Atmospheric Degradation Of Organic Substances

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Atmospheric Degradation Of Organic Substances

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Author : Walter Klöpffer
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-01-08

Atmospheric Degradation Of Organic Substances written by Walter Klöpffer and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-08 with Science categories.

This compilation on the degradation of 1,100 commercially important chemical products is the first publication to make this knowledge publicly accessible in one book. The data and annotations have been painstakingly assembled over a 10-year period in a collaboration between academia and regulatory authorities. The work explains in detail the methods, including computational ones, for the environmental assessment of volatile and semi-volatile substances, and is rounded off with data tables of degradation rates. A key resource for manufacturers and regulators of such substances.

Atmospheric Degradation

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018-05

Atmospheric Degradation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05 with categories.

Earth's atmosphere holds a mass of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, and propensity to form cloud droplets, affecting their impact on global climate and human health. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a vital role in the chemistry of the atmosphere by impelling ozone and hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations and the renovation rates of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Elevated levels of VOCs and NOx have led to an approximate doubling of ozone in the lower troposphere over the past couple of centuries, making tropospheric ozone the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. Monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a key piece in understanding photochemical air quality in urban atmosphere. Anthropogenic sources such as incomplete combustion of organic substances, the use of petrochemical solvents, and vaporizations of petroleum products are sources of VOCs. Every day, large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Therefore, their sources, sinks and dwelling times are the subject of current research. Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances describes the current state of knowledge of the chemistry of VOCs as well as the methods and techniques to analyze gaseous and particulate organic compounds in the atmosphere. The book also includes evaluation of the relative ozone-forming potentials of the captured VOC species in the atmosphere of urban settlement. The analytical toolbox available for chemists to study atmospheric organic compounds has expanded considerably during the past decade, opening new windows into speciation, time resolution and detection of reactive and semi-volatile compounds at low concentrations. This has provided unprecedented opportunities, but also revealed new scientific challenges.This book is of interest to students, practitioners, as well as guiding tool for researchers in the field of atmospheric research.

Volatile Organic Compounds In The Atmosphere

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Author : R M Harrison
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2007-10-31

Volatile Organic Compounds In The Atmosphere written by R M Harrison and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-10-31 with Science categories.

Interest in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as air pollutants has increased dramatically in recent years. This book covers a number of very topical issues concerning VOCs, including stratospheric ozone depletion due to CFCs, and the properties of alternative substances; the role of VOCs in the photochemical formation of lower atmosphere (tropospheric) ozone; and the problem of the direct toxicity of VOCs such as benzene and formaldehyde. This Issue reviews our current knowledge of VOCs, drawing upon the expertise of renowned experts and major national and international research programmes. It examines man-made and natural sources, as well as pathways and chemical reactions in the atmosphere. It also looks closely at the sources and concentrations of VOCs indoors, where humans are most likely to be exposed to them. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere describes techniques used for the calculation of emissions inventories and strategies for control, and explores the many Government policy matters relating to VOCs. It provides readers with in-depth, clearly explained coverage of the many complex scientific and policy issues surrounding VOCs in the atmosphere.

Disposal Of Dangerous Chemicals In Urban Areas And Mega Cities

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Author : Ian Barnes
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-10-16

Disposal Of Dangerous Chemicals In Urban Areas And Mega Cities written by Ian Barnes and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-16 with Science categories.

Oxides and acids of nitrogen play an important role in regulating atmospheric radical levels, in particular, that of the OH radical the main initiator of the degradation of chemicals in the atmosphere. A comprehensive overview on the methods used to measure nitrogen oxides and acids in the troposphere is given and difficulties and artefacts associated with the use of the techniques for measurements in urban and mega city environments is illustrated. State-of-the-art methods for the measurement of OH and HO2 radicals are reviewed and recently recognised difficulties, in particular with the measurement of HO2 radicals, are highlighted. Other contributions to the book cover our present understanding of the gas, aqueous and particulate/aerosol phase atmospheric degradation chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under NOx conditions typical of rural, urban and mega city environments. Examples of measurements of NOx and VOCs in the atmospheres of these environments are given, in particular for the megacities Cairo and Beijing, in conjunction with modelling studies which attempt to simulate the field observations using state-of-the art knowledge on the chemistry of the VOCs and radical levels.

Atmospheric Degradation Mechanism Of Organic Sulfur Compounds

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Author : Thorsten Benter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002

Atmospheric Degradation Mechanism Of Organic Sulfur Compounds written by Thorsten Benter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.

