Autonomous Weapons Systems
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Autonomous Weapons Systems
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Author : Nehal Bhuta
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2016-09
Autonomous Weapons Systems written by Nehal Bhuta and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09 with Law categories.
This examination of the implications and regulation of autonomous weapons systems combines contributions from law, robotics and philosophy.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons
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Author : Jai Galliott
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2021-01-19
Lethal Autonomous Weapons written by Jai Galliott and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-19 with Law categories.
"Because of the increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, also commonly known as drones) in various military and para-military (i.e., CIA) settings, there has been increasing debate in the international community as to whether it is morally and ethically permissible to allow robots (flying or otherwise) the ability to decide when and where to take human life. In addition, there has been intense debate as to the legal aspects, particularly from a humanitarian law framework. In response to this growing international debate, the United States government released the Department of Defense (DoD) 3000.09 Directive (2011), which sets a policy for if and when autonomous weapons would be used in US military and para-military engagements. This US policy asserts that only "human-supervised autonomous weapon systems may be used to select and engage targets, with the exception of selecting humans as targets, for local defense ...". This statement implies that outside of defensive applications, autonomous weapons will not be allowed to independently select and then fire upon targets without explicit approval from a human supervising the autonomous weapon system. Such a control architecture is known as human supervisory control, where a human remotely supervises an automated system (Sheridan 1992). The defense caveat in this policy is needed because the United States currently uses highly automated systems for defensive purposes, e.g., Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) systems and Patriot anti-missile missiles. Due to the time-critical nature of such environments (e.g., soldiers sleeping in barracks within easy reach of insurgent shoulder-launched missiles), these automated defensive systems cannot rely upon a human supervisor for permission because of the short engagement times and the inherent human neuromuscular lag which means that even if a person is paying attention, there is approximately a half-second delay in hitting a firing button, which can mean the difference for life and death for the soldiers in the barracks. So as of now, no US UAV (or any robot) will be able to launch any kind of weapon in an offensive environment without human direction and approval. However, the 3000.09 Directive does contain a clause that allows for this possibility in the future. This caveat states that the development of a weapon system that independently decides to launch a weapon is possible but first must be approved by the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (USD(P)); the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD(AT&L)); and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Not all stakeholders are happy with this policy that leaves the door open for what used to be considered science fiction. Many opponents of such uses of technologies call for either an outright ban on autonomous weaponized systems, or in some cases, autonomous systems in general (Human Rights Watch 2013, Future of Life Institute 2015, Chairperson of the Informal Meeting of Experts 2016). Such groups take the position that weapons systems should always be under "meaningful human control," but do not give a precise definition of what this means. One issue in this debate that often is overlooked is that autonomy is not a discrete state, rather it is a continuum, and various weapons with different levels of autonomy have been in the US inventory for some time. Because of these ambiguities, it is often hard to draw the line between automated and autonomous systems. Present-day UAVs use the very same guidance, navigation and control technology flown on commercial aircraft. Tomahawk missiles, which have been in the US inventory for more than 30 years, are highly automated weapons with accuracies of less than a meter. These offensive missiles can navigate by themselves with no GPS, thus exhibiting some autonomy by today's definitions. Global Hawk UAVs can find their way home and land on their own without any human intervention in the case of a communication failure. The growth of the civilian UAV market is also a critical consideration in the debate as to whether these technologies should be banned outright. There is a $144.38B industry emerging for the commercial use of drones in agricultural settings, cargo delivery, first response, commercial photography, and the entertainment industry (Adroit Market Research 2019) More than $100 billion has been spent on driverless car development (Eisenstein 2018) in the past 10 years and the autonomy used in driverless cars mirrors that inside autonomous weapons. So, it is an important distinction that UAVs are simply the platform for weapon delivery (autonomous or conventional), and that autonomous systems have many peaceful and commercial uses independent of military applications"--
Autonomous Weapons Systems And International Norms
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Author : Ingvild Bode
language : en
Publisher: McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
Release Date : 2022-01-15
Autonomous Weapons Systems And International Norms written by Ingvild Bode and has been published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-01-15 with Political Science categories.
