Are Malawian Diets Changing An Assessment Of Nutrient Consumption And Dietary Patterns Using Household Level Evidence From 2010 11 And 2016 17
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Are Malawian Diets Changing An Assessment Of Nutrient Consumption And Dietary Patterns Using Household Level Evidence From 2010 11 And 2016 17
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Author : Gilbert, Rachel
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2019-12-16
Are Malawian Diets Changing An Assessment Of Nutrient Consumption And Dietary Patterns Using Household Level Evidence From 2010 11 And 2016 17 written by Gilbert, Rachel and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-16 with Political Science categories.
This paper provides an updated analysis of the dietary patterns of Malawian households and their consumption of select nutrients - calories, protein, iron, vitamin A, zinc, and folate - using data from the third (2010/11) and fourth (2016/17) rounds of the Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS). Changes in food and nutrient consumption patterns between the two survey periods are examined across household wealth categories and across regions. Dietary diversity and patterns of food and nutrient consumption are found to differ significantly between rural and urban areas. Whereas urban households largely saw slightly increased or stable nutrient consumption between 2010/11 and 2016/17, most households in rural areas saw declines over this period. We also document small shifts in the relative amounts of foods consumed over this six-year period in both rural and urban households, with increased consumption of fish and pulses, legumes, and nuts, and decreases in meat, fruit, dairy, and root and tuber consumption. The contribution of animal-source foods as a share of total protein consumption remains low at between 10 and 20 percent, depending on the region, with the overall share of protein from animal-source foods falling slightly between the two surveys. With regards to adequacy of household diets for meeting nutrient requirements, in the absence of nutrient supplementation, many individuals will be subject to iron, vitamin A, and folate inadequacies. Of particular concern, the poorest households have very low nutrient consumption per person and have diets that rely on only a few foods from a small number of food groups. For all six nutrients, nationally just over half of the total amount of nutrient consumed came from food that was purchased. While we would expect this for urban households, even for rural households more than half of all calories and protein consumed came from foods that were purchased. For micronutrients consumed by rural households, between 40 and 50 percent came from purchased foods. While in the past, own production of food may have provided most Malawian households with most of the nutrients they consumed, this is no longer the case. For most Malawian households, including in rural communities, their food security and dietary nutritional needs now are equally tied to the market as to their own farming, if not more so. Drawing lessons from the analysis here for improving the food consumption data collected in the IHS surveys, more detailed and further disaggregated data would be beneficial, particularly to help estimate nutrients derived from fortified and processed foods. Additional information on how food is shared within households would also allow for a better understanding of nutrient inadequacies at the individual level. Collecting more information on the content of the meals that household members eat away from home would also be helpful in removing some uncertainty in the nutrient consumption estimates made from the data. Finally, additional information on food gifts received could clarify aspects of household coping strategies, the performance of formal social safety nets, and food choice.
New Challenges And Future Perspectives In Nutrition And Sustainable Diets In Africa
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Author : Hettie Carina Schönfeldt
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2024-05-06
New Challenges And Future Perspectives In Nutrition And Sustainable Diets In Africa written by Hettie Carina Schönfeldt and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-05-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Africa is confronted with the triple burden of malnutrition; it is also faced with the triple challenges of poverty, inequality and unemployment. In many African countries, large proportions of the population rely on agriculture not only for their food - but also for their livelihoods. A transformed agricultural and food system is thus a necessary condition for addressing this double-triple challenge. Additionally, post harvest and food waste and losses reduce the availability of sufficient quantities of safe, edible and preferable foods. At least one third of food produced at farm level is lost due to inappropriate storage, infrastructure and agro-processing technologies in developing countries; and one third of food purchased is wasted at household and retail level.
Research Handbook On Measuring Poverty And Deprivation
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Author : Jacques Silber
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2023-03-02
Research Handbook On Measuring Poverty And Deprivation written by Jacques Silber and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-02 with Business & Economics categories.
Encompassing chapters that address both unidimensional and multidimensional poverty, this timely Research Handbook explores all aspects of poverty and deprivation measurement, not only detailing broad issues but also scrutinising specific domains and aspects of poverty, such as health, energy and housing. Its succinct and highly focussed chapters, written by a diverse range of authors, employ a combination of theoretical and empirical methodologies to offer well-rounded explorations of complex topics.
