An Introduction To The Theory Of Observational Studies
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Observational Studies
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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Mathematics categories.
An observational study is an empirical investigation of the effects of treatments, policies, or exposures. It differes from an experiment in that the investigator cannot control the assignments of treatments to subjects. Scientists across a wide range of disciplines undertake such studies, and the aim of this book is to provide a sound statistical account of the principles and methods for the design and analysis of observational studies. Readers are assumed to have a working knowledge of basic probability and statistics, but otherwise the account is reasonably self-contained. Throughout there are extended discussions of actual observational studies to illustrate the ideas discussed. These are drawn from topics as diverse as smoking and lung cancer, lead in children, nuclear weapons testing, and placement programs for students. As a result, many researchers involved in observational studes will find this an invaluable companion to their work.
An Introduction To The Theory Of Observational Studies
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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2025-07-02
An Introduction To The Theory Of Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-07-02 with Computers categories.
This book is an introduction to the theory of causal inference in observational studies. An observational study draws inferences about the effects caused by treatments or preventable exposures when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. An observational study is distinguished from an experiment by the problems that follow from the absence of randomized assignment of individuals to treatments. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments or policies on people, including public health and epidemiology, economics and public policy, medicine and clinical psychology, and criminology and empirical legal studies. After Part I reviews causal inference in randomized experiments, the twelve short chapters in Parts II, III and IV introduce modern topics: the propensity score, ignorable treatment assignment, the principal unobserved covariate, algorithms for optimal matching, randomized reassignment techniques for appraising the covariate balance achieved by matching, covariance adjustment, sensitivity analysis, design sensitivity, ways to design an observational study to be insensitive to larger unmeasured biases, the large sample efficiency of a sensitivity analysis, quasi-experimental devices that provide observable information about unmeasured biases, evidence factors and complementary analyses to address unmeasured biases. The book is accessible to anyone who has completed an undergraduate course in mathematical statistics. The subject is developed with the aid of two simple empirical examples concerning the health benefits or harms caused by consuming alcohol. The data for these examples and their reanalyses are freely available in an R package, iTOS, associated with Introduction to the Theory of Observational Studies.
Replication And Evidence Factors In Observational Studies
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Author : Paul Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-03-30
Replication And Evidence Factors In Observational Studies written by Paul Rosenbaum and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-30 with Mathematics categories.
Outside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer, a conclusion reached in the absence of randomized experimentation with humans. How is that possible? If observed associations do not identify causal effects in observational studies, how can a sequence of such associations become decisive? Two or more associations may each be susceptible to unmeasured biases, yet not susceptible to the same biases. An observational study has two evidence factors if it provides two comparisons susceptible to different biases that may be combined as if from independent studies of different data by different investigators, despite using the same data twice. If the two factors concur, then they may exhibit greater insensitivity to unmeasured biases than either factor exhibits on its own. Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies includes four parts: A concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained Practical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R The theory of evidence factors Study design with evidence factors A companion R package evident is available from CRAN.
Observational Studies
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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Mathematics categories.
A sound statistical account of the principles and methods for the design and analysis of observational studies. Readers are assumed to have a working knowledge of basic probability and statistics, but otherwise the account is reasonably self- contained. Throughout there are extended discussions of actual observational studies to illustrate the ideas discussed, drawn from topics as diverse as smoking and lung cancer, lead in children, nuclear weapons testing, and placement programs for students. As a result, many researchers will find this an invaluable companion in their work.
Social Learning Theory
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Social Learning Theory written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with categories.
Social Research
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Author : Piergiorgio Corbetta
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2003-04-16
Social Research written by Piergiorgio Corbetta and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-04-16 with Social Science categories.
`This is an impressively detailed, clearly written book.... It is a book that I would like students to read′ - Clive Seale, Goldsmiths College, London Social Research: Theory, Methods and Techniques presents an understanding of social research practice through appreciation of its foundations and methods. Stretching from the philosophy of science to detailed descriptions of both qualitative and quantitative techniques, it illustrates not only `how′ to do social research, but also `why′ particular techniques are used today. The book is divided into three parts: Part One: Illustrates the two basic paradigms - quantitative and qualitative - of social research, describing their origins in philosophical thought and outlining their current interpretations. Part Two: Devoted to quantitative research, and discusses the relationship between theory and research practice. It also presents a discussion of key quantitative research techniques. Part Three: Examines qualitative research. Topics range from classical qualitative techniques such as participant observation, to more recent developments such as ethnomethodological studies. Overall, the author offers an engaging contribution to the field of social research and this book is a reminder of the solid foundations upon which most social research is conducted today. As a consequence it will be required reading for students throughout the social sciences, and at various levels.
Observational Measurement Of Behavior
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Author : Paul Yoder
language : en
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Release Date : 2010-02-16
Observational Measurement Of Behavior written by Paul Yoder and has been published by Springer Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-02-16 with Psychology categories.
"Yoder and Symons bring decades of work to bear and it shows....[The book is] presented with broad scholarship and conceptual depth." óRoger Bakeman, PhD Professor Emeritus Georgia State University "This outstanding volume transcends the typical treatment of behavior observation methods in introductory research texts. Yoder and Symons articulate a set of measurement principles that serve as the foundation for behavior observation as a scientific tool." óWilliam E. MacLean Jr., PhD Executive Director Wyoming Institute for Disabilities University of Wyoming This comprehensive textbook introduces graduate students to the competent conduct of observational research methods and measurement. The unique approach of this book is that the chapters delineate not only the techniques and mechanics of observational methods, but also the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of these methods. The observational methods presented can be used for both single-subject and group-design perspectives, showing students how and when to use both methodologies. In addition, the authors provide many practical exercises within chapters as well as electronic media files of a sample observation session to code with multiple behavior sampling methods. Key topics: Improving measurement of generalized characteristics through direct observation and the generalizability theory Developing coding schemes and designing or adapting coding manuals Determining sampling methods and metrics for observational variables Training observers and assessing their agreement Performing sequential analysis on observational data Assessing the validity of observational variables
An Introduction To Developmental Psychology
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Author : Alan Slater
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2017-04-24
An Introduction To Developmental Psychology written by Alan Slater and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-24 with Psychology categories.
An Introduction to Developmental Psychology, 3rd Edition is a representative and authoritative 'state of the art' account of human development from conception to adolescence. The text is organised chronologically and also thematically and written by renowned experts in the field, and presents a truly international account of theories, findings and issues. The content is designed with a broad range of readers in mind, and in particular those with little previous exposure to developmental psychology.
Data Collection And Analysis
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Author : Roger Sapsford
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2006-03-29
Data Collection And Analysis written by Roger Sapsford and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-03-29 with Social Science categories.
In simple and non-technical terms, this text illustrates a wide range of techniques and approaches used in social research projects.
Doing Ethnographic And Observational Research
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Author : Michael Angrosino
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2007-12-30
Doing Ethnographic And Observational Research written by Michael Angrosino and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-30 with Social Science categories.
Including coverage of the selection of cases, observation and interviewing, recording data, and takes into account ethical issues, Doing Ethnographic and Observational Research introduces the reader to the practice of producing data through ethnographic fieldwork and observational research.