Replication And Evidence Factors In Observational Studies
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Replication And Evidence Factors In Observational Studies
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Author : Paul Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-03-30
Replication And Evidence Factors In Observational Studies written by Paul Rosenbaum and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-30 with Mathematics categories.
Outside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer, a conclusion reached in the absence of randomized experimentation with humans. How is that possible? If observed associations do not identify causal effects in observational studies, how can a sequence of such associations become decisive? Two or more associations may each be susceptible to unmeasured biases, yet not susceptible to the same biases. An observational study has two evidence factors if it provides two comparisons susceptible to different biases that may be combined as if from independent studies of different data by different investigators, despite using the same data twice. If the two factors concur, then they may exhibit greater insensitivity to unmeasured biases than either factor exhibits on its own. Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies includes four parts: A concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained Practical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R The theory of evidence factors Study design with evidence factors A companion R package evident is available from CRAN.
An Introduction To The Theory Of Observational Studies
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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2025-08-02
An Introduction To The Theory Of Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-08-02 with Computers categories.
This book is an introduction to the theory of causal inference in observational studies. An observational study draws inferences about the effects caused by treatments or preventable exposures when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. An observational study is distinguished from an experiment by the problems that follow from the absence of randomized assignment of individuals to treatments. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments or policies on people, including public health and epidemiology, economics and public policy, medicine and clinical psychology, and criminology and empirical legal studies. After Part I reviews causal inference in randomized experiments, the twelve short chapters in Parts II, III and IV introduce modern topics: the propensity score, ignorable treatment assignment, the principal unobserved covariate, algorithms for optimal matching, randomized reassignment techniques for appraising the covariate balance achieved by matching, covariance adjustment, sensitivity analysis, design sensitivity, ways to design an observational study to be insensitive to larger unmeasured biases, the large sample efficiency of a sensitivity analysis, quasi-experimental devices that provide observable information about unmeasured biases, evidence factors and complementary analyses to address unmeasured biases. The book is accessible to anyone who has completed an undergraduate course in mathematical statistics. The subject is developed with the aid of two simple empirical examples concerning the health benefits or harms caused by consuming alcohol. The data for these examples and their reanalyses are freely available in an R package, iTOS, associated with Introduction to the Theory of Observational Studies.
Handbook Of Matching And Weighting Adjustments For Causal Inference
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Author : José R. Zubizarreta
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-04-11
Handbook Of Matching And Weighting Adjustments For Causal Inference written by José R. Zubizarreta and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-04-11 with Mathematics categories.
An observational study infers the effects caused by a treatment, policy, program, intervention, or exposure in a context in which randomized experimentation is unethical or impractical. One task in an observational study is to adjust for visible pretreatment differences between the treated and control groups. Multivariate matching and weighting are two modern forms of adjustment. This handbook provides a comprehensive survey of the most recent methods of adjustment by matching, weighting, machine learning and their combinations. Three additional chapters introduce the steps from association to causation that follow after adjustments are complete. When used alone, matching and weighting do not use outcome information, so they are part of the design of an observational study. When used in conjunction with models for the outcome, matching and weighting may enhance the robustness of model-based adjustments. The book is for researchers in medicine, economics, public health, psychology, epidemiology, public program evaluation, and statistics who examine evidence of the effects on human beings of treatments, policies or exposures.
Design Of Observational Studies
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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-07-13
Design Of Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-13 with Mathematics categories.
This second edition of Design of Observational Studies is both an introduction to statistical inference in observational studies and a detailed discussion of the principles that guide the design of observational studies. An observational study is an empiric investigation of effects caused by treatments when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments on people, including medicine, economics, epidemiology, education, psychology, political science and sociology. The quality and strength of evidence provided by an observational study is determined largely by its design. Design of Observational Studies is organized into five parts. Chapters 2, 3, and 5 of Part I cover concisely many of the ideas discussed in Rosenbaum’s Observational Studies (also published by Springer) but in a less technical fashion. Part II discusses the practical aspects of using propensity scores and other tools to create a matched comparison that balances many covariates, and includes an updated chapter on matching in R. In Part III, the concept of design sensitivity is used to appraise the relative ability of competing designs to distinguish treatment effects from biases due to unmeasured covariates. Part IV is new to this edition; it discusses evidence factors and the computerized construction of more than one comparison group. Part V discusses planning the analysis of an observational study, with particular reference to Sir Ronald Fisher’s striking advice for observational studies: "make your theories elaborate." This new edition features updated exploration of causal influence, with four new chapters, a new R package DOS2 designed as a companion for the book, and discussion of several of the latest matching packages for R. In particular, DOS2 allows readers to reproduce many analyses from Design of Observational Studies.
Causal Inference
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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2023-04-04
Causal Inference written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-04-04 with Social Science categories.
