Conflict And Conversion In Sixteenth Century Central Mexico
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Conflict And Conversion In Sixteenth Century Central Mexico
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Author : Robert H. Jackson
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2013-04-25
Conflict And Conversion In Sixteenth Century Central Mexico written by Robert H. Jackson and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-25 with History categories.
Concerns over native resistance to evangelization on and beyond the Chichimeca frontier (the frontier between sedentary and nomadic natives) prompted the Augustinian missionaries to use graphic visual images of hell to convince natives to embrace the new faith. The Augustinians believed that they were in a war against Satan.
Visualizing The Miraculous Visualizing The Sacred
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Author : Robert H. Jackson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2014-10-21
Visualizing The Miraculous Visualizing The Sacred written by Robert H. Jackson and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-21 with History categories.
French historian Robert Ricard postulated a quick and facile evangelization of the native populations of central Mexico. However, evidence shows that native peoples incorporated Catholicism into their religious beliefs on their own terms, and continued to make sacrifices to their traditional deities. In particular the deities of rain (Tlaloc and Dzahui) and the fertility of the soil (Xipe Totec) continued to be important following the conquest and the beginning of the so-called spiritual conquest. This study examines visual evidence of the persistence of traditional religious practices, including embedded pre-hispanic stones placed in churches and convents, and pre-hispanic iconography in what ostensibly were Christian murals.
Evangelization And Cultural Conflict In Colonial Mexico
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Author : Robert H. Jackson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2014-05-02
Evangelization And Cultural Conflict In Colonial Mexico written by Robert H. Jackson and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-02 with History categories.
In a study published in the mid-twentieth century, French historian Robert Ricard postulated that the evangelization and conversion of the native populations of Mexico had been rapid and relatively easy. However, different forms of evidence show that the so-called “spiritual conquest” was anything but easy or rapid, and, in fact, natives continued to practice their traditional beliefs alongside Catholicism. Within several decades of initiating the so-called “spiritual conquest,” the campaign to evangelize and convert the native populations, the missionaries faced growing evidence of idolatry or the persistence of traditional religious practices and apostasy, straying from Church teachings. The evidence includes written documents such as inquisition investigations that resulted, for example, in the execution of don Carlos, the native ruler of Tezcoco, on December 1, 1539, or that uncovered evidence of systematic organized resistance to Dominican missionaries in the Sierra Mixteca of Oaxaca. Other forms of evidence include pre-Hispanic religious iconography incorporated into what ostensibly were Christian murals, and pre-Hispanic stones embedded in the churches and convents the missionaries had built. One example of this was the stone with the face of Tláloc at the rear of the Franciscan church Santiago Tlatelolco in Distrito Federal. During the course of some three centuries, missionaries from different Catholic religious orders attempted to convert the native populations of colonial Mexico, with mixed results. Native groups throughout colonial Mexico resisted the imposition of the new religion in overt and covert forms, and incorporated Catholicism into their worldview on their own terms. Native cultural and religious traditions were more flexible than the Iberian Catholic norms introduced by the missionaries. The so-called “spiritual conquest,” a term coined by Ricard, evolved as a cultural war set against the backdrop of the imposition of a foreign colonial regime. The 11 essays in this volume examine the efforts to evangelize the native populations of Mexico, the approaches taken by the missionaries, and native responses. The contributions investigate the interplay between natives and missionaries in central Mexico, and on the southern and northern frontiers of New Spain, and among sedentary and non-sedentary natives. In the end, many natives found little in the new faith to attract them, and resisted the imposition of new religious norms and way of life.
The Population Of Central Mexico In The Sixteenth Century
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Author : Lesley Byrd Simpson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
The Population Of Central Mexico In The Sixteenth Century written by Lesley Byrd Simpson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with categories.
Pames Jonaces And Franciscans In The Sierra Gorda
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Author : Robert H. Jackson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2017-01-06
Pames Jonaces And Franciscans In The Sierra Gorda written by Robert H. Jackson and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-06 with History categories.
In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish faced a prolonged conflict in Mexico known as the Chichimeca War (1550–1600) beyond the porous cultural frontier between the sedentary indigenous populations of central Mexico and the bands of nomadic hunters and gatherers collectively known by the derogatory Náhuatl term “Chichimeca” or “Mecos”. Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian missionaries developed methods and an organizational scheme to evangelize the sedentary populations of central Mexico, but this did not work well beyond the Chichimeca frontier where missions often proved to be ephemeral. Moreover, the missionaries uncovered evidence of the persistence of pre-Hispanic religious beliefs as they also did in central Mexico. In many cases, the missionaries focused their attention on the colonies of sedentary indigenous peoples established beyond the frontier. This study outlines efforts over more than 200 years to evangelize the Pames and Jonaces in a huge territory known as the Sierra Gorda that covered parts of the modern states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi, and involved Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian, and Jesuit missionaries. It documents the last missionary impulse spurred by the project of José de Escandón and a new group of Franciscan missionaries to get the Pames and Jonaces to adopt a sedentary lifestyle after two centuries of failed efforts.
