Apakah Yang Anda Perlu Tahu Tentang Ubat Generik Penerbit Usm
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Apakah Yang Anda Perlu Tahu Tentang Ubat Generik Penerbit Usm
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Author : Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali
language : ms
Publisher: Penerbit USM
Release Date :
Apakah Yang Anda Perlu Tahu Tentang Ubat Generik Penerbit Usm written by Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali and has been published by Penerbit USM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with Generic drugs categories.
Dalam era kos penjagaan kesihatan yang semakin meningkat, adalah penting pengguna mendapatkan ubat-ubatan dengan kos berpatutan demi mengurangkan perbelanjaan untuk penjagaan kesihatan. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan ubat-ubatan generik dalam kalangan pengguna Malaysia masih rendah walaupun penggunaan ubat generik sangat digalakkan oleh pihak kerajaan dan badan bukan kerajaan. Salah satu sebab kadar penggunaan ubat generik yang rendah ialah ketiadaan bahan bacaan yang berguna untuk dijadikan rujukan. Oleh sebab itu, buku kecil “Apakah Yang Anda Perlu Tahu Tentang Ubat Generik” ini diterbitkan agar dapat mewujudkan kesedaran terhadap masyarakat umum atas kehadiran ubat-ubatan generik dan mengetengahkan isu-isu berkaitan dengannya. Maka diharapkan agar buku kecil ini boleh diguna pakai sebagai sumber informasi kepada masyarakat umum serta boleh menambahkan lagi pengetahuan dan kefahaman berkaitan ubat-ubatan generik.
Peranan Ubat Ubatan Generik Dalam Kelestarian Penggunaan Farmaseutikal Di Malaysia Penerbit Usm
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Author : Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali
language : ms
Publisher: Penerbit USM
Release Date :
Peranan Ubat Ubatan Generik Dalam Kelestarian Penggunaan Farmaseutikal Di Malaysia Penerbit Usm written by Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali and has been published by Penerbit USM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Jumlah perbelanjaan kesihatan Malaysia kian meningkat setiap tahun. Perbelanjaan kesihatan meningkat sebanyak 66.3 peratus iaitu daripada RM30,227 juta pada tahun 2007 kepada RM50,278 juta pada tahun 2014, ia berlaku dalam tempoh tujuh tahun sahaja. Daripada segi perbelanjaan farmaseutikal, jumlah kos ubatan yang diperoleh untuk kegunaan di hospital-hospital dan klinikklinik kesihatan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) ialah sebanyak RM1983.51 juta pada tahun 2012, mewakili 277 peratus kenaikan jumlah perbelanjaan keseluruhan farmaseutikal dalam tempoh 10 tahun. Antara sebab peningkatan perbelanjaan ubat-ubatan di Malaysia saban tahun termasuklah peningkatan populasi warga tua di Malaysia, penswastaan pembekal ubat-ubatan dalam industri kesihatan, ketersediaan ubat-ubatan baharu, kebergantungan pada ubat-ubatan yang diimport dan dipatenkan, peningkatan bilangan preskripsi dan harga ubat-ubatan. Justeru, pelbagai pendekatan perlu diambil untuk meringankan beban dalam perbelanjaan farmaseutikal, antaranya adalah dengan menggalakkan penggunaan ubat-ubatan generik. Ubat-ubatan generik didefinisikan sebagai produk ubat-ubatan yang serupa atau setara dengan jenama atau rujukan yang disenaraikan sebagai produk ubat-ubatan dalam bentuk dos, kekuatan, laluan pentadbiran, kualiti dan penilaian prestasi sebenar serta tujuan asal penggunaannya. Ubat-ubatan generik mengandungi bahan aktif yang sama sebagai ubat rujukan, dan ia digunakan pada dos yang sama seperti ubat rujukan untuk merawat penyakit yang sama. Oleh sebab ubat-ubatan generik mempunyai persamaan daripada segi kesan perubatan dengan ubat berjenama atau ubat inovator, ia biasanya digunakan untuk ditukarkan dan digantikan dengan ubat inovator. Yang berbeza daripada ubat rujukan ialah pengilang, jenama ubat, penampilan dan pembungkusan. Ubat-ubatan generik juga perlu didaftarkan di bawah Agensi Regulatori Farmaseutikal Negara (NPRA) sepertimana proses pendaftaran ubat berjenama. Oleh sebab pengeluar ubat generik tidak perlu menjalankan penyelidikan dan pembangunan untuk menghasilkan ubat tersebut, penjimatan daripada kos penyelidikan dan pembangunan menyumbang pada kos ubat yang lebih murah daripada ubat jenama. Di Malaysia, ubat-ubatan generik lebih murah sebanyak 30–90 peratus berbanding ubat-ubatan jenama. Ubat-ubatan generik menawarkan beberapa faedah. Pertama, penjimatan kos farmaseutikal yang akan meringankan beban kos kesihatan kerajaan. Kedua, peruntukan tambahan boleh digunakan untuk membiayai penyelidikan dan pembangunan farmaseutikal. Selain itu, persaingan daripada ubat-ubatan generik akan menggalakkan pembangunan ubat-ubatan baharu. Di samping itu, lebih ramai pesakit mampu menanggung kos farmaseutikal, seterusnya meningkatkan tahap kepatuhan pesakit terhadap ubatubatan. Penggunaan ubat-ubatan generik juga memastikan bekalan berterusan dalam pasaran selepas tamat tempoh paten ubat-ubatan jenama.