A nontechnical guide to the basic ideas of modern causal inference, with illustrations from health, the economy, and public policy. Which of two antiviral drugs does the most to save people infected with Ebola virus? Does a daily glass of wine prolong or shorten life? Does winning the lottery make you more or less likely to go bankrupt? How do you identify genes that cause disease? Do unions raise wages? Do some antibiotics have lethal side effects? Does the Earned Income Tax Credit help people enter the workforce? Causal Inference provides a brief and nontechnical introduction to randomized experiments, propensity scores, natural experiments, instrumental variables, sensitivity analysis, and quasi-experimental devices. Ideas are illustrated with examples from medicine, epidemiology, economics and business, the social sciences, and public policy.
The Sage Encyclopedia Of Communication Research Methods
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Author : Mike Allen
language : en
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Release Date : 2017-04-11
The Sage Encyclopedia Of Communication Research Methods written by Mike Allen and has been published by SAGE Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-11 with Social Science categories.
Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version.
Design Of Observational Studies
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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-10-22
Design Of Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-10-22 with Mathematics categories.
An observational study is an empiric investigation of effects caused by treatments when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments on people, including medicine, economics, epidemiology, education, psychology, political science and sociology. The quality and strength of evidence provided by an observational study is determined largely by its design. Design of Observational Studies is both an introduction to statistical inference in observational studies and a detailed discussion of the principles that guide the design of observational studies. Design of Observational Studies is divided into four parts. Chapters 2, 3, and 5 of Part I cover concisely, in about one hundred pages, many of the ideas discussed in Rosenbaum’s Observational Studies (also published by Springer) but in a less technical fashion. Part II discusses the practical aspects of using propensity scores and other tools to create a matched comparison that balances many covariates. Part II includes a chapter on matching in R. In Part III, the concept of design sensitivity is used to appraise the relative ability of competing designs to distinguish treatment effects from biases due to unmeasured covariates. Part IV discusses planning the analysis of an observational study, with particular reference to Sir Ronald Fisher’s striking advice for observational studies, "make your theories elaborate." The second edition of his book, Observational Studies, was published by Springer in 2002.
Observation And Experiment
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Author : Paul Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2017-08-14
Observation And Experiment written by Paul Rosenbaum and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-14 with Mathematics categories.
A daily glass of wine prolongs life—yet alcohol can cause life-threatening cancer. Some say raising the minimum wage will decrease inequality while others say it increases unemployment. Scientists once confidently claimed that hormone replacement therapy reduced the risk of heart disease but now they equally confidently claim it raises that risk. What should we make of this endless barrage of conflicting claims? Observation and Experiment is an introduction to causal inference by one of the field’s leading scholars. An award-winning professor at Wharton, Paul Rosenbaum explains key concepts and methods through lively examples that make abstract principles accessible. He draws his examples from clinical medicine, economics, public health, epidemiology, clinical psychology, and psychiatry to explain how randomized control trials are conceived and designed, how they differ from observational studies, and what techniques are available to mitigate their bias. “Carefully and precisely written...reflecting superb statistical understanding, all communicated with the skill of a master teacher.” —Stephen M. Stigler, author of The Seven Pillars of Statistical Wisdom “An excellent introduction...Well-written and thoughtful...from one of causal inference’s noted experts.” —Journal of the American Statistical Association “Rosenbaum is a gifted expositor...an outstanding introduction to the topic for anyone who is interested in understanding the basic ideas and approaches to causal inference.” —Psychometrika “A very valuable contribution...Highly recommended.” —International Statistical Review
Finding What Works In Health Care
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2011-06-20
Finding What Works In Health Care written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-20 with Medical categories.
Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research.
Statistical Challenges In Assessing And Fostering The Reproducibility Of Scientific Results
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2016-03-29
Statistical Challenges In Assessing And Fostering The Reproducibility Of Scientific Results written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-29 with Mathematics categories.
Questions about the reproducibility of scientific research have been raised in numerous settings and have gained visibility through several high-profile journal and popular press articles. Quantitative issues contributing to reproducibility challenges have been considered (including improper data measurement and analysis, inadequate statistical expertise, and incomplete data, among others), but there is no clear consensus on how best to approach or to minimize these problems. A lack of reproducibility of scientific results has created some distrust in scientific findings among the general public, scientists, funding agencies, and industries. While studies fail for a variety of reasons, many factors contribute to the lack of perfect reproducibility, including insufficient training in experimental design, misaligned incentives for publication and the implications for university tenure, intentional manipulation, poor data management and analysis, and inadequate instances of statistical inference. The workshop summarized in this report was designed not to address the social and experimental challenges but instead to focus on the latter issues of improper data management and analysis, inadequate statistical expertise, incomplete data, and difficulties applying sound statistic inference to the available data. Many efforts have emerged over recent years to draw attention to and improve reproducibility of scientific work. This report uniquely focuses on the statistical perspective of three issues: the extent of reproducibility, the causes of reproducibility failures, and the potential remedies for these failures.