Orphan Plant Species For Food Security And Nutrition Successes Challenges And A Way Forward
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Author : Enoch G. Achigan-Dako
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-03-31
Orphan Plant Species For Food Security And Nutrition Successes Challenges And A Way Forward written by Enoch G. Achigan-Dako and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-31 with Social Science categories.
Changes In Food And Nutrition Security In Malawi
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Author : Iñigo Verduzco-Gallo
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2014-07-01
Changes In Food And Nutrition Security In Malawi written by Iñigo Verduzco-Gallo and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-01 with Social Science categories.
A large proportion of Malawian households are caught in a trap where poverty and food insecurity reinforce one another and where periods of food deficits and severe food crises are frequent occurrences. In recognition of this, the Malawian government has since 2005/06 implemented a large-scale Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP), which supplies half of smallholder farmers with sufficient fertilizer and maize seeds to satisfy the maize consumption needs of an average-sized family. While the program boosted maize production and lowered maize prices, thus ensuring increased caloric availability at the household level, its effect on overall food consumption, dietary diversity, micronutrient deficiency, and child nutrition is less clear. This study evaluates household expenditure survey data to measure changes in nutrition outcomes between 2004/05 and 2010/11.
Agriculture Food Security And Nutrition In Malawi Leveraging The Links
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Author : Aberman, Noora-Lisa
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2018-02-22
Agriculture Food Security And Nutrition In Malawi Leveraging The Links written by Aberman, Noora-Lisa and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-22 with Political Science categories.
Although the Malawian food supply is shaped largely by trends in smallholder food crop production, Malawi’s decades-long focus on improving smallholder productivity has only moderately improved food security and nutrition outcomes. Country statistics indicate an estimated 36.7 percent of rural Malawian households failed to access sufficient calories between 2010 and 2011. During the same period, 47 percent of children under the age of five years were estimated to be stunted in their growth. These indicators imply that some Malawian diets are lacking in terms of quantity (total calories consumed), and most are lacking in terms of quality (sufficient calories derived from nutrient-dense foods, such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes, fruits, and vegetables). Good nutrition requires both enough total calories (quantity) and enough vitamins and minerals per calorie (quality). How can Malawi better leverage its smallholder agriculture sector to improve nutrition? This report provides a series of primary and secondary data analyses that examine different aspects of this question.
Mapping The Linkages Between Agriculture Food Security And Nutrition In Malawi
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Author : Aberman, Noora-Lisa
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2015-12-16
Mapping The Linkages Between Agriculture Food Security And Nutrition In Malawi written by Aberman, Noora-Lisa and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-16 with Social Science categories.
Smallholder agriculture is the mainstay of Malawi’s economy. Its importance for livelihoods cannot be overstated. 94 percent of rural residents and 38 percent of urban residents engage in agriculture to some extent (Jones, Shrinivas, and Bezner-Kerr 2014), the vast majority as smallholder farmers with landholdings of less than one hectare. Smallholder crops are primarily maize—which accounted for nearly 80 percent of smallholder-cultivated land in 2011 —followed by cassava and other food crops (FAO 2008; IFAD 2011). These foods are grown for household consumption and for sale at local and regional markets. As such, the Malawian food supply, especially in rural areas where markets are thin with few buying or selling options, is shaped largely by trends in smallholder food-crop production
Malawi Stories Of Change In Nutrition Evidence Review
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Author : Roschnik, Natalie
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2023-01-24
Malawi Stories Of Change In Nutrition Evidence Review written by Roschnik, Natalie and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-24 with Political Science categories.
A review of evidence was conducted to understand the trends and determinants of malnutrition and identify interventions and programmes that improved maternal and child nutrition in Malawi. While children are less malnourished than two decades ago, one in three children remains stunted (37%) and 63% are anaemic. Children born from younger and less educated mothers, or from poorer rural households are more likely to be malnourished. One in ten children are born with a low birth weight (< 2.5kgs), with nearly half of them stunted by age two. The main causes of malnutrition include recurring sickness, poor infant and young child feeding and hygiene practices and low use of health and nutrition services, influenced by a wide range of factors, including food insecurity, poverty, gender inequality and food taboos. Programme evaluations and intervention trials have shown mixed results but overall highlight the need to address the multiple underlying drivers of malnutrition, rather than focus on one intervention.
