Austria Germany And The Cold War
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Austria Germany And The Cold War
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Author : Rolf Steininger
language : en
Publisher: Berghahn Books
Release Date : 2012
Austria Germany And The Cold War written by Rolf Steininger and has been published by Berghahn Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with History categories.
In the 'Moscow Declaration' of 1943 the Allies officially propagated the notion of Austria as the first victim of Hitlerite aggression and announced their intention to set up a "free and independent Austria" after the war, which finally happened in 1955. By questioning why it took so long to get to this point, the author addresses issues such as the victim thesis, Austrians as perpetrators, Austrian anti-Semitism and official attempts to mitigate its effects after the war. He discusses the various proposals for post-war Austria and connects for the first time the issues of Anschluss, German question, Cold War, and the State Treaty. He makes it clear that the question of Austria was from the very beginning inextricably linked with the more important question of Germany.
Austria In The First Cold War 1945 55
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Author : G. Bischof
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1999-08-12
Austria In The First Cold War 1945 55 written by G. Bischof and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-08-12 with History categories.
At the height of the first Cold War in the early 1950s, the Western powers worried that occupied Austria might become 'Europe's Korea' and feared a Communist takeover. The Soviets exploited their occupation zone for maximum reparations. American economic aid guaranteed Austria's survival and economic reconstruction. Their military assistance turned Austria into a 'secret ally' of the West. Austrian diplomacy played a vital role in securing the Austrian treaty in bilateral negotiations with Stalin's successors in the Kremlin demonstrating the leverage of the weak in the Cold War.
A Cold War Over Austria
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Author : Gerald Stourzh
language : en
Publisher: Lexington Books
Release Date : 2018-11-12
A Cold War Over Austria written by Gerald Stourzh and has been published by Lexington Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-12 with History categories.
This study provides a comprehensive examination of the East–West occupation of Austria from the end of World War II to the signing of the Austrian State Treaty in 1955. Examining US, Soviet, British, French, and Austrian sources, the authors trace the complex negotiation process that led to the signing of the treaty.
Austria In The First Cold War 1945 55
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Author : Günter Bischof
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Austria In The First Cold War 1945 55 written by Günter Bischof and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Austria categories.
Waltzing Into The Cold War
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Author : James Jay Carafano
language : en
Publisher: Texas A&M University Press
Release Date : 2002
Waltzing Into The Cold War written by James Jay Carafano and has been published by Texas A&M University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with History categories.
These halting efforts, complicated by the difficulties of managing the occupation along with Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, exacerbated an already monumental undertaking and fueled the looming Cold War confrontation between East and West.".
Austria S International Position After The End Of The Cold War
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Author : Günter Bischof
language : en
Publisher: innsbruck University Press
Release Date : 2016-09-29
Austria S International Position After The End Of The Cold War written by Günter Bischof and has been published by innsbruck University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-29 with History categories.
In the past quarter century we have moved from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War era in Austria, Europe and the world at large. Yet relatively little assessment is available what the change from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War era signaled for Austria's position in the world. Austrian foreign policy went through sea changes. The country lost its exposed Cold War geopolitical location on the margins of Western Europe along the iron curtain. With the removal of the iron curtain Austria moved back into its central location in Europe and rebuilt her long-standing traditional relations with neighbors to the East and South. Austria joined the European Union in 1995 and thus further “Westernized.” Its policy of neutrality-so central to its foreign policy during the Cold War-largely eroded during the past quarter century, even though pro forma and for reasons of identity, the country holds on to its neutral position. Austrian failed to join NATO and gained the reputation of a “security free rider.”
Austria In The Twentieth Century
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Author : Rolf Steininger
language : en
Publisher: Transaction Publishers
Release Date : 2011-12-31
Austria In The Twentieth Century written by Rolf Steininger and has been published by Transaction Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-31 with History categories.
These fourteen essays by leading Austrian historians and political scientists serve as a basic introduction to a small but sometimes trend-setting European country. They provide a basic up-to-date outline of Austria's political history, shedding light on economic and social trends as well. No European country has experienced more dramatic turning points in its twentieth-century history than Austria. This volume divides the century into three periods. The five essays of Section I deal with the years 1900-1938. Under the relative tranquility of the late Habsburg monarchy seethed a witch's brew of social and political trends, signaling the advent of modernity and leading to the outbreak of World War I and eventually to the collapse of the Habsburg Empire. The First Austrian Republic was one of the succession states that tried to build a nation against the backdrop of political and economic crisis and simmering civil war between the various political camps. Democracy collapsed in 1933 and an authoritarian regime attempted to prevail against pressures from Nazi Germany and Nazis at home. The two essays in Section II cover World War II (1938-1945). In 1938, Hitler's "Third Reich" annexed Austria and the population was pulled into the cauldron of World War II, fighting and collaborating with the Nazis, and also resisting and fleeing them. The seven essays of Section III concentrate on the Second Republic (1945 to the present). After ten years of four-power Allied occupation, Austria regained her sovereignty with the Austrian State Treaty of 1955. The price paid was neutrality. Unlike the turmoil of the prewar years, Austria became a "normal" nation with a functioning democracy, one building toward economic prosperity. After the collapse of the "iron curtain" in 1989, Austria turned westward, joining the European Union in 1995. Most recently, with the advent of populist politics, Austria's political system has experienced a sea of change departing from its political economy of a huge state-owned sector and social partnership as well as Proporz. This informed and insightful volume will serve as a textbook in courses on Austrian, German and European history, as well as in comparative European politics.