Summary Of Readings In Neurosurgery Brain Penerbit Usm
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Author : Jafri Malin Abdullah
language : en
Publisher: Penerbit USM
Release Date : 2014-11-25
Summary Of Readings In Neurosurgery Brain Penerbit Usm written by Jafri Malin Abdullah and has been published by Penerbit USM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-25 with Medical categories.
If you are looking for a straightforward and readable summary of neurosurgical cases, this book is the best for you. This book can provide you with convenient means of reference especially for medical practitioners, and can be a good guide for everyone that has interest in the neurosurgery field. Summary of Readings in Neurosurgery: Brain is the book for readers who needs to know about neurosugery for brain. It is presented in clear, subject by subject briefings with examples and pictures to illustrate the application of the neurosurgery and to help readers understand various topics and cases related to neurosurgery and brain which have been discussed based on the researches and current practices up to 2011. This book is written by experienced authors in the Malaysian neuroscience field in a short form, to ease and give a relaxing reading experience to all readers. Therefore, we hope that all readers will very much enjoy this work as well as find it immensely educative.
The Concept Of Education In Islam
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Author : Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023-08-19
The Concept Of Education In Islam written by Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-19 with Education categories.
This book, originally presented as a paper to the Second World Conference on Muslim Education in 1980, for the first time in contemporary Islamic thinking and in a clear and coherent manner, elaborates new and originally conceived ideas and definitions. Key concepts such as religion (din), man (insan), knowledge (ma'rifah and `ilm), wisdom (hikmah), justice (`adl), right action (`amal and adab) are discussed, elaborated and formulated into a framework for an Islamic philosophy of education. The concept of methodology of scientific research and the study of nature along the lines of Quranic interpretation (tafsir and ta'wil), the islamization of languages and its relation to the Muslim mind and worldview, and the differences between tarbiyyah, ta'dib and ta'lim are all discussed. This is a book of definitions relating to the essential elements in the concept of education and the educational process as envisaged in Islam. Essential reading for Muslim educators and all those interested in Islamic philosophy and islamization of knowledge Syed Muhammad Naquib Al Attas is a world renowned scholar with over twenty books to his name, as well as many articles in both English and Malay on Islam in various fields - Islamic philosophy, theology and metaphysics, history, literature, art and civilization, religion and education. Some of his works have been translated into Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu, French, German, Russian, Bosnian, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Malayalam and Indonesian. Professor Al-Attas is Founder Director of the International Institute of Islamic thought and Civilization (ISTAC) which was founded in Kuala Lumpur in 1987 and which began operation officially in 1991. As a research and post graduate institution of higher learning, ISTAC was conceived by Professor al-Attas as a way to realisze this seminal ideas for the creation of true Islamic University providing proper Islamic education through the incoporation of his original ideas and methods for the Islamization of knowledge.
