Astrocytic Neuronal Astrocytic Pathway Selection For Formation And Degradation Of Glutamate Gaba
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Astrocytic Neuronal Astrocytic Pathway Selection For Formation And Degradation Of Glutamate Gaba
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Author : Leif Hertz
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-04-30
Astrocytic Neuronal Astrocytic Pathway Selection For Formation And Degradation Of Glutamate Gaba written by Leif Hertz and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-04-30 with Astrocytes categories.
Endocrinological research early recognized the importance of intercellular interactions and realized the importance of glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. In turn this signalling depends on elaborate interactions between astrocytes and neurons, without which neurons would be unable to produce, reuse and metabolize transmitter glutamate and GABA. Details of these subjects are described in this Research Topic by key investigators in this field. It focuses on the intricate and extremely swift pathway producing these amino acid transmitters from glucose in brain but also discusses difficulties in determining expression of some of the necessary genes in astrocytes and related processes in pancreatic islets. However, it does not discuss how closely associated astrocytes and neurons are anatomically, enabling these interactions. This is elegantly shown in this cover image, kindly provided by Professor Andreas Reichenbach (University of Leipzig, Germany).
Glycolysis At 75 Is It Time To Tweak The First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway In History
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Author : Avital Schurr
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-07-08
Glycolysis At 75 Is It Time To Tweak The First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway In History written by Avital Schurr and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-08 with Medicine (General) categories.
Glycolysis, the pathway of enzymatic reactions responsible for the breakdown of glucose into two trioses and further into pyruvate or lactate, was elucidated in 1940. For more than seven decades, it has been taught precisely the way its sequence was proposed by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas. Accordingly, two outcomes of this pathway were proposed, an aerobic glycolysis, with pyruvate as its final product, and an anaerobic glycolysis, identical to the aerobic one, except for an additional reaction, where pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Several studies in the 1980s have shown that both muscle and brain tissues can oxidize and utilize lactate as an energy substrate, challenging this monocarboxylate’s reputation as a useless end-product of anaerobic glycolysis. These findings were met with great skepticism about the idea that lactate could be playing a role in bioenergetics. In the past quarter of a century monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) were identified and localized in both cellular and mitochondrial membranes. A lactate receptor has been identified. Direct and indirect evidence now indicate that the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) resides not only in the cytosol, as part of the glycolytic pathway machinery, but also in the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial form of the enzyme oxidizes lactate to pyruvate and concomitantly produces the reducing agent NADH. These findings have shed light on a major drawback of the originally proposed aerobic version of the glycolytic pathway i.e., its inability to regenerate NAD+, as opposed to anaerobic glycolysis that features the cyclical ability of regenerating NAD+ upon pyruvate reduction to lactate by the cytosolic form of LDH. The malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS), a major redox shuttle in the brain, was proposed as an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation for aerobic glycolysis. Nonetheless, would MAS really be necessary for that function if glycolysis always proceeds to the end-products, lactate and NAD+? An additional dilemma the originally proposed aerobic glycolysis presents has to do with the glycolytic pathway of erythrocytes, which despite its highly aerobic environment, always produces lactate as its end-product. It is time to reexamine the original, dogmatic separation of glycolysis into two distinct pathways and put to test the hypothesis of a unified, singular pathway, the end-product of which is lactate, the real substrate of the mitochondrial TCA cycle.
The Glutamate Gaba Glutamine Cycle
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Author : Arne Schousboe
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-11-25
The Glutamate Gaba Glutamine Cycle written by Arne Schousboe and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-25 with Medical categories.
Fundamental biochemical studies of basic brain metabolism focusing on the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA combined with the seminal observation that one of the key enzymes, glutamine synthetase is localized in astroglial cells but not in neurons resulted in the formulation of the term “The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle.” In this cycle glutamate released from neurons is taken up by surrounding astrocytes, amidated by the action of glutamine synthetase to glutamine which can be transferred back to the neurons. The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is like a stealth technology, hiding the glutamate molecule which would be highly toxic to neurons due to its excitotoxic action. This series of reactions require the concerted and precise interaction of a number of enzymes and plasma membrane transporters, and this volume provides in-depth descriptions of these processes. Obviously such a series of complicated reactions may well be prone to malfunction and therefore neurological diseases are likely to be associated with such malfunction of the enzymes and transporters involved in the cycle. These aspects are also discussed in several chapters of the book. A number of leading experts in neuroscience including intermediary metabolism, enzymology and transporter physiology have contributed to this book which provides comprehensive discussions of these different aspects of the functional importance of the glutamate-glutamine cycle coupling homeostasis of glutamatergic, excitatory neurotransmission to basic aspects of brain energy metabolism. This book will be of particular importance for students as well as professionals interested in these fundamental processes involved in brain function and dysfunction.
