Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants For Regulatory Consideration

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Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants For Regulatory Consideration

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2001-09-01

Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants For Regulatory Consideration written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-09-01 with Nature categories.

Americans drink many gallons of tap water every day, but many of them question the safety of tap water every day as well. In fact, devices have been created to filter tap water directly before reaching cups. It's true; however, that the provision and management of safe drinking water throughout the United States have seen triumphs in public health since the beginning of the 20th century. Although, advances in water treatment, source water protection efforts, and the presence of local, state, and federal regulatory protection have developed over the years, water in the United States still contain chemical, microbiological, and other types of contaminants at detectable and at times harmful levels. This in addition to the growth of microbial pathogens that can resist traditional water treatment practices have led to the question: Where and how should the U.S. government focus its attention and limited resources to ensure safe drinking water supplies for the future? To deal with these issues the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1996 Safe included a request that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publish a list of unregulated chemical and microbial contaminants and contaminant groups every five years that are or could pose risks in the drinking water of public water systems. The first list, called the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL), was published in March 1998. The main function of the CCL is to provide the basis for deciding whether to regulate at least five new contaminants from the CCL every five years. However, since additional research and monitoring need to be conducted for most of the contaminants on the 1998 CCL, the list is also used to prioritize these related activities. Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants for Regulatory Consideration is the third report by the Committee on Dinking Water Contaminants with the purpose of providing advice regarding the setting of priorities among drinking water contaminants in order to identify those contaminants that pose the greatest threats to public health. The committee is comprised of 14 volunteer experts in water treatment engineering, toxicology, public health, epidemiology, water and analytical chemistry, risk assessment, risk communication, public water system operations, and microbiology and is jointly overseen by the National Research Council's (NRC'S) Water Science and Technology Board and Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. In this report the committee needed to readdress its second report as well as explore the feasibility of developing and using mechanisms for identifying emerging microbial pathogens for research and regulatory activities. The promotion of public health remains the guiding principle of the committee's recommendations and conclusions in this report.

Drinking Water Regulation And Health

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Author : Frederick Pontius
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2003-07-18

Drinking Water Regulation And Health written by Frederick Pontius and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-07-18 with Science categories.

The Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 instituted wide-ranging regulatory changes to the seminal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)-such as providing funding to communities facing health risks, focusing regulatory efforts on contaminants posing such health risks, and adding flexibility to the regulatory process- and the amendments continue to shape regulations and regulatory policy to this day. Editor Frederick Pontius's Drinking Water Regulation and Health provides a comprehensive, up-to-date resource on the current regulatory landscape. Drinking Water Regulation and Health serves as a guide for water utilities, regulators, and consultants, forecasting future trends and explaining the latest developments in regulations. A diverse group of contributors covers topics such as water treatment, water protection, how some of the regulations have been interpreted in the courts, how water utilities can stay in compliance, and how to satisfy customer expectations, especially sensitive subpopulations. Divided into four sections - The SDWA and Public Health, Regulation Development, Contaminant Regulation and Treatment, and Compliance Challenges - the book includes chapters on: * Improving Waterborne Disease Surveillance * Application of Risk Assessments in Crafting Drinking Water Regulations * Control of Drinking Water Pathogens and Disinfection By-Products * Selection of Treatment Technology for SDWA Compliance * Death of the Silent Service: Meeting Consumer Expectations * Achieving Sustainable Water Systems * What Water Suppliers Need to Know About Toxic Tort Litigation

A Guide To Virology For Engineers And Applied Scientists

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Author : Megan M. Reynolds
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2023-01-25

A Guide To Virology For Engineers And Applied Scientists written by Megan M. Reynolds and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-25 with Technology & Engineering categories.

A Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists A hands-on guide covering the fundamentals of virology written from an engineering perspective In A Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists: Epidemiology, Emergency Management, and Optimization, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a robust and accessible treatment of virology from an engineering perspective. The book synthesizes a great deal of general information on viruses—including coronaviruses—in a single volume. It provides critical context that engineers and applied scientists can use to evaluate and manage viruses encountered in the environment. The fundamental principles of virology are explored with calculation details for health and hazard risk assessments. Each chapter combines numerous illustrative examples and sample problems ideal for advanced courses in environmental health and safety, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science and engineering. Readers will also find: A detailed introduction to health and hazard risk analysis and assessment that is complete with technical information and calculation details Comprehensive illustrative examples and practice problems for use by educators and professionals in training Practical discussions of virology by authors with combined experience in pharmaceuticals and environmental health and safety Thorough treatments of virology from the perspective of a professional engineer A definitive source for those working in related fields who wish to deepen their overall understanding of viruses Perfect for chemical, civil, mechanical, biochemical engineers, and applied scientists, A Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists: Epidemiology, Emergency Management, and Optimization will also earn a place in the libraries of industrial hygiene professionals and instructors, students, and practitioners in environmental health, pharmaceuticals, public health, and epidemiology.

Regional Cooperation For Water Quality Improvement In Southwestern Pennsylvania

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2005-05-04

Regional Cooperation For Water Quality Improvement In Southwestern Pennsylvania written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-05-04 with Nature categories.

