Agricultural Tariffs Or Subsidies
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Agricultural Tariffs Or Subsidies
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Author : Bernard Hoekman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Agricultural Tariffs Or Subsidies written by Bernard Hoekman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Electronic book categories.
Reducing Agricultural Tariffs Versus Domestic Support
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Author : Bernard M. Hoekman
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2003
Reducing Agricultural Tariffs Versus Domestic Support written by Bernard M. Hoekman and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Agricultural subsidies categories.
High levels of protection and domestic support for farmers in industrial countries significantly affect many developing countries, both directly and through the price-depressing effect of agricultural support policies. High tariffs--in both rich and poor countries--and domestic support may also lower the world price of agricultural products, benefiting net importers. Hoekman, Ng, and Olarreaga assess the impact of reducing tariffs and domestic support in a sample of 119 countries. Least developed countries (LDCs) are disproportionately affected by agricultural support policies. More than 18 percent of LDC exports are subject to domestic support in at least one World Trade Organization (WTO) member, as compared to only 9 percent of their imports. For other developing countries the figures are around 4 percent for both their exports and imports. So, the prevailing pattern of trade suggests the world price-reducing effect of agricultural domestic support policies may induce a welfare loss in LDCs. The authors develop a simple partial equilibrium model of global trade in commodities that benefit from domestic support in at least one WTO member. The simulation results suggest there will be large differences between LDCs and other developing economies in terms of the impact of a 50 percent cut in tariffs as compared to a 50 percent cut in domestic support. Developing countries as a group would suffer a welfare loss from a cut in support, while LDCs would experience a small gain. For both groups of countries, tariff reductions by WTO members--including own liberalization--will have a positive effect on welfare. The results show both the importance of focusing on tariffs as well as subsities, and the need for complementary actions to allow a domestic supply response to occur in developing countries if world prices rise. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze the effects of trade-related policies on developing countries.
Agricultural Tariffs Or Subsidies
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Author : Bernard Hoekman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Agricultural Tariffs Or Subsidies written by Bernard Hoekman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
This article assesses the impact of the world price-depressing effect of agricultural subsidies and border protection in OECD countries on developing economies' exports, imports, and welfare. Developing economy exporters are likely to benefit from reductions in such subsidies and trade barriers, whereas net importers may lose as world prices rise. A simple partial equilibrium model of global trade in commodities that benefit from domestic support or export subsidies is developed to estimate the relevant elasticities. Simulation results suggest that a 50 percent reduction in border protection will have a much larger positive impact on developing economies' exports and welfare than a 50 percent reduction in agricultural subsidies. Although there is significant heterogeneity across developing economies, the results suggest that efforts in the Doha Round of WTO negotiations should be directed at substantially reducing border protection.
Roadblock To Reform
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Author : Ralf Peters
language : en
Publisher: United Nations Publications
Release Date : 2006
Roadblock To Reform written by Ralf Peters and has been published by United Nations Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Business & Economics categories.
This publication examines a range of issues relating to agricultural export subsidies, under the following headings: regulations and use of export subsidies; economic effects of export subsidies; agricultural trade policy proposals and the Agricultural Trade Policy Simulation Model; simulating export subsidy reductions; and a discussion of implications and limitations including in relation to world prices, consumers and producers in different country groups, welfare changes and a sectoral analysis.
Agricultural Policy Reform In The Wto
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Author : Mary E. Burfisher
language : en
Publisher: Nova Biomedical Books
Release Date : 2003
Agricultural Policy Reform In The Wto written by Mary E. Burfisher and has been published by Nova Biomedical Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Agriculture and state categories.
Agricultural trade barriers and producer subsidies inflict real costs, both on the countries that use these policies and on their trade partners. Trade barriers lower demand for trade partners' products, domestic subsidies can induce an oversupply of agricultural products which depresses world prices, and export subsidies create increased competition for producers in other countries. Eliminating global agricultural policy distortions would result in an annual world welfare gain of $56 billion. High protection for agricultural commodities in the form of tariffs continues to be the major factor restricting world trade. In 2000, World Trade Organisation (WTO) members continued global negotiations on agricultural policy reform. To help policymakers and others realise what is at stake in the global agricultural negotiations, this book quantifies the costs of global agricultural distortions and the potential benefits of their full elimination. It also analyses the effects on US and world agriculture if only partial reform is achieved in liberalising tariffs, tariff-rate quotas (limits on imported goods), domestic support, and export subsidies.
Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade
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Author : Bruce Gregory Arnold
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade written by Bruce Gregory Arnold and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Agricultural subsidies categories.
Measuring The Impact Of Distortions In Agricultural Trade In Partial And General Equilibrium
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Author : Mr.Stephen Tokarick
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2003-05-01
Measuring The Impact Of Distortions In Agricultural Trade In Partial And General Equilibrium written by Mr.Stephen Tokarick and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-05-01 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper provides quantitative estimates of the impact of removing agricultural support (both tariffs and subsidies) in partial- and general-equilibrium frameworks. The results show that agricultural support in industrial countries is highly distortionary and tariffs have a larger distortionary impact than subsidies. Removal of agricultural support would likely raise the international prices of food, resulting in an increase in the cost of food for many net-food- importing countries, although the increase is generally small. The results also show that most of the benefits from removing agricultural support accrue to the countries that liberalize.
Agricultural Policy And Trade Reform The Impact On World Commodity Markets
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2007-05-02
Agricultural Policy And Trade Reform The Impact On World Commodity Markets written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-02 with categories.
The governments of most developed, and many developing, countries impose border measures—tariffs, tariff rate quotas and export subsidies—to boost the domestic market prices of agricultural commodities. In some OECD countries, governments also ...
The Relative Importance Of Global Agricultural Subsidies And Market Access
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Author : Kym Anderson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
The Relative Importance Of Global Agricultural Subsidies And Market Access written by Kym Anderson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Agricultural subsidies categories.
"The claim by global trade modelers that the potential contribution to global economic welfare of removing agricultural subsidies is less than one-tenth of that from removing agricultural tariffs puzzles many observers. To help explain that result, the authors first compare the OECD and model-based estimates of the extent of the producer distortions (leaving aside consumer distortions), and show that 75 percent of total support is provided by market access barriers when account is taken of all forms of support to farmers and to agricultural processors globally, and only 19 percent to domestic farm subsidies. Then the authors provide a back-of-the-envelope (BOTE) calculation of the welfare cost of those distortions. Assuming unitary supply and demand elasticities, that BOTE analysis suggests 86 percent of the welfare cost is due to tariffs and only 6 percent to domestic farm subsidies. When the higher costs associated with the greater variability of trade measures relative to domestic support are accounted for, the BOTE estimate of the latter's share falls to 4 percent. This is close to the 5 percent generated by the most commonly used global model (GTAP) and reported in the paper's final section. "--World Bank web site.
Agricultural Trade Policy
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Author : Daniel Alan Sumner
language : en
Publisher: American Enterprise Institute
Release Date : 1995
Agricultural Trade Policy written by Daniel Alan Sumner and has been published by American Enterprise Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Business & Economics categories.
From the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement through the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Uruguay Round of negotiations for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the United States has been involved in major trade policy discussions. This study reviews the contents and implications of the trade agreements, as well as the consequences of failing to secure agricultural trade policy reform.