An Introduction To Evidence Science
DOWNLOAD
Download An Introduction To Evidence Science PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get An Introduction To Evidence Science book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
An Introduction To Evidence Science
DOWNLOAD
Author : Baosheng Zhang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2025-04-02
An Introduction To Evidence Science written by Baosheng Zhang and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-04-02 with Law categories.
The book discusses the subject and scope of evidence science and puts forward the new epistemological formula of "practice-evidence-knowledge-evidence-practice", which applies to the problem of evidence reasoning and knowledge acquisition that exist in different disciplines. Also, it demonstrates the history of evidence science and reveal the formation, development and maturing process of the traditional evidence theory, as well as the ideological origin and characteristics; clarifies the probabilistic path of judicial proof by probability theory of evidence. It introduces the theory of evidential reasoning, discusses the concept, nature and function the evidential reasoning through chart method, narrative method, the mixed methods and argumentation and story. It puts forward the basic principle in seeking for the truth through evidence-based decision-making. The game-theory rules and models are introduced, as well as the influencing factors of evidence-based decision-making such as fact, evidence, law and claims. It discusses the issues of evidential evaluation in both the general context and legal context, taking the decision-making activities as the frame of reference; discusses the trend of interdisciplinary development of narratology and the resulting “narrative turn” in evidence science through reviewing general theory of narratology. The book introduces the theory of evidential explanation. It analyses the relationships among fact, evidence and explanation from the perspective of hermeneutics; and theory of scientific evidence, discuss the effects of scientific evidence in judicial fact-finding. This book is the research results of the "Evidence Science Theory System and Applied Research" project, which established in 2006 and, after 13 years, has taken a significant first step in the field of a broadly defined evidence science on the basis of a less expansive research endeavor aimed at integrating evidence law and forensic science.
The Book Of Evidence
DOWNLOAD
Author : Peter Achinstein
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2001-09-20
The Book Of Evidence written by Peter Achinstein and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-09-20 with Science categories.
What is required for something to be evidence for a hypothesis? In this fascinating, elegantly written work, distinguished philosopher of science Peter Achinstein explores this question, rejecting typical philosophical and statistical theories of evidence. He claims these theories are much too weak to give scientists what they want--a good reason to believe--and, in some cases, they furnish concepts that mistakenly make all evidential claims a priori. Achinstein introduces four concepts of evidence, defines three of them by reference to "potential" evidence, and characterizes the latter using a novel epistemic interpretation of probability. The resulting theory is then applied to philosophical and historical issues. Solutions are provided to the "grue," "ravens," "lottery," and "old-evidence" paradoxes, and to a series of questions. These include whether explanations or predictions furnish more evidential weight, whether individual hypotheses or entire theoretical systems can receive evidential support, what counts as a scientific discovery, and what sort of evidence is required for it. The historical questions include whether Jean Perrin had non-circular evidence for the existence of molecules, what type of evidence J. J. Thomson offered for the existence of the electron, and whether, as is usually supposed, he really discovered the electron. Achinstein proposes answers in terms of the concepts of evidence introduced. As the premier book in the fabulous new series Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Science, this volume is essential for philosophers of science and historians of science, as well as for statisticians, scientists with philosophical interests, and anyone curious about scientific reasoning.
Introduction To Urban Science
DOWNLOAD
Author : Luis M. A. Bettencourt
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2021-08-17
Introduction To Urban Science written by Luis M. A. Bettencourt and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-17 with Political Science categories.
A novel, integrative approach to cities as complex adaptive systems, applicable to issues ranging from innovation to economic prosperity to settlement patterns. Human beings around the world increasingly live in urban environments. In Introduction to Urban Science, Luis Bettencourt takes a novel, integrative approach to understanding cities as complex adaptive systems, claiming that they require us to frame the field of urban science in a way that goes beyond existing theory in such traditional disciplines as sociology, geography, and economics. He explores the processes facilitated by and, in many cases, unleashed for the first time by urban life through the lenses of social heterogeneity, complex networks, scaling, circular causality, and information. Though the idea that cities are complex adaptive systems has become mainstream, until now those who study cities have lacked a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding cities and urbanization, for generating useful and falsifiable predictions, and for constructing a solid body of empirical evidence so that the discipline of urban science can continue to develop. Bettencourt applies his framework to such issues as innovation and development across scales, human reasoning and strategic decision-making, patterns of settlement and mobility and their influence on socioeconomic life and resource use, inequality and inequity, biodiversity, and the challenges of sustainable development in both high- and low-income nations. It is crucial, says Bettencourt, to realize that cities are not "zero-sum games" and that knowledge, human cooperation, and collective action can build a better future.
