Can Theories Be Refuted
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Can Theories Be Refuted
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Author : Sandra Harding
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Can Theories Be Refuted written by Sandra Harding and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
According to a view assumed by many scientists and philosophers of science and standardly found in science textbooks, it is controlled ex perience which provides the basis for distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable theories in science: acceptable theories are those which can pass empirical tests. It has often been thought that a certain sort of test is particularly significant: 'crucial experiments' provide supporting empiri cal evidence for one theory while providing conclusive evidence against another. However, in 1906 Pierre Duhem argued that the falsification of a theory is necessarily ambiguous and therefore that there are no crucial experiments; one can never be sure that it is a given theory rather than auxiliary or background hypotheses which experiment has falsified. w. V. Quine has concurred in this judgment, arguing that "our statements about the external world face the tribunal of sense experience not indi vidually but only as a corporate body". Some philosophers have thought that the Duhem-Quine thesis gra tuitously raises perplexities. Others see it as doubly significant; these philosophers think that it provides a base for criticism of the foundational view of knowledge which has dominated much of western thought since Descartes, and they think that it opens the door to a new and fruitful way to conceive of scientific progress in particular and of the nature and growth of knowledge in general.
Theoretical Sociology
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Author : Jonathan H. Turner
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2012-10-11
Theoretical Sociology written by Jonathan H. Turner and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-11 with Social Science categories.
Written by award-winning scholar Jonathan Turner, Theoretical Sociology: 1830 to the Present covers new and emerging aspects of sociological theory and examines the significant contributions of both modern and founding theorists. Nine sections present detailed analyses of key theories and paradigms, including functionalism, evolutionary theory, conflict theory, critical theory, exchange theory, interactionist theory, and structuralism. Despite the in-depth discussions of theorists and their contributions to the field, the text is concise and focused, a perfect resource for readers seeking to develop a deeper understanding of contemporary and classical sociological theory.
Suggested Answers To Philosophical Puzzles
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Author : Anguel S. Stefanov
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2022-10-06
Suggested Answers To Philosophical Puzzles written by Anguel S. Stefanov and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-06 with Philosophy categories.
Questions about how we know the world and how it appears according to our knowledge have been of significant interest from ancient times up to the present day. Philosophy and science go hand-in-hand in order to give answers to these fundamental questions. Some aspects of these have been turned into philosophical problems, which provoke a long-lasting and vivid discussion. This book provides answers to such philosophical problems on the basis of a sound and clearly presented argumentation. It will provoke the interest of a broad reading public across the globe, including philosophers, scientists, university students, and inquisitive readers.
Issues In Heterodox Economics
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Author : Donald A. R. George
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-02-11
Issues In Heterodox Economics written by Donald A. R. George and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-02-11 with Business & Economics categories.
Through contributions from leading authors, Issues in Heterodox Economics provides a critical analysis of the methodology of mainstream economics. Challenges economists to abandon sterile formalism and develop new intellectual rigors to contribute to pressing contemporary issues A series of cutting-edge articles provides a critical analysis of the dependence of mainstream economics on mathematical modelling and other methodologies Topics discussed include sustainable development, worker control of firms, evolutionary growth theory, and more Challenges economists to abandon sterile formalism and develop new intellectual rigors to contribute to pressing contemporary issues
A Student S Guide To Special Relativity
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Author : Norman Gray
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2022-02-03
A Student S Guide To Special Relativity written by Norman Gray and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-03 with Science categories.
A compact yet informative exploration of Special Relativity and its core ideas, also providing a preparatory route into General Relativity.
Fallibilist Solutions To Institutional Problems
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Author : John Wettersten
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2022-03-04
Fallibilist Solutions To Institutional Problems written by John Wettersten and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-03-04 with Reference categories.
Since Karl Popper‘s fallibilist portrayal of scientific methodology in the 1940s, critical rationalism has developed in many ways, and in many fields. However, some of these developments still leave deep and important possibilities open. One of these is the portrayal of all rational actions as social. This book elucidates the significance of this perspective in regard to psychology, political and social philosophy, the understanding of how scientists can better communicate, and strategies for better living. The importance of the social theory of rationality for psychology arises above all due to the numerous assumptions made in psychological research that rationality is strictly individualist. This is at hand, for example, in its historical portrayal and in important aspects of cognitive psychology. As shown here, these assumptions have damaging consequences for the relationship of rationality with cognitive and social psychology.
Scientific Reasoning
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Author : Colin Howson
language : en
Publisher: Open Court Publishing
Release Date : 2006
Scientific Reasoning written by Colin Howson and has been published by Open Court Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Philosophy categories.
