Brain Connectivity In Autism

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Brain Connectivity In Autism

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Author : Rajesh K. Kana
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-09-23

Brain Connectivity In Autism written by Rajesh K. Kana and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-23 with Autism categories.

The brain's ability to process information crucially relies on connectivity. Understanding how the brain processes complex information and how such abilities are disrupted in individuals with neuropsychological disorders will require an improved understanding of brain connectivity. Autism is an intriguingly complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multidimensional symptoms and cognitive characteristics. A biological origin for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) had been proposed even in the earliest published accounts (Kanner, 1943; Asperger, 1944). Despite decades of research, a focal neurobiological marker for autism has been elusive. Nevertheless, disruptions in interregional and functional and anatomical connectivity have been a hallmark of neural functioning in ASD. Theoretical accounts of connectivity perceive ASD as a cognitive and neurobiological disorder associated with altered functioning of integrative circuitry. Neuroimaging studies have reported disruptions in functional connectivity (synchronization of activated brain areas) during cognitive tasks and during task-free resting states. While these insights are valuable, they do not address the time-lagged causality and directionality of such correlations. Despite the general promise of the connectivity account of ASD, inconsistencies and methodological differences among studies call for more thorough investigations. A comprehensive neurological account of ASD should incorporate functional, effective, and anatomical connectivity measures and test the diagnostic utility of such measures. In addition, questions pertaining to how cognitive and behavioral intervention can target connection abnormalities in ASD should be addressed. This research topic of the Frontiers in Human Neuroscience addresses “Brain Connectivity in Autism” primarily from cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging perspectives.

Brain Connectivity In Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Author : Marco Catani
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Brain Connectivity In Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Marco Catani and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Autism categories.

In recent years Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have been considered as resulting from altered connectivity between regions, which may explain characteristic manifestations in socio-emotional function, communication and repetitive behaviour observed clinically. This thesis aims to provide evidence for altered anatomy of networks in ASD. The first step consisted in the creation of a diffusion tensor tractography atlas of the normal human brain derived from 40 healthy adults. The atlas was then used to localise the findings from a meta-analysis of published voxel-based morphometry studies investigating white matter abnormalities in ASD. This analysis showed that patients with ASD display abnormalities in long white matter association tracts, such as the arcuate and uncinate fasciculus, known to be important for language and social cognition. A second step consisted in the tractography analysis of limbic and cerebellar tracts in a small pilot study. Our findings confirmed differences in the the uncinate tract in ASD and in addition we found differences in the cingulum and major intracecebellar and cerebellar output tract. Finally, Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and tractography analysis of a multi-centre, case-control study was performed on 61 individuals with ASD and 61 controls. Differences in the frontal connections of the arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum and corpus callosum were found. Tract specific measurements in the arcuate and uncinate were associated with a history of delayed echolalia and impaired used efface expression in childhood, respectively. In conclusion these series of studies show that ASD are associated with specific structural abnormalities of the limbic, language and interhemispheric white matter fibres. Differences in white matter anatomy were localised in major connections to the frontal lobe and associated with specific autistic features and traits in chilldhood.

The Autistic Brain

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Author : Temple Grandin
language : en
Publisher: Random House
Release Date : 2014-03-27

The Autistic Brain written by Temple Grandin and has been published by Random House this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03-27 with Psychology categories.