Autonomous weapons systems seem to be on the path to becoming accepted technologies of warfare. The weaponization of artificial intelligence raises questions about whether human beings will maintain control of the use of force. The notion of meaningful human control has become a focus of international debate on lethal autonomous weapons systems among members of the United Nations: many states have diverging ideas about various complex forms of human-machine interaction and the point at which human control stops being meaningful. In Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms Ingvild Bode and Hendrik Huelss present an innovative study of how testing, developing, and using weapons systems with autonomous features shapes ethical and legal norms, and how standards manifest and change in practice. Autonomous weapons systems are not a matter for the distant future – some autonomous features, such as in air defence systems, have been in use for decades. They have already incrementally changed use-of-force norms by setting emerging standards for what counts as meaningful human control. As UN discussions drag on with minimal progress, the trend towards autonomizing weapons systems continues. A thought-provoking and urgent book, Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms provides an in-depth analysis of the normative repercussions of weaponizing artificial intelligence.
The Disruptive Impact Of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Diffusion
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Author : Austin Wyatt
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-11-04
The Disruptive Impact Of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Diffusion written by Austin Wyatt and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-04 with Political Science categories.
Challenging the focus on great powers in the international debate, this book explores how rising middle power states are engaging with emerging major military innovations and analyses how this will affect the stability and security of the Indo Pacific. Presenting a data-based analysis of how middle power actors in the Indo-Pacific are responding to the emergence of military Artificial Intelligence and Killer Robots, the book asserts that continuing to exclude non-great power actors from our thinking in this field enables the dangerous diffusion of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) to smaller states and terrorist groups, and demonstrates the disruptive effects of these military innovations on the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific. Offering a detailed analysis of the resource capacities of China, United States, Singapore and Indonesia, it shows how major military innovation acts as a circuit breaker between competitor states disrupting the conventional superiority of the dominant hegemonic state and giving a successful adopter a distinct advantage over their opponent. This book will appeal to researchers, end-users in the military and law enforcement communities, and policymakers. It will also be a valuable resource for researchers interested in strategic stability for the broader Asia-Pacific and the role of middle power states in hegemonic power transition and conflict.
Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems In Future Conflicts
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Author : Ted Schroeder
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-03-10
Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems In Future Conflicts written by Ted Schroeder and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-10 with categories.
The conversation on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) centers on the ethics of allowing a computer to decide to kill (or not to kill) a human-being. Much of the current discourse on the topic of autonomous weapons comes from a concern over the ethical implications. Over the coming fifteen years, the technology industry will achieve many milestones that will significantly alter the argument about the use of LAWS. There are currently efforts to institute laws and regulations that will inhibit or remove the use of LAWS. This research will clarify what will be technically possible in the future and take a holistic look at the topic. This study will explore the current technological abilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its impacts on civil society. It will further look at AI and its impact on lethal weapons. Ad-ditionally, the study will explore the acceptance of AI in civil society verse the acceptance of AI in conflict. Such exploration is important as the newer technology may change the conversation about the ethics of employing robotics. This conversational change may encourage or even compel policymakers to use LAWS in future conflicts.
Militarizing Artificial Intelligence
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Author : Nik Hynek
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2022-07-01
Militarizing Artificial Intelligence written by Nik Hynek and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-07-01 with Political Science categories.