Active Learning In College Science
DOWNLOAD
Author : Joel J. Mintzes
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-02-23
Active Learning In College Science written by Joel J. Mintzes and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-23 with Science categories.
This book explores evidence-based practice in college science teaching. It is grounded in disciplinary education research by practicing scientists who have chosen to take Wieman’s (2014) challenge seriously, and to investigate claims about the efficacy of alternative strategies in college science teaching. In editing this book, we have chosen to showcase outstanding cases of exemplary practice supported by solid evidence, and to include practitioners who offer models of teaching and learning that meet the high standards of the scientific disciplines. Our intention is to let these distinguished scientists speak for themselves and to offer authentic guidance to those who seek models of excellence. Our primary audience consists of the thousands of dedicated faculty and graduate students who teach undergraduate science at community and technical colleges, 4-year liberal arts institutions, comprehensive regional campuses, and flagship research universities. In keeping with Wieman’s challenge, our primary focus has been on identifying classroom practices that encourage and support meaningful learning and conceptual understanding in the natural sciences. The content is structured as follows: after an Introduction based on Constructivist Learning Theory (Section I), the practices we explore are Eliciting Ideas and Encouraging Reflection (Section II); Using Clickers to Engage Students (Section III); Supporting Peer Interaction through Small Group Activities (Section IV); Restructuring Curriculum and Instruction (Section V); Rethinking the Physical Environment (Section VI); Enhancing Understanding with Technology (Section VII), and Assessing Understanding (Section VIII). The book’s final section (IX) is devoted to Professional Issues facing college and university faculty who choose to adopt active learning in their courses. The common feature underlying all of the strategies described in this book is their emphasis on actively engaging students who seek to make sense of natural objects and events. Many of the strategies we highlight emerge from a constructivist view of learning that has gained widespread acceptance in recent years. In this view, learners make sense of the world by forging connections between new ideas and those that are part of their existing knowledge base. For most students, that knowledge base is riddled with a host of naïve notions, misconceptions and alternative conceptions they have acquired throughout their lives. To a considerable extent, the job of the teacher is to coax out these ideas; to help students understand how their ideas differ from the scientifically accepted view; to assist as students restructure and reconcile their newly acquired knowledge; and to provide opportunities for students to evaluate what they have learned and apply it in novel circumstances. Clearly, this prescription demands far more than most college and university scientists have been prepared for.
Evidence Based Dentistry
DOWNLOAD
Author : Allan Hackshaw
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2006-09-29
Evidence Based Dentistry written by Allan Hackshaw and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-09-29 with Medical categories.
This introduction to Evidence-Based Dentistry provides a much-needed orientation in the subject for students and professionals alike. It is a ground-level book for those seeking to understand evidence-based dentistry and its significance for clinical practice. The book is anchored in the dental literature: the majority of the chapters offer guidance on interpreting a full published paper; where both the subject of the paper and the study design is of relevance to the field of dentistry. Each chapter is organised in a similar way, providing a structured approach to reading and understanding research articles or commercial product information. In this respect, Evidence-Based Dentistry is designed as an introduction to understanding published research and its implications for the dental surgery; rather than as a guide on undertaking research. Incorporates topical published papers in order to rpovide worked examples Explains the most6 common forms of research used in dentistry Unlocks basic statistical and epidemiological concepts, along with key terms Enables the reader to identify the research question, assess aspects of study design, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of papers and understand their clinical relevance Tables, boxes and figures are used extensively to present core information. Useful templates are also provided, which readers may use/adapt for analysis, including study clubs.