Want to read just one book about autism? Read this. Written by Temple Grandin, one of the world's most accomplished and well-known adults with autism, this thought-provoking, insightful and inspirational book - with illustrative diagrams and key points pulled out for emphasis - will assist not only fellow autistics and families with affected members, but also researchers and physicians seeking to better understand the condition. 'An extraordinary source of inspiration for autistic children, their parents - and all people' -- Time 'The Autistic Brain can both enlighten readers with little exposure to autism and offer hope and compassion to those who live with the condition' -- Scientific American 'Grandin has helped us understand autism not just as a phenomenon, but as a different but coherent mode of existence that otherwise confounds us...' -- New York Times 'Enjoyable, insightful read' -- ***** Reader review 'This book is a delight from start to finish' -- ***** Reader review 'Superb, readable book' -- ***** Reader review 'Great book. Very insightful and easy to follow' -- ***** Reader review ******************************************************************************************** It's estimated that one in almost a hundred people are diagnosed as being on the autistic spectrum but there is far more hope for them today than ever before thanks to ground-breaking new research. In this fascinating and highly readable book, Temple Grandin offers her own experience as an autistic person alongside remarkable new discoveries about the autistic brain, as well as genetic research. She highlights long-ignored sensory problems as well as the need to treat autism symptom by symptom, rather than with an umbrella diagnosis. Most exciting of all, she argues that raising and educating children on the autistic spectrum needs to be less about focusing on their weaknesses, and more about fostering their unique contributions. Written in a clear, concise and accessible way, with illustrative diagrams and key points pulled out for emphasis, this is an all-encompassing guide that will change the perception of autism.

Brain Connectivity Analysis Investigating Brain Disorders

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Author : Barry Horwitz
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date :

Brain Connectivity Analysis Investigating Brain Disorders written by Barry Horwitz and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.

In the last few years, advances in human structural and functional neuroimaging (fMRI, PET, EEG/MEG) have resulted in an explosion of studies investigating the anatomical and functional connectivity between different regions of the brain. More and more studies have employed resting and task-related connectivity analyses to assess functional interactions, and diffusion-weighted tractography to study white matter organization. Many of these studies have addressed normal human function, but recently, a number of investigators have turned their attention to examining brain disorders. The study of brain disorders is a complex endeavor; not only does it require understanding the normal brain, and the regions involved in a particular function, but also it needs a deeper understanding of brain networks and their dynamics. This Research Topic will provide the scientific community with an overview of how to apply connectivity methods to study brain disease, and with perspectives on what are the strength and limitations of each modality. For this Research Topic, we solicit both reviews and original research articles on the use of brain connectivity analysis, with non-human or human models, to explore neurological, psychiatric, developmental and neurodegenerative disorders from a system perspective. Connectivity studies that have focused on one or more of the following will be of particular interest: (1) detection of abnormal functional/structural connectivity; (2) neural plasticity, assessed by changes in connectivity, in patients with brain disorders; (3) assessment of therapy using connectivity measures; (4) relation of connectivity changes to behavioral changes.

Movement Control

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Author : Paul Cordo
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1994-05-27

Movement Control written by Paul Cordo and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-05-27 with Medical categories.

Movement is arguably the most fundamental and important function of the nervous system. Purposive movement requires the coordination of actions within many areas of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves and sensory receptors, which together must control a highly complex biomechanical apparatus made up of the skeleton and muscles. Beginning at the level of biomechanics and spinal reflexes and proceeding upward to brain structures in the cerebellum, brainstem and cerebral cortex, the chapters in this book highlight the important issues in movement control. Commentaries provide a balanced treatment of the articles that have been written by experts in a variety of areas concerned with movement, including behaviour, physiology, robotics, and mathematics.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder Second Edition

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Author : Valerie L. Gaus
language : en
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Release Date : 2018-12-07

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder Second Edition written by Valerie L. Gaus and has been published by Guilford Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-07 with Medical categories.

Revision of: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult Asperger syndrome. c2007.

Neurobiology And Cognition Across The Autism Psychosis Spectrum

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Author : Tim Ziermans
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2021-03-15

Neurobiology And Cognition Across The Autism Psychosis Spectrum written by Tim Ziermans and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-15 with Medical categories.

The Neuroscience Of Autism

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Author : Rajesh K. Kana
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2022-05-27

The Neuroscience Of Autism written by Rajesh K. Kana and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-27 with Psychology categories.

