Brain Networks In Aging Reorganization And Modulation By Interventions
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Brain Networks In Aging Reorganization And Modulation By Interventions
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Author : Junfeng Sun
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2018-02-22
Brain Networks In Aging Reorganization And Modulation By Interventions written by Junfeng Sun and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-22 with categories.
Old adults undertake multiple reduced cognitive abilities in aging, which are accompanied with specific brain reorganization in forms of regional brain activity and brain tissues, inter-region connectivity, and topology of whole brain networks in both function and structure. The plasticity changes of brain activities in old adults are explained by the mechanisms of compensation and dedifferentiation. For example, older adults have been observed to have greater, usually bilateral, prefrontal activities during memory tasks compared to the typical unilateral prefrontal activities in younger adults, which was explained as a compensation for the reduced brain activities in visual processing cortices. Dedifferentiation is another mechanism to explain that old adults are with much less selective and less distinct activity in task-relevant brain regions compared with younger adults. A larger number of studies have examined the plasticity changes of brain from the perspective of regional brain activities. However, studies on only regional brain activities cannot fully elucidate the neural mechanisms of reduced cognitive abilities in aging, as multiple regions are integrated together to achieve advanced cognitive function in human brain. In recent years, brain connectivity/network, which targets how brain regions are integrated, have drawn increasing attention in neuroscience with the development of neuroimaging techniques and graph theoretical analysis. Connectivity quantifies functional association or neural fibers between two regions that may be spatially far separated, and graph theoretical analysis of brain network examines the complex interactions among multiple regions from the perspective of topology. Studies showed that compared to younger adults, older adults had altered strength of task-relevant functional connectivity between specific brain regions in cognitive tasks, and the alternation of connectivity are correlated to behavior performance. For example, older adults had weaker functional connectivity between the premotor cortex and a region in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a working memory task. Interventions like cognitive training and neuro-modulation (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) have been shown to be promising in regaining or retaining the decreasing cognitive abilities in aging. However, only few neuroimaging studies have examined the influence of interventions to old adult’s brain activity, connectivity, and cognitive performance. This Research Topic calls for contributions on brain network of subjects in normal aging or with age-related diseases like mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The studies are expected to be based on neuroimaging techniques including but not limited to functional magnetic resonance imaging, Electroencephalography, and diffusion tensor imaging, and contributions on the influence of interventions to brain networks in aging are highly encouraged. All these studies would enrich our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying aging, and offer new insights for developing possible interventions to retain cognitive abilities in aging subjects.
Brain Networks In Aging Reorganization And Modulation By Interventions
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Brain Networks In Aging Reorganization And Modulation By Interventions written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Old adults undertake multiple reduced cognitive abilities in aging, which are accompanied with specific brain reorganization in forms of regional brain activity and brain tissues, inter-region connectivity, and topology of whole brain networks in both function and structure. The plasticity changes of brain activities in old adults are explained by the mechanisms of compensation and dedifferentiation. For example, older adults have been observed to have greater, usually bilateral, prefrontal activities during memory tasks compared to the typical unilateral prefrontal activities in younger adults, which was explained as a compensation for the reduced brain activities in visual processing cortices. Dedifferentiation is another mechanism to explain that old adults are with much less selective and less distinct activity in task-relevant brain regions compared with younger adults. A larger number of studies have examined the plasticity changes of brain from the perspective of regional brain activities. However, studies on only regional brain activities cannot fully elucidate the neural mechanisms of reduced cognitive abilities in aging, as multiple regions are integrated together to achieve advanced cognitive function in human brain. In recent years, brain connectivity/network, which targets how brain regions are integrated, have drawn increasing attention in neuroscience with the development of neuroimaging techniques and graph theoretical analysis. Connectivity quantifies functional association or neural fibers between two regions that may be spatially far separated, and graph theoretical analysis of brain network examines the complex interactions among multiple regions from the perspective of topology. Studies showed that compared to younger adults, older adults had altered strength of task-relevant functional connectivity between specific brain regions in cognitive tasks, and the alternation of connectivity are correlated to behavior performance. For example, older adults had weaker functional connectivity between the premotor cortex and a region in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a working memory task. Interventions like cognitive training and neuro-modulation (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) have been shown to be promising in regaining or retaining the decreasing cognitive abilities in aging. However, only few neuroimaging studies have examined the influence of interventions to old adult's brain activity, connectivity, and cognitive performance. This Research Topic calls for contributions on brain network of subjects in normal aging or with age-related diseases like mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The studies are expected to be based on neuroimaging techniques including but not limited to functional magnetic resonance imaging, Electroencephalography, and diffusion tensor imaging, and contributions on the influence of interventions to brain networks in aging are highly encouraged. All these studies would enrich our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying aging, and offer new insights for developing possible interventions to retain cognitive abilities in aging subjects.