Healthy Diet Targets For Food System Transformation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Healthy Diet Targets For Food System Transformation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Many low -and middle-income countries are experiencing important food system transformations due to globalization, urbanization, and changes in lifestyle. As diets mainly rely upon our food systems, the design of integrated and multidimensional interventions to provide high quality diets to everyone, everywhere needs to be based on a food system approach. To guide such an approach, the overall quality of diets and the dietary patterns should be assessed to identify specific food and nutritional gaps and to formulate targets for investments and strategies for food system transformations towards healthier diets. The objective of the paper is to analyse the dietary gap for four countries and to identify targets for food system interventions. Dietary gap analysis within these countries will enable us to understand in which way food patterns need to change in order to reach a healthy diet at population level. For this study three indicators have been assessed: 1) Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) as indicator of household access to foods indicating a possible diversity of the diet. 2) A derived score for a healthy reference diet based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study - a high overall GBD score indicating a better adherence to the healthy diet, which also counts for the partial scores for protective and limit food groups. And 3) nutrient adequacy as indicator of a nutritious diet to maintain health. Household consumption and expenditure surveys (HCES) data from the living standards measurements studies (LSMS) were used. After data cleaning, the final total samples included 4254 households in Ethiopia, 3901 households in Nigeria, 6436 households in Bangladesh and, 9329 households in Vietnam. The total mean HDDS were lower in the African compared to the Asian countries and were 6.8 (1.9) in Ethiopia, 8.7 (2.0) in Nigeria, 10.0 (1.5) in rural Bangladesh, and 10.1 (1.4) in Vietnam. The mean GBD score was 3.9 (0.7) in Ethiopia, 3.9 (0.9) in Nigeria, 4.1 (0.7) in rural Bangladesh and 2.6 (1.0) in Vietnam. Ethiopia, Nigeria and Bangladesh showed a low protective food group score but a high limit food group score; while Vietnam showed a low score for both. Mean intakes for the protective food groups were all lower compared to the recommendations and for the limit food groups “Sugar sweetened beverages” intake was above the recommendation for all countries except Bangladesh. Vietnam shows that more than 50% of households have intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) - the intake to meet the requirement for a specific nutrient for half of the healthy individuals of a specific age, sex, and life-stage - for energy and the highest number of nutrients (for nine out of 12 nutrients, shown in red and orange), followed by Bangladesh (eight out of 12 nutrients), Ethiopia (six out of 12 nutrients) and Nigeria (six out of 12 nutrients). In dietary gap analysis, a combination of indicators measuring diversity and quantitative intake of healthy food groups and of those whose intake should be limited, provide important information and targets for interventions aiming to improve consumption of healthy diets. The use of large surveys recalculated into intake data are useful to shape interventions especially when comparing between countries for programming purposes.
Malawi Stories Of Change In Nutrition Funding For Nutrition
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Author : Nyirongo, Godwin
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2023-01-24
Malawi Stories Of Change In Nutrition Funding For Nutrition written by Nyirongo, Godwin and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-24 with Political Science categories.
Malawi has strong policies and frameworks for nutrition but insufficient funding to implement them. Analyses of government budgets at national level and in 10 districts from financial years 2016/17 to 2022/23, found that domestic budget allocations for nutrition are still well below the 5% of national budget target set by the government. National budget allocations ranged between 0.5% to 3.7% depending on the year. At district level, they ranged from 0.2% to 1.6%, with only one district, in one financial year, exceeding the 1.5% target for district level nutrition budget allocations. Over 95% of nutrition activities in Malawi are currently funded by external donors. The absence of sufficient, consistent and dedicated domestic budget for nutrition at national and district level, means nutrition policies and plans will continue to be driven by, and dependent on, externally funded pilot-scale projects without national reach or ownership. Budget tracking is essential, as it provides data, which all actors can use to hold government to account on their commitments and funding targets.