The Neuroscience of Autism provides a comprehensive accounting of autism spectrum disorders by integrating scientific findings from behavioral, cognitive and neurobiological research. The book begins by defining autism, identifying characteristics and prevalence, exploring its history, and then moving on to the cognitive and social bases of behavioral symptoms, the brain bases of behavioral and cognitive symptoms, and finally, intervention practices. It examines theoretical models such as weak central coherence, enhanced perceptual functioning, and the extreme male brain hypothesis. Finally, the book addresses the increased attention on the brain connectivity model of autism, looking at the synchronization of brain activity across different brain areas, the causal influence of a brain region on another, and white matter cable connections in the brain. - Delves into the increasing prevalence of autism in the United States - Focuses on screening tools for early identification - Discusses the neuroanatomical differences seen in individuals with autism - Examines the inferences gained from functional MRI studies of autism

Autism The Movement Perspective

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Author : Elizabeth B Torres
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-05-19

Autism The Movement Perspective written by Elizabeth B Torres and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-19 with Autism categories.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is portrayed as cognitive and social disorders. Undoubtedly, impairments in communication and restricted-repetitive behaviors that now define the disorders have a profound impact on social interactions. But can we go beyond the descriptive, observational nature of this definition and objectively measure that amalgamate of motions and sensations that we call behavior? In this Research Topic we bring movement and its sensation to the forefront of autism research, diagnosis, and treatment. We gather researchers across disciplines with the unifying goal of recognizing movement and sensory disturbances as core symptoms of the disorder. We also hear confirmation from the perspective of autism self-advocates and parents. Those important sources of evidence along with the research presented in this topic demonstrate without a doubt that profound movement and sensory differences do exist in ASD and that they are quantifiable. The work presented in this Research Topic shows us that quantifiable differences in movements have a better chance than current observational techniques to help us uncover subtle solutions that the nervous system with autism has already spontaneously self-discovered and utilized in daily living. Where the naked eye would miss the unique subtleties that help each individual cope, instrumentation and fine kinematic analyses of motions help us uncover inherent capacities and predispositions of the person with autism. The work presented in this topic helps us better articulate through the voices of parents and self-advocates those sensory motor differences that current inventories could not possibly uncover. These differences are seldom perceived as they take place at timescales and frequencies that fall largely beneath our conscious awareness. To the person in the spectrum living with this disorder and to the caregiver creating accommodations to help the affected loved one, these subtleties are very familiar though. Indeed they are often used in clever ways to facilitate daily routines. We have waited much too long in science to listen to the very people that we are trying to define, understand and help. Being autism a social problem by definition, it is remarkable that not a single diagnosis inventory measures the dyadic social interaction that takes place between the examiner and the examinees. Indeed we have conceived the autistic person within a social context where we are incapable –by definition– of accepting those differences. The burden is rather placed on the affected person to whom much too often we refer to in the third person as “non-verbal, without intentionality, without empathy or emotions, without a theory of mind”, among other purely psychological guesses. It is then too easy and shockingly allowed to “reshape” that person, to mold that person to better conform to our social expectations and to extinguish “behaviors” that are socially unacceptable, even through the use of aversive punishing reinforcement techniques if need be. And yet none of those techniques have had a single shred of objective scientific evidence of their effectiveness. We have not objectively measured once, nor have we physiologically characterized once any of those perceived features that we so often use to observationally define what we may think the autistic phenotype may be. We have not properly quantified, beyond paper-and-pencil methods, the effectiveness of interventions in autism. Let us not forget when we do our science, that we are all part of the broad human spectrum.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Within Neurodevelopmental Disorders Catching Heterogeneity Specificity And Comorbidity In Clinical Phenotypes And Neurobiological Bases

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Author : Eugenia Conti
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-09-14

Autism Spectrum Disorder Within Neurodevelopmental Disorders Catching Heterogeneity Specificity And Comorbidity In Clinical Phenotypes And Neurobiological Bases written by Eugenia Conti and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-14 with Science categories.