The city of Pittsburgh and surrounding area of southwestern Pennsylvania face complex water quality problems, due in large part to aging wastewater infrastructures that cannot handle sewer overflows and stormwater runoff, especially during wet weather. Other problems such as acid mine drainage are a legacy of the region's past coal mining, heavy industry, and manufacturing economy. Currently, water planning and management in southwestern Pennsylvania is highly fragmented; federal and state governments, 11 counties, hundreds of municipalities, and other entities all play roles, but with little coordination or cooperation. The report finds that a comprehensive, watershed-based approach is needed to effectively meet water quality standards throughout the region in the most cost-effective manner. The report outlines both technical and institutional alternatives to consider in the development and implementation of such an approach.

Review Of The Desalination And Water Purification Technology Roadmap

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2004-04-20

Review Of The Desalination And Water Purification Technology Roadmap written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-04-20 with Nature categories.

The Bureau of Reclamation and Sandia National Laboratories jointly developed the Roadmap to serve as a strategic research pathway for desalination and water purification technologies to meet future water needs. The book recommends that the Roadmap include a sharper focus on the research and technological advancements needed to reach the long-term objectives. The book also suggests that the environmental, economic, and social costs of energy required by increased dependence on desalination be examined. Strategies for implementing the Roadmap initiative are provided.

Endangered And Threatened Species Of The Platte River

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2005-01-24

Endangered And Threatened Species Of The Platte River written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-01-24 with Science categories.

The tension between wildlife protection under the Endangered Species Act and water management in the Platte River Basin has existed for more than 25 years. The Platte River provides important habitat for migratory and breeding birds, including three endangered or threatened species: the whooping crane, the northern Great Plains population of the piping plover, and the interior least tern. The leading factors attributed to the decline of the cranes are historical overhunting and widespread habitat destruction and, for the plovers and terns, human interference during nesting and the loss of riverine nesting sites in open sandy areas that have been replaced with woodlands, sand and gravel mines, housing, and roadways. Extensive damming has disrupted passage of the endangered pallid sturgeon and resulted in less suitable habitat conditions such as cooler stream flows, less turbid waters, and inconsistent flow regimes. Commercial harvesting, now illegal, also contributed to the decline of the sturgeon. Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River addresses the habitat requirements for these federally protected species. The book further examines the scientific aspects of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's instream-flow recommendations and habitat suitability guidelines and assesses the science concerning the connections among the physical systems of the river as they relate to species' habitats.

Preparing For The Third Decade Of The National Water Quality Assessment Program

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2012-12-20

Preparing For The Third Decade Of The National Water Quality Assessment Program written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-20 with Nature categories.

The first two decades of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program have provided a successful and useful assessment of U.S. water-quality conditions, how they have changed over time, and how natural features and human activities have affected those conditions. Now, planning is underway for the third decade (Cycle 3) of the Program outlined in the Science Plan, with challenges including ensuring that the NAWQA remain a national program in the face of declining resources, balancing new activities against long-term studies, and maintaining focus amidst numerous and competing stakeholder demands. The Science Plan for Cycle 3 articulates a forward-thinking vision for NAWQA science over the next decade, building on the previous cycles' data, experience, and products. Preparing for the Third Decade (Cycle 3) of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program explains the national needs outlined in the plan, NAWQA's need to emphasize collaboration with other USGS and external programs, other federal agencies, state and local governments, and the private sector.

Refinements To The Methods For Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2016-04-07

Refinements To The Methods For Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-07 with Science categories.

Human spaceflight is inherently risky, with numerous potential hazards posed at each phase of a mission. Potential health risks during spaceflights include short-term health consequences from being in microgravity, as well as long-term health consequences that arise, or continue, months or years after a flight. Additional health considerations are risks posed by exposure to environmental contaminants onboard spacecraft. Because the International Space Station and spacecraft are closed environments that require recirculation of air and water supplies, some contamination of the air and water will occur. Even with onboard air and water purification systems, chemicals will accumulate in the air and water as they recirculate or are recycled onboard. Therefore, it is necessary for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to identify hazardous contaminants and determine exposure levels that are not expected to pose a health risk to astronauts. NASA uses spacecraft maximum allowance concentrations (SMACs) and spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) to provide guidance on acceptable exposures to air and water contaminants during normal operations and emergency situations. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines updates the methods for establishing SMACs and SWEGs and assists NASA with identifying chemicals that need updated SMACs or SWEGs and new chemicals for which these guidelines should be developed.

Water And Sustainable Development

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2004-06-14

Water And Sustainable Development written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-06-14 with Science categories.

Experts in the areas of water science and chemistry from the government, industry, and academic arenas discussed ways to maximize opportunities for these disciplines to work together to develop and apply simple technologies while addressing some of the world's key water and health problems. Since global water challenges cross both scientific disciplines, the chemical sciences have the ability to be a key player in improving the lives of billions of people around the world.

Confronting The Nation S Water Problems

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2004-11-14

Confronting The Nation S Water Problems written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-11-14 with Science categories.

In order to confront the increasingly severe water problems faced by all parts of the country, the United States needs to make a new commitment to research on water resources. A new mechanism is needed to coordinate water research currently fragmented among nearly 20 federal agencies. Given the competition for water among farmers, communities, aquatic ecosystems and other users-as well as emerging challenges such as climate change and the threat of waterborne diseases-Confronting the Nation's Water Problems concludes that an additional $70 million in federal funding should go annually to water research. Funding should go specifically to the areas of water demand and use, water supply augmentation, and other institutional research topics. The book notes that overall federal funding for water research has been stagnant in real terms for the past 30 years and that the portion dedicated to research on water use and social science topics has declined considerably.