Austrian Historical Memory And National Identity
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Author : Gunter Bischof
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-11-30
Austrian Historical Memory And National Identity written by Gunter Bischof and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-30 with History categories.
When the Hapsburg monarchy disintegrated after World War I, Austria was not considered to be a viable entity. In a vacuum of national identity the hapless country drifted toward a larger Germany. After World War II, Austrian elites constructed a new identity based on being a "victim" of Nazi Germany. Cold war Austria, however, envisioned herself as a neutral "island of the blessed" between and separate from both superpower blocs. Now, with her membership in the European Union secured, Austria is reconstructing her painful historical memory and national identity. In 1996 she celebrates her 1000-year anniversary. In this volume of Contemporary Austrian Studies, Franz Mathis and Brigitte Mazohl-Wallnig argue that regional identities in Austria have deeper historical roots than the many artificial and ineffective attempts to construct a national identity. Heidemarie Uhl, Anton Pelinka, and Brigitte Bailer discuss the post-World War II construction of the victim mythology. Robert Herzstein analyses the crucial impact of the 1986 Waldheim election imploding Austria's comforting historical memory as a "nation of victims." Wolfram Kaiser shows Austria's difficult adjustments to the European Union and the larger challenges of constructing a new "European identity." Chad Berry's analysis of American World War II memory establishes a useful counterpoint to construction of historical memory in a different national context. A special forum on Austrian intelligence studies presents a fascinating reconstruction by Timothy Naftali of the investigation by Anglo-American counterintelligence into the retreat of Hitler's troops into the Alps during World War II. Rudiger Overmans' "research note" presents statistics on lower death rates of Austrian soldiers in the German army. Review essays by Gunther Kronenbitter and Gunter Bischof, book reviews, and a 1995 survey of Austrian politics round out the volume. Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity will be of intense interest to foreign policy analysts, historians, and scholars concerned with the unique elements of identity and nationality in Central European politics.
Cold War Era Ebook
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Author : Monika Davies
language : en
Publisher: Teacher Created Materials
Release Date : 2019-09-16
Cold War Era Ebook written by Monika Davies and has been published by Teacher Created Materials this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-16 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.
Two nations. Two ideologies. One Cold War. From 1947 to 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in an open rivalry known as the Cold War. Dive deep into your exploration of history with this social studies book that piques students curiosity about history through dynamic primary sources. Primary sources give students unique insights and personal connections to history. Examples of primary sources include images of maps, images, newspaper articles, political posters, and many more. This 32-page book includes text features that help students increase reading comprehension and their understanding of the subject. Packed with interesting facts, sidebars, and essential vocabulary, this book is perfect for reports or projects.
South Tyrol
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Author : Johan Niezing
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-09-29
South Tyrol written by Johan Niezing and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-29 with History categories.
South Tyrol, a region in the heart of the Alps about half the size of Connecticut, brings into sharp focus an important part of twentieth-century history. Tyrol, a province that had been part of Austria for over 500 years and was almost totally German-speaking, was split in two after World War I and the southern part awarded to Italy as ""spoils of war.""The first phase to follow after the split of Tyrol was systematic subjection by the Italian Fascists of what had been a regional majority in South Tyrol, but was now a minority within Italy. In a second phase, to gain an Italian majority, the country was settled with Italians from the south, who had a totally different mentality from the Italians residing in South Tyrol. With the emergence of National Socialism in Germany, and eventually with the Hitler-Mussolini Agreement of 1939, a third phase emerged: an experiment in ""ethnic cleansing"" called the ""Option."" Eighty-six percent of all South Tyroleans agreed to leave South Tyrol and become citizens of ""Greater Germany."" After World War II, the region was not returned to Austria: South Tyrol became the first victim of the Cold War. It took almost forty years of hard bargaining before South Tyrol was granted real autonomy in 1969. This resolution is now regarded as a model for solving minority conflicts.Rolf Steininger traces the history of this troubled region during several periods: 1918-1922, in which he covers the period from the division of Tyrol to the march on Bozen; 1922-1938, in which he reviews fascist policy towards South Tyrol; the ""Option"" of 1939; the resettlement and so-called reunification from 1943-1945; South Tyrol's role as a bargaining chip in the Cold War, and the Gruber-Gasperi Agreement of 1946; and the volume closes with a discussion of the plan negotiated in 1969 for a new autonomy for South Tyrol that came to be known as the ""Package."".