A Visual Catalog Of Sixteenth Century Central Mexican Doctrinas
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Author : Fernando Esparragoza Amador
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2017-06-20
A Visual Catalog Of Sixteenth Century Central Mexican Doctrinas written by Fernando Esparragoza Amador and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-20 with Religion categories.
The Spanish conquest of central Mexico in 1521 set in motion an evangelization campaign to convert the large indigenous populations to Catholicism. Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians participated in the first stages of this campaign. The missionaries established doctrinas (missions) in many indigenous communities, and, during the sixteenth century, directed the construction of new sacred complexes, often on the site of pre-Hispanic temples. Many of the convent complexes still survive in various states of conservation. This Visual Catalog offers historical data regarding the convent complexes, as well as an extensive collection of photographs of the surviving buildings, murals, and design elements, and documents the Franciscan doctrinas. In the 1580s, Fray Antonio de Ciudad Real, O.F.M. accompanied the Comisario General Fray Alonso Ponce, O.F.M. on an inspection of the Franciscan installations in central Mexico and Central America. The book reproduces his descriptions of the Franciscan missions, and is accompanied by photographs of the convent complexes. It also documents the Dominican and Augustinian doctrinas, and discusses selected Jesuit colegios and missions in Mexico. The Jesuits first arrived in Mexico in 1572, and did not participate in the first evangelization campaign. They were active in urban missions and education, and also established missions on the far northern frontier of Mexico.
A Visual Catalog Of Spanish Frontier Missions 16th To 19th Centuries
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Author : Robert H. Jackson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2019-02-01
A Visual Catalog Of Spanish Frontier Missions 16th To 19th Centuries written by Robert H. Jackson and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-01 with Religion categories.
From the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, the Spanish Crown sponsored missions staffed by members of different Catholic missionary orders to evangelize the indigenous populations, and engage in social engineering in line with royal policy. The missionaries directed the construction of building complexes that included churches, leaving behind an important historical and architectural legacy. This visual catalog documents the surviving complexes on selected missions on the frontiers of Spanish America in what today is Mexico and parts of South America. It also presents basic historical data on the mission communities, including demographic data, and documents damage to early mission buildings by the earthquakes of September 7 and September 19, 2018.
The Bourbon Reforms And The Remaking Of Spanish Frontier Missions
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Author : Robert H. Jackson
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2022-01-17
The Bourbon Reforms And The Remaking Of Spanish Frontier Missions written by Robert H. Jackson and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-01-17 with Political Science categories.
During the eighteenth century the Spanish Bourbon monarchs attempted to transform Spanish America. This study analyses the efforts to transform frontier missions, and the consequences and particularly demographic consequences for the indigenous peoples that lived on the missions.
Frontiers Of Evangelization
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Author : Robert H. Jackson
language : en
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
Release Date : 2017-07-21
Frontiers Of Evangelization written by Robert H. Jackson and has been published by University of Oklahoma Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-21 with History categories.
The Spanish crown wanted native peoples in its American territories to be evangelized and, to that end, facilitated the establishment of missions by various Catholic orders. Focusing on the Franciscan missions of the Sierra Gorda in Northern New Spain (Mexico) and the Jesuit missions of Chiquitos in what is now Bolivia, Frontiers of Evangelization takes a comparative approach to understanding the experiences of indigenous populations in missions on the frontiers of Spanish America. Marshaling a wealth of data from sacramental, military, and census records, Robert H. Jackson explores the many factors that influenced the stability of mission settlements, including the indigenous communities’ previous subsistence patterns and family structures, the evangelical techniques of the missionary orders, the social and political organization within the mission communities, and epidemiology in relation to population density and mobility. The two orders, Jackson’s research shows, organized and administered their missions very differently. The Franciscans took a heavy-handed approach and implemented disruptive social policies, while the Jesuits engaged in a comparatively “kinder and gentler” form of colonization. Yet the most critical factor to the missions’ success, Jackson finds, was the indigenous peoples’ existing demographic profile—in particular, their mobility. Nonsedentary populations, like the Pames and Jonaces of the Sierra Gorda, were more prone to demographic collapse once brought into the mission system, whereas sedentary groups, like the Guaraní of Chiquitos, experienced robust growth and greater resistance to disease and natural disaster. Drawing on more than three decades of scholarly work, this analysis of crucial archival material augments our understanding of the role of missions in colonization, and the fate of indigenous peoples in Spanish America.
The Population Of Central Mexico In The Sixteenth Century
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Author : Sherburne Friend Cook
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1960
The Population Of Central Mexico In The Sixteenth Century written by Sherburne Friend Cook and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1960 with Mexico categories.