This book examines the military characteristics and potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the new global revolution in military affairs. Offering an original perspective on the utilization, imagination, and politics of AI in the context of military development and weapons regulation, the work provides a comprehensive response to the question of how we might reflect on the AI revolution in warfare and what can be said about the ways in which this has been handled. In the first part of the book, AI is accommodated, both theoretically and empirically, in the strategic context of the 'Revolution in Military Affairs' (RMA). The book offers a novel understanding of autonomous weapons as multi-layered composite systems, pointing to a complex, non-linear interplay between evolutionary and revolutionary dynamics. In the second section, the book provides an impartial analysis of the related politics and operations of power, whereby increases in military budgets and R&D of the great powers are met and countered by advocacy networks and scientists campaigning for a ban on lethal autonomous weapons. As such, it moves beyond popular caricatures of ‘killer robots’ and points out some of the problems which result from over-reliance on such imagery. This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies, critical security studies, arms control and disarmament, science and technology studies and general International Relations.
Autonomous Weapons Systems And The Protection Of The Human Person
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Author : Mauri, Diego
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2022-05-24
Autonomous Weapons Systems And The Protection Of The Human Person written by Mauri, Diego and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-24 with Law categories.
This book aims to understand how public organizations adapt to and manage situations characterized by fluidity, ambiguity, complexity and unclear technologies, thus exploring public governance in times of turbulence.
Autonomous Weapon Systems
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Author : Jeffrey L. Caton
language : en
Publisher: Letort Papers
Release Date : 2016-03-31
Autonomous Weapon Systems written by Jeffrey L. Caton and has been published by Letort Papers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-31 with Business & Economics categories.
What does the Department of Defense hope to gain from the use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS)? This Letort Paper explores a diverse set of complex issues related to the developmental, operational, legal, and ethical aspects of AWS. It explores the recent history of the development and integration of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems into traditional military operations. It examines anticipated expansion of these roles in the near future as well as outlines international efforts to provide a context for the use of the systems by the United States. As these topics are well-documented in many sources, this Paper serves as a primer for current and future AWS operations to provide senior policymakers, decisionmakers, military leaders, and their respective staffs an overall appreciation of existing capabilities and the challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with the use of AWS across the range of military operations. Emphasis is added to missions and systems that include the use of deadly force. AUDIENCE: This paper serves as a primer for current and future autonomous weapon system (AWS) operations to provide senior policymakers, decision-makers, military leaders and their respective staffs an overall appreciation for existing capabilities and the challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with AWS across the range of military operations. Emphasis is added to missions that include the use of deadly force. Additionally defense contractors and technology manufacturers may be interested in this work. Related products: Arms Control History collection is available here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/us-military-history/arms-control-history Arms & Weapons resources collection can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/security-defense-law-enforcement/arms-weapons
Autonomous Weapon Systems And The Law Of Armed Conflict
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Author : Tim McFarland
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-07-09
Autonomous Weapon Systems And The Law Of Armed Conflict written by Tim McFarland and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-09 with Law categories.
A close examination of the interface between autonomous technologies and the law with legal analysis grounded in technological realities.
Autonomous Weapons Systems And International Law
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Author : Daniele Amoroso
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020-07
Autonomous Weapons Systems And International Law written by Daniele Amoroso and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07 with categories.
Jungste Fortschritte in Robotik und KI machen es moglich, Roboter auch mit ethisch und rechtlich sensiblen Aufgaben zu betrauen. Besonders umstritten ist der Einsatz so genannter autonomer Waffensysteme (AWS), die eigenstandig Entscheidungen uber Leben und Tod von 'Zielpersonen' treffen. Damit beruhren sie zentrale Grundlagen des humanitaren Volkerrechts, der internationalen Menschenrechte, des internationalen Strafrechts sowie der staatlichen Verantwortung. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht das Buch die Legalitat und die volkerrechtlichen Folgen des Einsatzes autonomer Waffensysteme. Es zeigt Wege fur kunftige internationale Regelungen auf und skizziert das Konzept einer 'geteilten Verantwortung' zwischen menschlichen Entscheidungstragern und intelligenten Systemen. Daniele Amoroso ist Professor fur Volkerrecht an der Universitat Cagliari und Mitglied des Internationalen Komitees fur die Kontrolle von Roboterwaffen (ICRAC).