Evidence And Method
DOWNLOAD
Author : Peter Achinstein
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2013-04-11
Evidence And Method written by Peter Achinstein and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-11 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
What is meant by scientific evidence, and how can a definition of this concept be applied in the sciences to determine whether observed facts constitute evidence that a given theory is true? In this book, Peter Achinstein proposes and defends several objective concepts of evidence. He then explores the question of whether a scientific method, such as that represented in the four "Rules for the Study of Natural Philosophy" that Isaac Newton invoked in proving his law of gravity, can be employed in demonstrating how the proposed definitions of evidence are to be applied to real scientific cases. In answering this question, he offers a new interpretation of Newton's controversial rules. Contrary to what many methodologists assume, whether the rules, so interpreted, can be used to determine whether observed phenomena provide evidence for a theory is an empirical question, not an a priori one. Finally, in order to deal with numerous cases in which evidence is insufficient to establish a theory, or where no theory is even available, Achinstein describes and defends three scientific methods proposed by the 19th century theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell, in the course of developing his electrical and molecular theories.
Model Based Inference In The Life Sciences
DOWNLOAD
Author : David R. Anderson
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-12-22
Model Based Inference In The Life Sciences written by David R. Anderson and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-22 with Science categories.
This textbook introduces a science philosophy called "information theoretic" based on Kullback-Leibler information theory. It focuses on a science philosophy based on "multiple working hypotheses" and statistical models to represent them. The text is written for people new to the information-theoretic approaches to statistical inference, whether graduate students, post-docs, or professionals. Readers are however expected to have a background in general statistical principles, regression analysis, and some exposure to likelihood methods. This is not an elementary text as it assumes reasonable competence in modeling and parameter estimation.
Evidence Based Medicine And The Search For A Science Of Clinical Care
DOWNLOAD
Author : Jeanne Daly
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2005-05-11
Evidence Based Medicine And The Search For A Science Of Clinical Care written by Jeanne Daly and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-05-11 with Medical categories.
Patient management is the central clinical task of medical care. Until the 1970s, there was no generally accepted method of ensuring a scientific, critical approach to clinical decision making. And while traditional clinical authority was under attack, there was increasing concern about the way in which doctors made decisions about patient care. In this book, Jeanne Daly traces the origins, essential features, and achievements of evidence-based medicine and clinical epidemiology over the past few decades. Drawing largely on interviews with key players, she offers unique insights into the ways that practitioners of evidence-based medicine set out to generate scientific knowledge about patient care and how, in the process, they reshaped the way medicine is practiced and administered.
Introduction To Nursing Research
DOWNLOAD
Author : Carol Boswell
language : en
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
Release Date : 2010-10-22
Introduction To Nursing Research written by Carol Boswell and has been published by Jones & Bartlett Learning this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-10-22 with Medical categories.
Introduction to Nursing Research: Incorporating Evidence Based Practice, Second Edition teaches students how to incorporate research into their daily practice, while incorporating all the newest trends and issues, with a focus on evidence based practice. The Second Edition has been updated to include sections on theoretical frameworks, translational research, sampling for longitudinal studies, and a larger focus on Institute of Medicine (IOM) competencies.
Evidence And Evolution
DOWNLOAD
Author : Elliott Sober
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2008-03-27
Evidence And Evolution written by Elliott Sober and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-03-27 with Science categories.
How should the concept of evidence be understood? And how does the concept of evidence apply to the controversy about creationism as well as to work in evolutionary biology about natural selection and common ancestry? In this rich and wide-ranging book, Elliott Sober investigates general questions about probability and evidence and shows how the answers he develops to those questions apply to the specifics of evolutionary biology. Drawing on a set of fascinating examples, he analyzes whether claims about intelligent design are untestable; whether they are discredited by the fact that many adaptations are imperfect; how evidence bears on whether present species trace back to common ancestors; how hypotheses about natural selection can be tested, and many other issues. His book will interest all readers who want to understand philosophical questions about evidence and evolution, as they arise both in Darwin's work and in contemporary biological research.