Consolidated Guidance On Tuberculosis Data Generation And Use Module 4 Surveys Of Costs Faced By Households Affected By Tuberculosis
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Consolidated Guidance On Tuberculosis Data Generation And Use Module 4 Surveys Of Costs Faced By Households Affected By Tuberculosis
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2025-05-23
Consolidated Guidance On Tuberculosis Data Generation And Use Module 4 Surveys Of Costs Faced By Households Affected By Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-05-23 with Medical categories.
WHO End TB Strategy includes among its top three impact targets that no TB-affected households face total costs that are catastrophic. To measure progress towards the End TB Strategy target, WHO recommends baseline and periodic measurements based on national surveys to assess the total costs incurred by people treated for TB and their households. These surveys have three primary objectives: 1. to document the magnitude and main drivers of different types of costs incurred by people treated for TB and their households in order to guide policies aimed at reducing financial access barriers and minimizing the adverse socioeconomic impact of TB; 2. to determine the baseline, and periodically measure in repeat surveys, the percentage of people treated for TB and their households that incur catastrophic total costs due to TB; 3. to determine use of existing policies to mitigate costs and other socioeconomic impacts faced by people treated for TB and their households, and to recommend refinements of existing policies, or the design of new ones, based on survey results. This updated guidance builds on lessons learned from surveys implemented between 2015-2024. It provides a standardized methodology for conducting health facility-based cross-sectional surveys to assess the direct and indirect costs incurred by people treated for TB and their households. In addition, it provides guidance on conducting dialogue on the survey results and policy implications and in disseminating the survey findings, thereby enabling changes in policy and practice through multisectoral actions.
Consolidated Guidance On Tuberculosis Data Generation And Use Module 3 National Tuberculosis Prevalence Surveys
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2025-07-10
Consolidated Guidance On Tuberculosis Data Generation And Use Module 3 National Tuberculosis Prevalence Surveys written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-07-10 with Medical categories.
National TB prevalence surveys are a key tool used by WHO to estimate the burden of TB disease in a country. Repeat surveys allow for the assessment of trends, and of the impact of interventions to reduce the burden of disease; thus helping to track progress towards the milestones and targets for reductions in TB incidence set in the WHO End TB Strategy. Between 2007 and 2024, a total of 36 surveys in 32 countries were implemented using the screening and diagnostic methods recommended by WHO. These surveys were guided by two WHO publications, first in 2007 and then in 2011. Since then, major technological developments have occurred, and important lessons have been learned from surveys implemented. This new edition is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis and reporting of national TB prevalence surveys in the period up to about 2030. It includes: - major revisions to the diagnostic algorithms that are recommended for use in national TB prevalence surveys, and in turn the case definitions used to count the number of survey participants who have TB disease; - updated guidance on sampling design and the analysis and reporting of data, based on the new diagnostic algorithms and case definitions; - updated and considerably expanded guidance on data management; - updated guidance on chest radiography, clinical management, survey management and field operations; and - new chapters on testing for HIV and comorbidities, survey monitoring, comparisons with previous surveys, reporting and dissemination of survey results, and use of survey data.
Global Tuberculosis Report 2019
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-08-12
Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 written by World Health Organization and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-12 with categories.
WHO has published a global TB report every year since 1997. The main aim of the report is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic, and of progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, at global, regional and country levels. This is done in the context of recommended global TB strategies and targets endorsed by WHO?s Member States, broader development goals set by the United Nations (UN) and targets set in the political declaration at the first UN high-level meeting on TB (held in September 2018). The 2019 edition of the global TB report was released on 17 October 2019. The data in this report are updated annually. Please note that direct comparisons between estimates of TB disease burden in the latest report and previous reports are not appropriate. The most recent time-series of estimates are published in the 2019 global TB report.
Who Consolidated Guidelines On Tuberculosis Module 2
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2021-03-22
Who Consolidated Guidelines On Tuberculosis Module 2 written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-22 with Medical categories.
The WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 2: screening – systematic screening for tuberculosis disease is an updated and consolidated summary of WHO recommendations on systematic screening for tuberculosis (TB) disease, containing 17 recommendations for populations in which TB screening should be conducted and tools to be used for TB screening. TB screening is strongly recommendations for household and close contacts of individuals with TB, people living with HIV, miners exposed to silica dust, and prisoners. In addition, screening is conditionally recommended for people with risk factors for TB attending health care, and for communities with risk factors for TB and limited access to care (e.g. homeless, urban poor, refugees, migrants). General population screening is recommended in high-burden settings (0.5% prevalence or higher). Symptoms, chest radiography (CXR), and molecular WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests for TB are recommended as screening tools for all adults eligible for screening. Computer-aided detection programmes are recommended as alternatives to human interpretation of CXR in settings where trained personnel are scarce. For people living with HIV, C-reactive protein is also a good screening tool. This guideline document is accompanied by an operational handbook, the WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 2: screening – systematic screening for tuberculosis disease, that presents principles of screening, steps in planning and implementing a screening programme, and algorithm options for screening different populations.
Global Tuberculosis Control
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2010
Global Tuberculosis Control written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Medical categories.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has published an annual report on global control of tuberculosis (TB) every year since 1997. The main purpose of the report is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and progress made in TB care and control at global, regional and country levels. This fifteenth annual report contains more up-to-date information than any previous report in the series, following earlier data collection and the completion of the production cycle within a calendar year. This report includes the same wealth of information as previous reports in the series, but three new features are worth highlighting. First, the data are more up-to-date than those included in previous reports. Data up to and including 2009 are presented for almost all key indicators; financial data extend to 2011. Second, results from several analyses undertaken for the first time in 2010 are included. Examples are: (i) for each of the 22 high-burden countries (HBCs), trends in rates of TB incidence and mortality since 1990 combined with projections of whether the target of halving the 1990 mortality rate by 2015 will be achieved; (ii) estimates of the lives saved by TB control between 1995 and 2009 and projections of the additional lives that could be saved up to 2015, including separate estimates for women and children; (iii) assessment of progress in implementing and financing TB care and control against the targets included in a just-released and updated version of the Global Plan to Stop TB; and (iv) a new and compelling compilation of data showing the contribution that PP PP M can make to case detection. Third, country profiles are available for all countries (rather than the 22 HBCs only) and can be downloaded online at www.who.int/tb/data, always drawing on the latest data available in WHO s global TB database. Annex 1 explains the methods that were used to produce estimates of disease burden. Annex 2 contains summary tables that provide global, regional and country-specific data for the main indicators of interest. Country profiles for all countries are available online at www.who.int/tb/data; their content is advertised in Annex 3.
Communicable Disease Control In Emergencies
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2005
Communicable Disease Control In Emergencies written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Medical categories.
This field manual is intended to help health professionals and public health coordinators working in emergency situations prevent, detect and control the major communicable diseases encountered by affected populations. The manual is the result of collaboration among a number of WHO departments and several external partner agencies in reviewing existing guidelines on communicable disease control and adapting them to emergency situations. The manual deals with the fundamental principles of communicable disease control in emergencies, which are: Rapid assessment to identify the communicable disease threats faced by the emergency-affected population, including those with epidemic potential, and define the health status of the population by conducting a rapid assessment; Prevention to prevent communicable disease by maintaining a healthy physical environment and good general living conditions; Surveillance to set up or strengthen disease surveillance system with an early warning mechanism to ensure the early reporting of cases to monitor disease trends, and to facilitate prompt detection and response to outbreaks; outbreak control to ensure outbreaks are rapidly detected and controlled through adequate preparedness (i.e. stockpiles, standard treatment protocols and staff training) and rapid response (i.e.confirmation, investigation and implementation of control measures); and disease management to diagnose and treat cases promptly with trained staff using effective treatment and standard protocols at all health facilities.
A Practical Guide To Trade Policy Analysis
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Author : United Nations
language : en
Publisher: United Nations Publications
Release Date : 2012
A Practical Guide To Trade Policy Analysis written by United Nations and has been published by United Nations Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Political Science categories.
In recent years, globalization and trade openings have become increasingly contentious. This book aims to fill a gap in the market by guiding the users through the main sources of data and the most useful empirical tools for trade and trade policy analysis in an applied, real-world context. This approach builds on the comparative advantage of the authoring organizations - the WTO and UNCTAD - both of which have a strong policy focus. It quantifies trade flows and trade policies, presents the gravity models, and covers a number of simulation methodologies to predict the effects of trade and trade-related policies on trade flows, welfare and the distribution of income.