Brain Networks For Studying Healthy And Pathological Aging Mechanisms And Intervention Efficacy
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Author : Christos Frantzidis
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-11-18
Brain Networks For Studying Healthy And Pathological Aging Mechanisms And Intervention Efficacy written by Christos Frantzidis and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-18 with Science categories.
Previous studies showed that both healthy and pathological aging are associated with changes in brain structure and function of the mature human brain. The most prominent anatomical alteration are changes in prefrontal cortex morphology, volume loss and reduced white-matter integrity and hippocampal atrophy. Cognitive decline affects mainly the performance of episodic memory, speed of sensory information processing, working memory, inhibitory function and long-term memory. It has been also proposed that due to the aforementioned changes the aging brain engages in compensatory brain mechanism such as a broader activation of cortical regions (mainly frontal) rather than specialized activation. Evidence suggests that similar changes occur with pathological aging but to a greater extent. In this case information flow is disrupted due to neurodegeneration, functional activation of posterior (occipito-temporal) regions is decreased and as a consequence the brain fails to process sensorial input in the ventral pathway and cognitive deficits appear. In the last years, functional alterations associated with aging have been studied using the mathematical notion of graph theory that offers an integrative approach since it examines different properties of the brain network: 1) Organization level 2) amount of local information processing, 3) information flow 4) cortical community structure and 5) identification of functional / anatomical hubs. So, graph theory offers an attractive way to model brain networks organization and to quantify their pathological deviations. Previous studies have already employed this mathematical notion and demonstrated that age-related neurodegeneration is often accompanied by loss of optimal network organization either due to diminished local information processing or due to progressive isolation of distant brain regions. They have also found that changes in network properties may be present even in the preclinical phase, which could be taken as a biological marker of disease.
Cognitive And Brain Aging Interventions To Promote Well Being In Old Age Roadmap For Interventions Preventing Cognitive Aging
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Author : Pamela M. Greenwood
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Cognitive And Brain Aging Interventions To Promote Well Being In Old Age Roadmap For Interventions Preventing Cognitive Aging written by Pamela M. Greenwood and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
The field of cognitive aging has evolved from a focus on cataloging age-related declines of brain and mind in healthy older people to a focus on interventions aimed at limiting those declines. Intervention research has obtained convincing evidence of the cognitive benefits of aerobic exercise and working memory training. Recently interest has broadened to include interventions that consider the social and physical environment of the aged individual. Examples of this are investigations of training cognitive-motor integration, interventions to reduce loneliness, mindfulness training, and human factors-based approaches to cognitive deficits. Such approaches move beyond targeting specific abilities in isolation to consider more broadly the overall well-being of the healthy older person. In this Research Topic we call for both empirical and review papers that consider interventions aimed at reducing cognitive and brain aging but also approaches that consider older individuals (animal and human) in their physical and social environment.
Cognitive And Brain Aging Interventions To Promote Well Being In Old Age Roadmap For Interventions Preventing Cognitive Aging
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Author : Pamela M. Greenwood
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-03-03
Cognitive And Brain Aging Interventions To Promote Well Being In Old Age Roadmap For Interventions Preventing Cognitive Aging written by Pamela M. Greenwood and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-03 with categories.
The Wiley Handbook Of Cognitive Control
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Author : Tobias Egner
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2017-03-20
The Wiley Handbook Of Cognitive Control written by Tobias Egner and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-20 with Science categories.