Diagnosis And Treatment Of Pain Of Vertebral Origin
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Author : Robert Maigne
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-09-01
Diagnosis And Treatment Of Pain Of Vertebral Origin written by Robert Maigne and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-09-01 with Health & Fitness categories.
"[Dr. Maigne's] neuoranatomical explanations are brilliantly illustrated and documented with a profound review of the literature.The benefit he has given patients who have come from all over the world for his services affirms the benefit of his method." From the First Edition foreword by, -Rene Cailliet, M.D. Professor Emeritus, Sc
Psychopharmacology Bulletin
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Psychopharmacology Bulletin written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Psychopharmacology categories.
Transcellular Cycles Underlying Neurotransmission
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Author : Sebastian Cerdan
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-10-12
Transcellular Cycles Underlying Neurotransmission written by Sebastian Cerdan and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-12 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
Synaptic transmission demands the operation of a highly specialized metabolic machinery involving the transfer of metabolites and neurotransmitters between neurons, astrocytes and microvessels. In the last years, important advances have occurred in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cerebral activation, neuroglial coupling and the associated neurovascular response. Briefly, exacerbated oxygen consumption in stimulated neurons is thought to trigger glycolytic lactate and glucose transfer from astrocytes which, in turn, obtain these fuels from the microvasculature. Neurotransmitter release is made possible by a combination of transcellular cycles exchanging metabolites between these three compartments, returning eventually the synapsis to its pre-firing situation in the resting periods. In spite of the enormous progresses achieved in recent years, the drivers determining the predominant direction of the fluxes, their quantitative contribution and their energy requirements, have remained until today incompletely understood, more particularly under the circumstances prevailing in vivo. In many instances, progress derived from the implementation of novel methodological approaches including advanced neuroimaging and neurospectroscopy methods. As a consequence, literature in the field became vast, diverse and spread within journals of different specialities. The e-book "Transcellular cycles underlying neurotransmission" aims to summaryze in a single volume, recent progress achieved in hypothesis, methods and interpretations on the trafficking of metabolites between neurons and glial cells, and the associated mechanisms of neurovascular coupling.
Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Medicine categories.
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Cumulated Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Medicine categories.
At Risk Mental States Precision Medicine And Early Biomarkers In Mental Illnesses
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Author : Panteleimon Giannakopoulos
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2021-06-23
At Risk Mental States Precision Medicine And Early Biomarkers In Mental Illnesses written by Panteleimon Giannakopoulos and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-23 with Medical categories.
Human Biochemistry
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Author : Gerald Litwack
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-11-28
Human Biochemistry written by Gerald Litwack and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-28 with Science categories.
**Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Biochemistry**Human Biochemistry, Second Edition provides a comprehensive, pragmatic introduction to biochemistry as it relates to human development and disease. Here, Gerald Litwack, award-wining researcher and longtime teacher, discusses the biochemical aspects of organ systems and tissue, cells, proteins, enzymes, insulins and sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, polypeptides, steroids, and vitamins and nutrition, among other topics. Fully updated to address recent advances, the new edition features fresh discussions on hypothalamic releasing hormones, DNA editing with CRISPR, new functions of cellular prions, plant-based diet and nutrition, and much more. Grounded in problem-driven learning, this new edition features clinical case studies, applications, chapter summaries, and review-based questions that translate basic biochemistry into clinical practice, thus empowering active clinicians, students and researchers. - Presents an update on a past edition winner of the 2018 Most Promising New Textbook (College) Award (Texty) from the Textbook and Academic Authors Association and the PROSE Award of the Association of American Publishers - Provides a fully updated resource on current research in human and medical biochemistry - Includes clinical case studies, applications, chapter summaries and review-based questions - Adopts a practice-based approach, reflecting the needs of both researchers and clinically oriented readers