This user-friendly, comprehensive course in probability and statistics as applied to physical and social science explains the probability calculus, distributions and densities, and the rivals of Beyesianism - the classical, logical, and subjective theories. Howson and Urbach clearly lay out the theory of classical inference, the Neyman-Pearson theory of significance tests, the classical theory of estimation, and regression analysis. The work is controversial, but gives a fair and accurate account of the anti-Bayesian views it criticizes. The authors examined the way scientists actually appeal to probability arguments, and explain the 'classical' approach to statistical inference, which they demonstrate to be full of flaws. They then present the Bayesian method, showing that it avoids the difficulties of the classical system. Finally, they reply to all the major criticisms levelled against the Bayesian method, especially the charge that it is "too subjective".
Software And Mind
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Author : Andrei Sorin
language : en
Publisher: Andsor Books
Release Date : 2013-01-01
Software And Mind written by Andrei Sorin and has been published by Andsor Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-01 with Science categories.
Addressing general readers as well as software practitioners, "Software and Mind" discusses the fallacies of the mechanistic ideology and the degradation of minds caused by these fallacies. Mechanism holds that every aspect of the world can be represented as a simple hierarchical structure of entities. But, while useful in fields like mathematics and manufacturing, this idea is generally worthless, because most aspects of the world are too complex to be reduced to simple hierarchical structures. Our software-related affairs, in particular, cannot be represented in this fashion. And yet, all programming theories and development systems, and all software applications, attempt to reduce real-world problems to neat hierarchical structures of data, operations, and features. Using Karl Popper's famous principles of demarcation between science and pseudoscience, the book shows that the mechanistic ideology has turned most of our software-related activities into pseudoscientific pursuits. Using mechanism as warrant, the software elites are promoting invalid, even fraudulent, software notions. They force us to depend on generic, inferior systems, instead of allowing us to develop software skills and to create our own systems. Software mechanism emulates the methods of manufacturing, and thereby restricts us to high levels of abstraction and simple, isolated structures. The benefits of software, however, can be attained only if we start with low-level elements and learn to create complex, interacting structures. Software, the book argues, is a non-mechanistic phenomenon. So it is akin to language, not to physical objects. Like language, it permits us to mirror the world in our minds and to communicate with it. Moreover, we increasingly depend on software in everything we do, in the same way that we depend on language. Thus, being restricted to mechanistic software is like thinking and communicating while being restricted to some ready-made sentences supplied by an elite. Ultimately, by impoverishing software, our elites are achieving what the totalitarian elite described by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" achieves by impoverishing language: they are degrading our minds.
Fundamentals Of Nursing Models Theories And Practice
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Author : Hugh A. McKenna
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2014-04-14
Fundamentals Of Nursing Models Theories And Practice written by Hugh A. McKenna and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-04-14 with Medical categories.
A concise, accessible introduction to the development, application and evaluation of nursing theories, this new edition of Fundamentals of Nursing Models, Theories & Practice provides a thorough overview of the body of knowledge on the topic, and a clear outline of their relevance to everyday nursing practice. Linking the development of theory to practice, this full-updated text features learning outcomes, key concept summaries and reflective exercises to aid the study of this key element of all modern nursing courses. Special Features Clearly examines the relationship between nursing theory, clinical practice and nursing roles Accessible and user-friendly with a range of features to help study, including key concepts, learning objectives and reflective exercises Useful for all pre-registration nursing students, as well as newly qualified nurses Accompanied by an online resource centre featuring case studies, multiple choice questions, exercises and activities
The Two Fundamental Problems Of The Theory Of Knowledge
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Author : Karl Popper
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2014-05-01
The Two Fundamental Problems Of The Theory Of Knowledge written by Karl Popper and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-01 with Philosophy categories.
In a letter of 1932, Karl Popper described Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie – The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge – as ‘...a child of crises, above all of ...the crisis of physics.’ Finally available in English, it is a major contribution to the philosophy of science, epistemology and twentieth century philosophy generally. The two fundamental problems of knowledge that lie at the centre of the book are the problem of induction, that although we are able to observe only a limited number of particular events, science nevertheless advances unrestricted universal statements; and the problem of demarcation, which asks for a separating line between empirical science and non-science. Popper seeks to solve these two basic problems with his celebrated theory of falsifiability, arguing that the inferences made in science are not inductive but deductive; science does not start with observations and proceed to generalise them but with problems, which it attacks with bold conjectures. The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge is essential reading for anyone interested in Karl Popper, in the history and philosophy of science, and in the methods and theories of science itself.