Covering basic theory, new research, and intersections with adjacent fields, this is the first comprehensive reference work on cognitive control – our ability to use internal goals to guide thought and behavior. Draws together expert perspectives from a range of disciplines, including cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and neurology Covers behavioral phenomena of cognitive control, neuroanatomical and computational models of frontal lobe function, and the interface between cognitive control and other mental processes Explores the ways in which cognitive control research can inform and enhance our understanding of brain development and neurological and psychiatric conditions
Cognitive Changes And The Aging Brain
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Author : Kenneth M. Heilman
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2019-12-05
Cognitive Changes And The Aging Brain written by Kenneth M. Heilman and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-05 with Medical categories.
This book describes the changes in the brain and in cognitive functions that occur with aging in the absence of a neurological, psychiatric, or medical disease. It discusses aging-related changes in many brain functions, including memory, language, sensory perception, motor function, creativity, attention, executive functions, emotions and mood. The neural mechanisms that may account for specific aging-related changes in cognition, perception and behavior are explored, as well as the means by which aging-related cognitive decrements can be managed and possibly ameliorated. Consequently, this book will be of value to clinicians, including neurologists, psychiatrists, geriatricians, primary care physicians, psychologists and speech-language pathologists. In addition, researchers and graduate students who want to learn about the aging brain will find this an indispensable guide.
Changes In The Brain
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Author : Nancy D. Chiaravalloti
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-11-24
Changes In The Brain written by Nancy D. Chiaravalloti and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-24 with Medical categories.
This informative text details the many changes in everyday life as the result of injury, illness, or aging affecting the brain. Experts across brain-related fields trace mechanisms of conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, TBI, and dementia as they impact regions of the brain, and resulting cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor impairments as they contribute to deficits in personal and social functioning. In addition to symptoms and behaviors associated with insults to the brain (and the extent to which the brain can adapt or self-repair), chapters provide cogent examples of how societal and cultural expectations can shape the context and experience of disability. The book’s focus on everyday activities brings new clarity to diverse links between symptoms and diagnosis, brain and behavior. Included in the coverage: ·The aging brain and changes in daily function. ·Stroke: impact on life and daily function. ·Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the impact on daily life. ·Everyday life with cancer. ·Real-world impact of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. ·Disability and public policy in America. ·Living after brain changes, from the patient’s perspective. Rich in empirical data and human insight, Changes in the Brain gives neuropsychologists, clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, and rehabilitation nurses a robust new understanding of the daily lives of patients, both in theory and in the real world.
The Cambridge Handbook Of Successful Aging
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Author : Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2019-01-24
The Cambridge Handbook Of Successful Aging written by Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-24 with Psychology categories.
Recent studies show that more people than ever before are reaching old age in better health and enjoying that health for a longer time. This Handbook outlines the latest discoveries in the study of aging from bio-medicine, psychology, and socio-demography. It treats the study of aging as a multidisciplinary scientific subject, since it requires the interplay of broad disciplines, while offering high motivation, positive attitudes, and behaviors for aging well, and lifestyle changes that will help people to stay healthier across life span and in old age. Written by leading scholars from various academic disciplines, the chapters delve into the most topical aspects of aging today - including biological mechanisms of aging, aging with health, active and productive aging, aging with satisfaction, aging with respect, and aging with dignity. Aimed at health professionals as well as general readers, this Cambridge Handbook offers a new, positive approach to later life.
Music And The Aging Brain
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Author : Lola Cuddy
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2020-05-28
Music And The Aging Brain written by Lola Cuddy and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-28 with Psychology categories.
Music and the Aging Brain describes brain functioning in aging and addresses the power of music to protect the brain from loss of function and how to cope with the ravages of brain diseases that accompany aging. By studying the power of music in aging through the lens of neuroscience, behavioral, and clinical science, the book explains brain organization and function. Written for those researching the brain and aging, the book provides solid examples of research fundamentals, including rigorous standards for sample selection, control groups, description of intervention activities, measures of health outcomes, statistical methods, and logically stated conclusions. Summarizes brain structures supporting music perception and cognition Examines and explains music as neuroprotective in normal aging Addresses the association of hearing loss to dementia Promotes a neurological approach for research in music as therapy Proposes questions for future research in music and aging