Design And Implementation Of Health Information Systems
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Author : World Health Organization Staff
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000
Design And Implementation Of Health Information Systems written by World Health Organization Staff and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Medical categories.
This book provides a practical guide to the design and implementation of health information systems in developing countries. Noting that most existing systems fail to deliver timely, reliable, and relevant information, the book responds to the urgent need to restructure systems and make them work as both a resource for routine decisions and a powerful tool for improving health services. With this need in mind, the authors draw on their extensive personal experiences to map out strategies, pinpoint common pitfalls, and guide readers through a host of conceptual and technical options. Information needs at all levels - from patient care to management of the national health system - are considered in this comprehensive guide. Recommended lines of action are specific to conditions seen in government-managed health systems in the developing world. In view of common constraints on time and resources, the book concentrates on strategies that do not require large resources, highly trained staff, or complex equipment. Throughout the book, case studies and numerous practical examples are used to explore problems and illustrate solutions. Details range from a list of weaknesses that plague most existing systems, through advice on when to introduce computers and how to choose appropriate software and hardware, to the hotly debated question of whether patient records should be kept by the patient or filed at the health unit. The book has fourteen chapters presented in four parts. Chapters in the first part, on information for decision-making, explain the potential role of health information as a managerial tool, consider the reasons why this potential is rarely realized, and propose general approaches for reform which have proved successful in several developing countries. Presentation of a six-step procedure for restructuring information systems, closely linked to an organizational model of health services, is followed by a practical discussion of the decision-making process. Reasons for the failure of most health information to influence decisions are also critically assessed. Against this background, the second and most extensive part provides a step-by-step guide to the restructuring of information systems aimed at improving the quality and relevance of data and ensuring their better use in planning and management. Steps covered include the identification of information needs and indicators, assessment of the existing system, and the collection of both routine and non-routine data using recommended procedures and instruments. Chapters also offer advice on procedures for data transmission and processing, and discuss the requirements of systems designed to collect population-based community information. Resource needs and technical tools are addressed in part three. A comprehensive overview of the resource base - from staff and training to the purchase and maintenance of equipment - is followed by chapters offering advice on the introduction of computerized systems in developing countries, and explaining the many applications of geographic information systems. Practical advice on how to restructure a health information system is provided in the final part, which considers how different interest groups can influence the design and implementation of a new system, and proposes various design options for overcoming specific problems. Experiences from several developing countries are used to illustrate strategies and designs in terms of those almost certain to fail and those that have the greatest chances of success
Poverty In The Philippines
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Poverty In The Philippines written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Electronic books categories.
Consolidated Guidance On Tuberculosis Data Generation And Use Module 1 Tuberculosis Surveillance
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2024-04-29
Consolidated Guidance On Tuberculosis Data Generation And Use Module 1 Tuberculosis Surveillance written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-04-29 with Medical categories.
Since 1995, WHO has ensured a consistent approach to national, regional and global TB surveillance by providing standardized definitions, forms and registers for the recording and reporting of individual-level and aggregated data about people diagnosed with and treated for TB, which are used worldwide. This standardization has facilitated the regular reporting of TB data to WHO from 215 countries and areas in annual rounds of global TB data collection, with findings published in an annual WHO global TB report since 1997 and data made publicly available via the online WHO global TB database. The goal of this 2024 edition of WHO guidance on TB surveillance (following the last major update published in 2013) is to ensure the continued worldwide standardization of TB surveillance, in the context of the WHO End TB Strategy, the latest WHO guidelines on TB screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and commitments made at the 2023 UN high-level meeting on TB, while also promoting the establishment or strengthening of digital, case-based TB surveillance that is integrated within the overall public health architecture. This 2024 edition provides a comprehensive and consolidated package, bringing together both updated guidance as well as (within web annexes) closely related WHO products, tools and documentation related to TB surveillance. The web annexes (and associated links to them) are listed below. The package was informed by (and includes a summary of) lessons learned about TB surveillance during more than 100 national TB epidemiological reviews conducted since 2013.