biaxial tension, torsion, diametral compression, three-point bending, four-point bending, and in-plane shear (including biomaterial-tissue interfacial shear strength). Strain-rate sensitivity or time-dependent behavior can profoundly influence stress–strain behavior and thus measured mechanical properties. The effects of high strain rates may be characterized by impact testing using a pendulum, drop tower, or split Hopkinson pressure bar. The effects of low strain rates may be characterized by creep deformation or creep rupture tests. The time-dependent behavior of viscoelastic materials is introduced, including creep, stress relaxation, common constitutive models, and practical considerations for testing. The frequency of loading, or cyclic loading, is another aspect of time-dependent behavior, which is critical for mechanical characterization of biomaterials, leading to fatigue deformation and failure or viscoelastic creep and stress relaxation. Practical considerations are described for selecting the waveform, frequency, cyclic stress/strain levels, loading mode, and test duration. Common methods are introduced for fatigue lifetime testing (including S-N curves, notch factors, and fatigue damage), fatigue crack propagation, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Nondestructive tests are particularly useful for sampling small volumes of a biomaterial (e.g., implant retrieval or biopsy) or characterizing spatial heterogeneity in mechanical properties. Various indentation tests and indenter geometries are introduced and compared, including classic hardness (Brinell and Rockwell), microhardness (Knoop and Vickers), and instrumented nanoindentation (Berkovich, cube corner, etc.). Methods and limitations are described for characterizing the reduced modulus, viscoelasticity, and fracture toughness using indentation. Ultrasonic wave-propagation methods are also introduced with an emphasis on methods for characterizing anisotropic elastic constants. Biomaterials are typically subjected to various sterilization methods prior to service and an aqueous physiological environment in service. Therefore, the effects of temperature, pressure, various aqueous media (water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), media, foetal bovine serum (FBS), lipids, etc.), and irradiation on mechanical characterization of biomaterials are considered, including the degradation of mechanical properties by various mechanisms involving water uptake, hydrolysis, and oxidation. Finally, methods and guidelines are provided for data acquisition from transducers and data analysis, including an introduction to some basic statistical methods.
Biomaterials Associated Infection
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Author : T. Fintan Moriarty
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-09-29
Biomaterials Associated Infection written by T. Fintan Moriarty and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-29 with Medical categories.
With BAI being one of the most common complications associated with implantation of any biomaterial, this vital book features contributions from leaders in the field who address this critical problem in applying biomaterials research to clinical practice.
Characterization Of Biomaterials
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Author : S.C. Gad
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2012-12-19
Characterization Of Biomaterials written by S.C. Gad and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-19 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Evaluation of biocompatability of medical devices and biomaterials to meet regulatory requirement starts with consideration of the ISO-10993 guidance (as currently revised) and relevant local expectations such as the FDA G-95 Memorandum requirements. All of these require one to consider the type and duration of potential patient exposure, then to conduct required testing, and finally to do an integrated risk assessment based on the data collected. This chapter seeks to summarize that effort.
Immunomodulatory Biomaterials To Mitigate Material Induced Host Responses
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Author : Yoon Kyung Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Immunomodulatory Biomaterials To Mitigate Material Induced Host Responses written by Yoon Kyung Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
The foreign body response to biomaterial implants has been a major challenge in translating many medical devices into the clinic. The presence of inflammatory cells around the implanted device prevents its functional interaction with the surrounding tissue, and although some inflammation may be desirable to mediate the healing process, a persistent inflammatory response will eventually lead to device failure. Significant efforts to reduce foreign body response have been largely focused on developing hydrophilic and anti-fouling coating materials, however, simply preventing protein adsorption and immune cell adhesion has only had moderate success at reducing inflammation in vivo. In this thesis, we describe a novel approach to mitigate the foreign body response, whereby materials are designed to mimic host tissue by displaying endogenously expressed immunomodulatory molecules that interact with specific inhibitory receptors expressed on immune cells. More specifically, biomaterial surfaces are coated with the recombinantly produced immunomodulatory molecule, CD200, which interacts with the inhibitory receptor CD200R on myeloid cells, preventing material-induced host response by suppressing activation of infiltrated myeloid cells. In Chapter One, a brief introduction and background information is presented, followed by a description of the production and purification of recombinant CD200 protein from both mammalian cells and bacterial cells in Chapter Two. In Chapter Three, we examine whether immobilization of CD200 onto polystyrene surfaces influences on suppressing the activation of macrophages. We found that CD200 indeed suppresses the release of inflammatory mediators secreted by macrophage cells in vitro, and elicited less inflammation in vivo when compared to uncoated materials after subcutaneous implantation. In Chapter Four, we examine whether CD200 influences tissue regeneration after spinal cord injury. CD200-embedded fibrin gel was implanted to spinal cord injured mice, and the effect of CD200 on inflammation and regenerative process was examined. Lastly, Chapter Five concludes the work performed in this Ph.D. study and presents future directions. This work suggests that coating of endogenously expressed immunomodulatory proteins can be used as a strategy to reduce inflammatory response to biomaterials and may potentially be generalized to implants throughout the body.
An Evaluation Of Biological Responses To Model Biomaterials In Vivo And In Vitro
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Author : Lisa M. Chamberlain
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
An Evaluation Of Biological Responses To Model Biomaterials In Vivo And In Vitro written by Lisa M. Chamberlain and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Biomedical materials categories.