Learning To Teach In Higher Education
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Author : Paul Ramsden
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2003-09-02
Learning To Teach In Higher Education written by Paul Ramsden and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-09-02 with Education categories.
This bestselling book is a unique introduction to the practice of university teaching and its underlying theory. This new edition has been fully revised and updated in view of the extensive changes which have taken place in higher education over the last decade and includes new material on the higher education context, evaluation and staff development. The first part of the book provides an outline of the experience of teaching and learning from the student's point of view, out of which grows a set of prinicples for effective teaching in higher education. Part two shows how these ideas can enhance educational standards, looking in particular at four key areas facing every teacher in higher education: * Organising the content of undergraduate courses * Selecting teaching methods * Assessing student learning * Evaluating the effectivenesss of teaching. Case studies of exemplary teaching are used throughout to connect ideas to practice and to illustrate how to ensure better student learning. The final part of the book looks in more detail at appraisal, performance indicators, accountability and educational development and training. The book is essential reading for new and experienced lecturers, particularly those following formal programmes in university teaching, such as courses leading to ILT accreditation.
Teaching For Quality Learning At University
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Author : Biggs, John
language : en
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
Release Date : 2011-09-01
Teaching For Quality Learning At University written by Biggs, John and has been published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-01 with Education categories.
A bestselling book for higher education teachers and adminstrators interested in assuring effective teaching.
Learning In Adulthood
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Author : Sharan B. Merriam
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2020-01-06
Learning In Adulthood written by Sharan B. Merriam and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-06 with Education categories.
The new edition of the authoritative book in the field of adult education — fully revised to reflect the latest research and practice implications. For nearly three decades, Learning in Adulthood has been the definitive guide in the field of adult education. Now in its fourth edition, this comprehensive volume is fully revised to reflect the latest developments in theory, research, and practice. The authors integrate foundational research and current knowledge to present fresh, original perspectives on teaching and learning in adulthood. Written by internationally-recognized experts, this market-leading guide draws from work in sociology, philosophy, critical social theory, psychology, and education to provide an inclusive overview of adult learning. Designed primarily for educators of adults, this book is accessible for readers new to adult education, yet suitably rigorous for those more familiar with the subject. Content is organized into four practical parts, covering topics such as the social context of adult learning, self-directed and transformational learning, postmodern and feminist perspectives, cognitive development in adulthood, and more. Offering the most comprehensive single-volume treatment of adult learning available, this landmark text: Offers a wide-ranging perspective on adult learning Synthesizes the latest thinking and work in the field Includes coverage of the sociocultural perspectives of adult learning Explores the broader social implications of adult education Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide, 4th Edition is an indispensable resource for educators and administrators involved in teaching adults, as well as faculty and students in graduate programs in adult education.
Choosing A Vocation
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Author : Frank Parsons
language : en
Publisher: Steve Supple
Release Date : 1967
Choosing A Vocation written by Frank Parsons and has been published by Steve Supple this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1967 with Occupations categories.
Effective Grading
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Author : Barbara E. Walvoord
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-01-13
Effective Grading written by Barbara E. Walvoord and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-01-13 with Education categories.
