Biodegradability Of Surfactants
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Biodegradability Of Surfactants
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Author : D.R. Karsa
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Biodegradability Of Surfactants written by D.R. Karsa and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The awareness and development of 'biodegradable' surfactants pre-dates current pressures by the environmental movement by nearly three decades, wherein a responsible industry mutually agreed to replace 'hard', non-biodegradable com ponents of household detergents by 'soft', biodegradable alternatives, without course to legislation. The only requirement at that time was for surfactants used in detergents to exhibit a 'primary biodegradability' in excess of 80%; this referring to the disap pearance or removal from solution of the intact surface active material as de tected by specified analytical techniques. This proved useful, as observed environmental impacts of surfactants, e.g. visible foam on rivers, are associated with the intact molecule. Test methods for 'primary biodegradability' were eventually enshrined in EU legislation for nonionic surfactants (Directive 821242/EEC, amended 73/404IEEC) and for anionic surfactants (Directive 8212431EEC, amended 73/405IEEC). No approved test methods and resultant legislation have been developed for cationic and amphoteric surfactants to date. The environmental classification of chemical substances, which of course includes surfactants, and associated risk assessment utilises a second criterion 'ready biodegradability'. This may be assessed by a number of methods which monitor oxygen uptake (BOD), carbon dioxide production or removal of dis solved organic carbon (DOC). Some surfactants which comply with the above Detergents Directive are borderline when it comes to 'ready biodegradability'.
Method For Determining The Biodegradability Of Surfactants
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Author : Standards Association of Australia. Committee CH/11, Biodegradability of Detergents
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Method For Determining The Biodegradability Of Surfactants written by Standards Association of Australia. Committee CH/11, Biodegradability of Detergents and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Surface active agents categories.
Surfactant Biodegradation
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Author : Robert Donald Swisher
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1970
Surfactant Biodegradation written by Robert Donald Swisher and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1970 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Biodegradability Of Surfactants
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Author : D.R. Karsa
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1994-12-31
Biodegradability Of Surfactants written by D.R. Karsa and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-12-31 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The awareness and development of 'biodegradable' surfactants pre-dates current pressures by the environmental movement by nearly three decades, wherein a responsible industry mutually agreed to replace 'hard', non-biodegradable com ponents of household detergents by 'soft', biodegradable alternatives, without course to legislation. The only requirement at that time was for surfactants used in detergents to exhibit a 'primary biodegradability' in excess of 80%; this referring to the disap pearance or removal from solution of the intact surface active material as de tected by specified analytical techniques. This proved useful, as observed environmental impacts of surfactants, e.g. visible foam on rivers, are associated with the intact molecule. Test methods for 'primary biodegradability' were eventually enshrined in EU legislation for nonionic surfactants (Directive 821242/EEC, amended 73/404IEEC) and for anionic surfactants (Directive 8212431EEC, amended 73/405IEEC). No approved test methods and resultant legislation have been developed for cationic and amphoteric surfactants to date. The environmental classification of chemical substances, which of course includes surfactants, and associated risk assessment utilises a second criterion 'ready biodegradability'. This may be assessed by a number of methods which monitor oxygen uptake (BOD), carbon dioxide production or removal of dis solved organic carbon (DOC). Some surfactants which comply with the above Detergents Directive are borderline when it comes to 'ready biodegradability'.
Novel Surfactants
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Author : Krister Holmberg
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2003-07-03
Novel Surfactants written by Krister Holmberg and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-07-03 with Science categories.
Extensively revised and expanded, this timely reference discusses the synthesis, properties, and potential applications of popular and emerging surfactant compounds and systems. This reference reflects current research trends in green surfactants, the production of surfactants using biotechnological methods, and surfactants based on natural buildin
Surfactant Biodegradation Second Edition
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Author : Robert Donald Swisher
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1986-10-31
Surfactant Biodegradation Second Edition written by Robert Donald Swisher and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986-10-31 with Science categories.
Surfactants From Renewable Raw Materials
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Author : Divya Bajpai Tripathy
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-12-22
Surfactants From Renewable Raw Materials written by Divya Bajpai Tripathy and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-22 with Science categories.
Surfactants are often completely invisible to us and yet they are present in almost every chemical that we use in our daily life. They are found in toothpastes, cosmetics, sunscreens, mayonnaise, detergents, and an array of cleaning products. Traditional surfactants are known to have adverse environmental impacts spurring research into eco-friendly and cost-effective surfactants from renewable resources. Surfactants from Renewable Raw Materials examines the class of surfactants synthesized using plant-based raw materials detailing their properties, applications, bioavailability, and biodegradability. The concluding chapter reviews patent activity over the last decade. Additional features include: Addresses the tremendous variation found in the raw materials used to synthesize commercially available surfactants. Explores the selection of raw materials based upon the desired hydrophobic group or hydrophilic group to be incorporated into the product. Examines the characteristics and medicinal applications of pulmonary surfactants in preterm babies as well as their probable contribution in COVID-19 Discusses the biodegradability of surfactants to assist with the determination of truly green surfactants. This comprehensive reference will prove indispensable for professional and academic researchers creating or working with bio-based surfactants.
The Chemistry Of Surfactants And The Concept Of Biodegradability
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Author : Kerry Wayne Dalzell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
The Chemistry Of Surfactants And The Concept Of Biodegradability written by Kerry Wayne Dalzell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with Biodegradation categories.
Biodegradation
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Author : Rolando Chamy
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2013-06-14
Biodegradation written by Rolando Chamy and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-14 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book contains a collection of different biodegradation research activities where biological processes take place. The book has two main sections: A) Polymers and Surfactants Biodegradation and B) Biodegradation: Microbial Behaviour.
Surfactants From Renewable Resources
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Author : Mikael Kjellin
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2010-01-26
Surfactants From Renewable Resources written by Mikael Kjellin and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-26 with Science categories.
Most modern surfactants are readily biodegradable and exhibit low toxicity in the aquatic environment, the two criteria for green surfactants. However the majority are synthesised from petroleum, so over the past decade the detergent industry has turned its attention to developing greener routes to create these surfactants via renewable building blocks. Surfactants from Renewable Resources presents the latest research and commercial applications in the emerging field of sustainable surfactant chemistry, with emphasis on production technology, surface chemical properties, biodegradability, ecotoxicity, market trends, economic viability and life-cycle analysis. Reviewing traditional sources for renewable surfactants as well as recent advances, this text focuses on techniques with potential for large scale application. Topics covered include: Renewable hydrophobes from natural fatty acids and forest industry by-products Renewable hydrophiles from carbohydrates, amino acids and lactic acid New ways of making renewable building blocks; ethylene from renewable resources and complex mixtures from waste biomass Biosurfactants Surface active polymers This book is a valuable resource for industrial researchers in companies that produce and use surfactants, as well as academic researchers in surface and polymer chemistry, sustainable chemistry and chemical engineering.