Criminology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Criminology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Criminology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Crime as a Legal, Social and Psychological Construct; Deviance and Crime; Traditional Crimes: Crimes against Property and Person (Children, Women, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ), Marginalized, Men). 2. Victimless Crimes: Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Beggary, Commercial Sex, Suicide; Family centred Crimes: Dowry, Domestic Violence, Child Abuse; Community Problems: Inter-religion and Intercaste tensions and conflicts. 3. Modern Crimes: Organized Crimes, Economic Crimes, Corruption, Corporate Crimes, Development induced Crime, Environmental Crimes, Hate Crimes, Cyber Crimes and Cyber assisted Crimes. 4. Terrorism and Insurgency; Crime and Politics; Media, Technology and Crime; Transnational Crimes. 5. Criminology: Definition and Scope; Criminology and other Social Sciences; Criminology vs. Criminal Justice. 6. Structure of Criminal Justice System in India; Role of Legislature and Law making; Coordination among Criminal Justice System; Participation of Victims and Witnesses in the Criminal Justice Process. 7. Crime Prevention: Neighbourhood Involvement, Situational Crime Prevention, Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), Electronic Monitoring. 8. Schools of Criminology: Demonology, Classical, Neo-Classical Schools; Positivist / Positive School; Cartographic School. 9. Biological and Constitutional School - Body Types, Hereditary Traits, Endocrine Glands; Economic Theories of Crime; Multiple Factors. 10. Psycho-Analytical Theories and Psychopathic Personality; Social Strain Theories: Anomie theory, Culture conflict and Sub culture theory. 11. Social Ecology Theories: Concentric Zone theory, Environmental Criminology, Social disorganization theory, Lower class culture theory. 12. Social Learning Theories: Theory of Imitation, Differential Association Theory, Differential Identification theory, and Differential opportunity theory. 13. Social Control Theories: Drift and Neutralization theory, Containment theory, Social bond theory. 14. Social Conflict Theories: Labelling Theory, Radical Criminology, Conflict Criminology, Critical Criminology, Realist Criminology. 15. Modern Theories: Routine Activities theory, Rational Choice theory, Shaming theory, Broken windows theory, Feminist Criminology, Masculinity theory. 16. Life Course theory, Integrated theories, Space Transition theory; Contemporary Perspectives: Cultural Criminology, News making Criminology, Peacemaking Criminology, Green Criminology, Visual Criminology, Cyber Criminology, Positive Criminology, Translational Criminology. 17. Legal Approaches: Accusatorial and Inquisitorial; Substantive and Procedural Laws- Criminal Liability, Strict Liability; Indian Penal Code-General Exceptions, Offences Against Property. 18. Criminal Procedure Code; Cognizable and Non-Cognizable offences, Bailable and Non-bailable, Compoundable and Non-compoundable offences. 19. Investigation of Crimes: Complaint, F. I. R. Arrest, Search, Seizure, Police Custody, Judicial Remand and Bail. 20. Types of Evidence, Admissibility of Confession, Dying declaration. 21. Human Rights: Fundamental rights, Rights of accused and victims, Rights of persons in custody, Rights of prisoners. 22. Supreme Court Landmark Judgments on Criminal Justice Reforms; The Protection of Human Rights Act; Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act - Salient features. 23. Criminological Research: Importance and Types - Descriptive, Analytical, Experimental, Exploratory and Doctrinal; Quantitative vs Qualitative research; Mixed Methods. 24. Main Steps in Criminological Research; Ethics and Confidentiality in Criminal Justice Research; Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism; Crime and Criminal Justice Data; Statistical Applications in Criminological Research. 25. Penology – definition, nature and scope; Punishment-in ancient, medieval and modern times; Punishment: Significance, Concept, Aims and Types. 26. Theories of Punishment; Sentencing – Principles, Policies and Procedures; Capital Punishment. 27. Recent approaches to Punishment – Restorative Justice, Restitution and Victim-offender Mediation; History and evolution of Prison legislations – Prison Manuals and rules. 28. Various Prison Reforms Committees and Commissions; Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules) and Nelson Mandela Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. 29. Development of various prison systems - Penitentiary, Pennsylvania, Auburn system; Evolution and development of Prison system in India; Institutional Treatment: Meaning and purpose. 30. Prison Types and Classification of Prisoners; Adult Institutions: Central, District and Sub Jails; Women Institutions: Vigilance Home, Protective home; Open Prisons. 31. Accommodation, food and medical care in prisons; Correctional Programmes – Educational, work and prison panchayats. 32. Community based Corrections: Probation and Admonition: Concept and Scope, Historical development of probation; Probation in India – Probation of offenders Act. 33. Parole: Meaning and Scope; After Care services in India; Current problems and challenges in Correctional Administration. 34. Juvenile and Youth Justice: Definition and Concept; Delinquency; Children in conflict with Law; Children and Vulnerability; Truancy and Vagrancy; Youth Crimes. 35. Main Features of latest Juvenile Justice Act; Institutions: Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, Observation Homes, Juvenile Homes, Special Homes, and ‘fit’ Institutions. 36. Juvenile Aftercare Services; Juvenile Police Unit; UN Documents: United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) and UN Riyadh Guidelines; Prevention of Delinquency. 37. Historical development of Victimology; Basic Concepts of Victimology; UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985; Victim – Offender relationship. 38. Impact of Victimization– Physical, Financial and Psychological (including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), resilience, posttraumatic growth, anger and the way victims are viewed) Impact; Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Victimization; Role of NGOs in Victim Assistance. 39. Criminological perspectives: Repeat victimization, routine activities, lifestyle exposure, fear of crime, punitivity and victimization surveys including cost of crime; Effects of crime on victims. 40. Legal perspectives: Rights of the Crime Victims as per Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and other Laws- Victim Compensation Schemes; Contemporary Developments in Victimology: Mass Victims and Mass Victimisation, Clinical Victimology, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Cyber Victimology, Positive Victimology.