The second edition of Effective Grading—the book that has become a classic in the field—provides a proven hands-on guide for evaluating student work and offers an in-depth examination of the link between teaching and grading. Authors Barbara E. Walvoord and Virginia Johnson Anderson explain that grades are not isolated artifacts but part of a process that, when integrated with course objectives, provides rich information about student learning, as well as being a tool for learning itself. The authors show how the grading process can be used for broader assessment objectives, such as curriculum and institutional assessment. This thoroughly revised and updated edition includes a wealth of new material including: Expanded integration of the use of technology and online teaching A sample syllabus with goals, outcomes, and criteria for student work New developments in assessment for grant-funded projects Additional information on grading group work, portfolios, and service-learning experiences New strategies for aligning tests and assignments with learning goals Current thought on assessment in departments and general education, using classroom work for program assessments, and using assessment data systematically to "close the loop" Material on using the best of classroom assessment to foster institutional assessment New case examples from colleges and universities, including community colleges "When the first edition of Effective Grading came out, it quickly became the go-to book on evaluating student learning. This second edition, especially with its extension into evaluating the learning goals of departments and general education programs, will make it even more valuable for everyone working to improve teaching and learning in higher education." —L. Dee Fink, author, Creating Significant Learning Experiences "Informed by encounters with hundreds of faculty in their workshops, these two accomplished teachers, assessors, and faculty developers have created another essential text. Current faculty, as well as graduate students who aspire to teach in college, will carry this edition in a briefcase for quick reference to scores of examples of classroom teaching and assessment techniques and ways to use students' classroom work in demonstrating departmental and institutional effectiveness." —Trudy W. Banta, author, Designing Effective Assessment
Special Education
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Author : Marilyn Friend
language : en
Publisher: Pearson Higher Ed
Release Date : 2013-06-04
Special Education written by Marilyn Friend and has been published by Pearson Higher Ed this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-04 with Education categories.
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. NOTE: Used books, rentals, and purchases made outside of Pearson If purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson, the access codes for the Enhanced Pearson eText may not be included, may be incorrect, or may be previously redeemed. Check with the seller before completing your purchase. This package includes the Enhanced Pearson eText with MyEducationLab and the loose-leaf version The Fourth Edition of Marilyn Friend’s Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals gives the most authentic, current, research-based introductory account on the field of special education to date. Advocating real teachers, real families and students, real classrooms, and real research, this comprehensive resource emphasizes contemporary concepts and evidence-based practices that prepare teachers and other education professionals for their evolving roles in education and the well-being of students with disabilities. Combining current research with practical information, the text offers structure and predictability for novices to the field of special education and for educators working in this challenging age of high standards and accountability. Thoroughly revised and updated and throughout to provide a multi-dimensional view of the field, with a mix of key concepts and immediately applicable information, the new edition emphasizes: the specific disability areas, the historical background and characteristics of special education students, prevalence data, assessment, service delivery, research-based instructional practices, parent perspectives, issues related to the disability area, curriculum access, inclusive practices, professional collaboration, student diversity, RTI, technological advancements, and now the text is written to reach a broader range of professionals working in the field. Because special education is made up of real children and real professionals, the author helps to put a “face” on the field to enliven and authenticate the information for novices. Each chapter features stories of individuals with disabilities, from the parents of children with disabilities, and from professionals who work in the field. Readers of this truly exceptional resource will come away with the best understanding of the expectations for educators and students, and learn how critical concepts translate into educational practices. The Enhanced Pearson eText features embedded video. Improve mastery and retention with the Enhanced Pearson eText The Enhanced Pearson eText with MyEducationLab provides a rich, interactive learning environment designed to improve student mastery of content. The Enhanced Pearson eText is: Engaging. The new interactive, multimedia learning features were developed by the authors and other subject-matter experts to deepen and enrich the learning experience. Convenient. Enjoy instant online access from your computer or download the Pearson eText App to read on or offline on your iPad® and Android® tablet.* Affordable. Experience the advantages of the Enhanced Pearson eText along with all the benefits of print for 40% to 50% less than a print bound book. *The Pearson eText App is available on Google Play and in the App Store. It requires Android OS 3.1-4, a 7” or 10” tablet, or iPad iOS 5.0 or later.