An Evaluation Of Chemical Dispersants For Use On Oil Spills At Sea
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An Evaluation Of Chemical Dispersants For Use On Oil Spills At Sea
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Author : Jack W. Anderson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
An Evaluation Of Chemical Dispersants For Use On Oil Spills At Sea written by Jack W. Anderson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Dispersing agents categories.
"Fourteen chemical dispersants designed to apply to spilled oil at sea were evaluated using standard toxicity tests with a mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) and a standard effectiveness test using the Mackay, Nadeau, Steelman (MNS) apparatus. Ratios of dispersant to oil required to maintain 90% dispersions of oil in seawater (15°C and 30 parts per thousand, ppt) with a standard mixing energy (1.0 inch of water pressure) of air flow were derived for each chemical using Prudhoe Bay crude oil...Data on toxicity, effectiveness and cost of each product were combined in straightforward equations to provide an overall assessment of the relative merits of the oil spill chemicals. When a decision is made by regional response authorities to mitigate the damage of spilled oil to the shoreline, our findings should aid in the selection of a cost-effective low toxicity product"--Abstract (leaf 1).
The Use Of Dispersants In Marine Oil Spill Response
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2020-04-24
The Use Of Dispersants In Marine Oil Spill Response written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-24 with Nature categories.
Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response optionsâ€"including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.
Chemical Dispersants For The Control Of Oil Spills
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Author : L. T. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher: ASTM International
Release Date : 1978
Chemical Dispersants For The Control Of Oil Spills written by L. T. McCarthy and has been published by ASTM International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Science categories.
Oil Spill Dispersants
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Author : Clayton/Payne
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2020-08-26
Oil Spill Dispersants written by Clayton/Payne and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-26 with Science categories.
Oil Spill Dispersants: Mechanisms of Action and Laboratory Tests provides a comprehensive summary of current information available regarding the general formulation of commercial dispersants and their function to lower oil-water interfacial tension. The book considers how chemical dispersants work for oil spills, the properties and chemistry of oils (including weathering state), the variables that affect dispersant performance, and the relationships between laboratory methods and field situations. The book also considers the strengths and limitations of specific laboratory tests, including brief discussions of the applicability of results for estimating dispersant performance in field trials or conditions encountered during real spill events. Laboratory tests are separated into four groups: tank tests, shake/flask tests, interfacial surface tension tests, and flume tests. Rapid-screen field tests are considered as a separate group. Recommendations for improvements in future laboratory testing are offered as well. Oil Spill Dispersants will be useful for regulators evaluating dispersant agents, field personnel involved with using dispersants, laboratory scientists studying performance and behavior of oil and dispersants, and managers responsible for designing studies related to the treatment of oil slicks with dispersants.
Oil Spill Dispersants
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Author : Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Oil Spill Dispersants written by Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Nature categories.
Approximately 3 million gallons of oil or refined petroleum products are spilled into U.S. waters every year. Oil dispersants (chemical agents such as surfactants, solvents, and other compounds) are used to reduce the effect of oil spills by changing the chemical and physical properties of the oil. By enhancing the amount of oil that physically mixes into the water, dispersants can reduce the potential that a surface slick will contaminate shoreline habitats. Although called for in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 as a tool for minimizing the impact of oil spills, the use of chemical dispersants has long been controversial. This book reviews the adequacy of existing information and ongoing research regarding the effectiveness of dispersants as an oil spill response technique, as well as the effect of dispersed oil on marine and coastal ecosystems. Oil Spill Dispersants also includes recommended steps for policy makers faced with making hard choices regarding the use of dispersants as part of spill contingency planning efforts or during actual spills.
Using Oil Spill Dispersants On The Sea
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1989-01-01
Using Oil Spill Dispersants On The Sea written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-01-01 with Science categories.
While major oil spills are rare, oil slicks can have disastrous environmental and economic consequences. This book summarizes research on the use of chemical dispersants: their effectiveness and limitations and the results of using them in different spill situations. Based on laboratory and field research as well as on actual case histories, this book contains a clear-cut set of recommendations for action, planning, and research. Of special interest is the chapter on the biological effects of oil itself and of oil treated with chemical dispersants.
Statistical Evaluations Of Results Of Testing Methods To Evaluate Performance Of Chemical Dispersants For Oil Spills
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Author : Clayton, JR.
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Statistical Evaluations Of Results Of Testing Methods To Evaluate Performance Of Chemical Dispersants For Oil Spills written by Clayton, JR. and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Dispersing agents categories.
Crude and/or refined oil products accidentally released into coastal or oceanic waters will result in the formation of surface slicks that create hazards to sea life. Such releases can be mitigated by the use of chemical dispersants under appropriate conditions. However, the potential performance of these agents for dispersing oil in marine situations must be known prior to their use at spill sites. Therefore, reliable methods for evaluating and quantifying performance measurements for dispersants are necessary so that dispersant performance can be better estimated. An important component in any testing method for candidate dispersants (as well as other spill treating chemicals) is the precision associated with repeated measurements made with the method. This paper presents a statistical evaluation of results from tests that were conducted to evaluate the performance of different dispersants with a number of laboratory test methods. The overall test design for the study included three test methods, two to five test oils (depending on the method evaluated), three commercially available dispersants, and analytical measurements at three spectrophotometric wavelengths. The evaluation was conducted in support of the research program of EPA's Releases Control Branch, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory to support the EPA work group concerned with Subpart J (Dispersant Effectiveness and Toxicity) of the National Contingency Plan (NCP). A major goal of the parent study on which this work is based has been to estimate the variability or precision for repeated measurements with test methods and provide the best estimate of this precision for the proposed revision of Subpart J of the NCP for dispersant performance testing.
Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants
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Author : Tom E. Allen
language : en
Publisher: ASTM International
Release Date : 1984
Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants written by Tom E. Allen and has been published by ASTM International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Oil Concentrations In Seawater Following Dispersion With And Without The Use Of Chemical Dispersants
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Author : P. Chapman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Oil Concentrations In Seawater Following Dispersion With And Without The Use Of Chemical Dispersants written by P. Chapman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Dispersing agents categories.
Review of effect of chemical dispersants on oil dispersion in seawater.
The Use Of Chemicals In Oil Spill Response
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Author : Peter Lane
language : en
Publisher: ASTM International
Release Date : 1995
The Use Of Chemicals In Oil Spill Response written by Peter Lane and has been published by ASTM International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Dispersing agents categories.
Laboratory work and ecological and operational considerations of using chemical dispersants as responses to oil spills, are updated by 11 papers from a symposium in Victoria, British Columbia, in October 1994. The topics tend to be narrower and deeper than those presented in previous symposia on the