Forensic Science Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Forensic Science Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces; Denudation and Weathering. 2. Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck); Theories and Process of Slope Development. 3. Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting and vulcanicity). 4. Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches). 5. Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth; Temperature, Pressure and Winds. 6. Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation); cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate). 7. Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite; ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations). 8. Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves, Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF)); Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the past; Human impact on Global Climate. 9. Relief of Oceans; Composition: Temperature, Density and Salinity; Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides. 10. Sea Level Changes; Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone. 11. Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology; Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid. 12. Human Interaction and Impacts; Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology. 13. Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation). 14. National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy; International Treaties, International Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement). 15. Population Geography: Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data reliability and errors); World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants); World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). 16. Demographic Transition; Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo); Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world patterns). 17. Migration (types, causes and consequences and models); Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and educational levels); Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries. 18. Settlement Geography: Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution); Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements (rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions); Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford). 19. Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, structure and functions of urban areas); Urban Systems (the law of the primate city and rank size rule); Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch). 20. Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman, and Hoyt); Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities; Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring and satellite towns); Social Segregation in the City; Urban Social Area Analysis; Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion). 21. Economic Geography: Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary); Natural Resources (classification, distribution and associated problems), Natural Resources Management; World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries. 22. Agricultural Geography: Land capability classification and Land Use Planning; Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop diversification; Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning; Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural Productivity; Agricultural Systems of the World. 23. Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith); World Industrial Regions; Impact of Globalisation on manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries; Tourism Industry; World distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Education and R & D) Industries. 24. Geography of Transport and Trade: Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst); Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants; World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns; Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade. 25. Regional Development: Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities; Theories of Regional Development (Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment); Global Economic Blocks; Regional Development and Social Movements in India. 26. Cultural and Social Geography: Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology; Cultural Convergence; Social Structure and Processes; Social Well-being and Quality of Life; Social Exclusion. 27. Spatial distribution of social groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language); Environment and Human Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India); Health Care Planning and Policies in India; Medical Tourism in India. 28. Political Geography: Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India); Heartland and Rimland Theories; Trends and Developments in Political Geography; Geography of Federalism. 29. Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour; Geopolitics of Climate Change; Geopolitics of World Resources; Geo-politics of India Ocean; Regional Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU); Neopolitics of World Natural Resources. 30. Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars; Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Scheafer & Hartshorne); Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. 31. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions; Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, manenvironment relationship, area studies and spatial analysis). 32. Dualisms in Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic); Paradigm Shift; Perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and Postmodernism). 33. Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial); Types of Maps; Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps); Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph). 34. GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats); Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis); Digital Elevation Model (DEM); Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum); GIS Applications (thematic cartography, spatial decision support system). 35. Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry); Types of Aerial Photographs; Digital Image Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India; GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications. 36. Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities; Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA); Time Series Analysis; Correlation and Regression Analysis; Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index; Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis; Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph. 37. Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics; Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular); Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere; Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and Marine Resources. 38. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, educational, ethnic and religious); Determinants of Population; Population Policies in India. 39. Agriculture (Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Variations in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food; Industrial Development since Independence, Industrial Regions and their characteristics, Industrial Policies in India. 40. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines); Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions); Regional Development Planning in India; Globalisation and its impact on Indian Economy; Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards and Disasters).

U G C Net Jrf Set Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper I

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Author : Dr. Lal
language : en
Publisher: Upkar Prakashan
Release Date : 2010-09

U G C Net Jrf Set Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper I written by Dr. Lal and has been published by Upkar Prakashan this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-09 with Research aptitude categories.