Atmospheric Measurements And Degradation Mechanisms Of A Number Of Volatile Organic Compounds

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Author : Yujie Zhang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Atmospheric Measurements And Degradation Mechanisms Of A Number Of Volatile Organic Compounds written by Yujie Zhang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.

Carbonyls and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes) represent an important class of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the atmosphere. They are emitted into the atmosphere through anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Their atmospheric degradation leads to the formation of ozone, photooxidants and organic aerosols affecting the air quality at the local and regional scales and human health. It is, hence, of importance to measure their atmospheric concentrations and investigate their fate. In the present thesis, we have conducted a systematic measurement study of carbonyls and BTEX in Beijing during the period of Jul 2008-Aug 2010 in order to evaluate their ambient levels, possible sources and the influence of characteristic weather conditions. In a separate work, we performed a series of experimental studies on the OH-initiated oxidation of isopropyl formate, isobutyl formate, and n-propyl isobutyrate using the ICARE-CNRS (Orleans) simulation chamber from which we derived the product yields. The data obtained are presented and discussed.

Atmospheric Degradation Mechanisms Of Organic Sulphur Compounds

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Author : Cecilia Arsene
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001

Atmospheric Degradation Mechanisms Of Organic Sulphur Compounds written by Cecilia Arsene and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.

Environmental Organic Chemistry For Engineers

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Author : James G. Speight
language : en
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Release Date : 2016-11-02

Environmental Organic Chemistry For Engineers written by James G. Speight and has been published by Butterworth-Heinemann this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Environmental Organic Chemistry for Engineers clearly defines the principles of environmental organic chemistry and the role they play in forming remediation strategies. In this reference, the author explores parameter estimation methods, the thermodynamics, and kinetics needed to predict the fate, transports, and reactivity of organic compounds in air, water, and soils. The book's four part treatment starts with the classification of organic molecules and physical properties of natural organic matter, halocarbons, phenols, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphates, and surfactants. An overview of remediation technologies and a discussion of the interactions that lead to physical properties that affect chemical distribution in the environment is also detailed, as are the important reaction classes of organic molecules, including substituent effects and structure and activity relationships found in Part Two and Three. Part four is devoted to the strengths and weaknesses of different remediation technologies and when they should be employed. Clearly defines the principles of environmental organic chemistry and the role they play in forming remediation strategies Includes the tools and methods for classifying environmental contaminants found in air, water, and soil Presents a wide-range of remediation technologies and when they should be deployed for maximum effect

Atmospheric Transformation Of Volatile Organic Compounds

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008

Atmospheric Transformation Of Volatile Organic Compounds written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.

To be able to understand and predict the concentration of a target compound in the atmosphere one must understand the atmospheric chemistry involved. The transformation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the troposphere is predominantly driven by the interaction with the hydroxyl and nitrate radicals. The hydroxyl radical exists in daylight conditions and its reaction rate constant with an organic compound is typically very fast. The nitrate radical drives the nighttime chemistry. These radicals can scavenge hydrogen from an organic molecule generating secondary products that are often overlooked in detection schemes. Secondary products can be more stable and serve as a better target compound in detection schemes. The gas-phase reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with cyclohexanol (COL) has been studied. The rate coefficient was determined to be (19.0+4.8) x 10-12cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (at 297+3 oK and 1 atmosphere total pressure) using the relative rate technique with pentanal, decane, and tridecane as the reference compounds. Assuming an average OH concentration of 1 x 106 molecules cm-3, an atmospheric lifetime of 15 h is calculated for cyclohexanol. Products of the OH + COL reaction were determined to more clearly define cyclohexanol's atmospheric degradation mechanism. The observed products were: cyclohexanone, hexanedial, 3-hydroxycyclohexanone, and 4-hydroxycyclohexanone. Consideration of the potential reaction pathways suggests that each of these products is formed via hydrogen abstraction at a different site on the cyclohexanol ring.

Oecd Guidelines For The Testing Of Chemicals Section 3 Test No 311 Anaerobic Biodegradability Of Organic Compounds In Digested Sludge By Measurement Of Gas Production

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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2006-07-11

Oecd Guidelines For The Testing Of Chemicals Section 3 Test No 311 Anaerobic Biodegradability Of Organic Compounds In Digested Sludge By Measurement Of Gas Production written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-07-11 with categories.

This Test Guideline describes a screening method for the evaluation of potential anaerobic biodegradability of organic chemicals under specific conditions. Washed digested sludge, containing low (