Law Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Law Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Nature and sources of law, alongside schools of jurisprudence. 2. Law and morality, encompassing the concept of rights and duties and legal personality. 3. Concepts of property, ownership and possession, linked with the concept of liability. 4. Law, poverty and development, considered with global justice, modernism and post-modernism. 5. Preamble, fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of state policy. 6. Union and State executive and their interrelationship, and Union and State legislature and distribution of legislative powers. 7. The Judiciary, emergency provisions, temporary, transitional and special provisions in respect of certain states, and the Election Commission of India. 8. Nature, scope and importance of administrative law, the principle of natural justice, and judicial review of administrative actions – Grounds. 9. International law – Definition, nature and basis, and sources of International law. 10. Recognition of states and governments; Nationality, immigrants, refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs); Extradition and asylum. 11. The United Nations and its organs, settlement of international disputes, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). 12. International humanitarian law (IHL) - Conventions and protocols, and the implementation of IHL - Challenges. 13. General principles of criminal liability – Actus reus and mens rea, individual and group liability and constructive liability, along with stages of crime and inchoate crimes - Abetment, criminal conspiracy and attempt. 14. General exceptions to criminal liability, offences against human body, and offences against state and terrorism. 15. Offences against property, offences against women and children, drug trafficking and counterfeiting, and offences against public tranquility. 16. Theories and kinds of punishments, and compensation to the victims of crime. 17. Nature and definition of tort, general principles of tortious liability, and general defenses. 18. Specific torts – Negligence, nuisance, trespass and defamation; Remoteness of damages; Strict and absolute liability; and Tortious liability of the State. 19. The Consumer Protection Act 1986 - Definitions, consumer rights and redressal mechanism. 20. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - No fault liability, third party insurance and claims tribunal, and The Competition Act, 2002 - Prohibition of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position and regulation of combinations. 21. Essential elements of contract and e-contract; Breach of contract, frustration of contract, void and voidable agreements; Standard form of contract and quasi-contract. 22. Specific contracts - Bailment, pledge, indemnity, guarantee and agency, and the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. 23. Partnership and limited liability partnership, and the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. 24. Company law – Incorporation of a company, prospectus, shares and debentures; Company law – Directors and meetings; and Corporate social responsibility. 25. Sources and schools of family law; Marriage and dissolution of marriage; Matrimonial remedies - Divorce and theories of divorce; and Changing dimensions of institution of marriage – Live-in relationship. 26. Recognition of foreign decrees in India on marriage and divorce, alongside maintenance, dower and stridhan. 27. Adoption, guardianship and acknowledgement; Succession and inheritance; Will, gift and wakf. 28. The Uniform Civil Code. 29. Meaning and concept of ‘environment’ and ‘environmental pollution’; International environmental law and UN Conferences; and the Constitutional and legal framework for protection of environment in India. 30. Environmental Impact Assessment and control of hazardous waste in India, and the National Green Tribunal. 31. Concept and development of human rights, universalism and cultural relativism, and the International Bill of Rights. 32. Group rights – Women, children, persons with disabilities, elderly persons, minorities and weaker sections, and the protection and enforcement of human rights in India – National Human Rights Commission, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Schedule Tribes and National Commission for Backward Classes. 33. Concept and meaning of intellectual property, theories of intellectual property, and International conventions pertaining to intellectual properties. 34. Copyright and neighboring rights – Subject matters, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies; Law of patent – Patentability, procedure for grant of patent, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies; and Law of trademark – Registration of trademarks, kinds of trademarks, infringement and passing off, remedies. 35. Protection of Geographical Indications, and Bio-diversity and Traditional Knowledge. 36. Information technology law- digital signature and electronic signature, electronic governance, electronic records and duties of subscribers, alongside Cyber crimes, penalties and adjudication. 37. Comparative Law – Relevance, methodology, problems and concerns in Comparison, and forms of governments – Presidential and parliamentary, unitary and federal. 38. Models of federalism – USA, Canada and India; Rule of Law – ‘Formal’ and ‘substantive’ versions; and Separation of powers – India, UK, USA and France. 39. Independence of judiciary, judicial activism and accountability – India, UK and USA; Systems of constitutional review – India, USA, Switzerland and France; and Amendment of the Constitution – India, USA and South Africa. 40. Ombudsman –Sweden, UK and India, and Open Government and Right to Information - USA, UK and India.

Nta Ugc Net

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Author : Dr M S Ansari
language : en
Publisher: Ramesh Publishing House
Release Date : 2020-10

Nta Ugc Net written by Dr M S Ansari and has been published by Ramesh Publishing House this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10 with categories.

This concise book on Education is specially developed for the candidates of UGC-NET for Eligibility to JRF and Assistant Professor positions. The book is also equally useful for State Eligibility Test conducted by various States. The book presents all the relevant and important Chapters and Topics in a lucid and well-structured manner to study in a reader-friendly manner. All the study and practice material has been prepared by learned subject-expert. Unit wise study material and ample amount of Solved MCQs are provided in exhaustive exercises with each unit. Along with the Latest Study Material, numerous questions in Solved Previous Papers have been provided in the book. This makes the readers familiar with the exam pattern and the type of questions asked, and enables them to face the exam with confidence, successfully. Based on the latest pattern and syllabus, the book will prove useful for study, practice and during precious moments before the exam.

Folk Literature Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Folk Literature Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Forensic Science Fundamentals: Definition, History & Development, Scope, Ethics in Forensic Science, and Concept of quality control management in Forensic institutions. 2. Physical & Trace Evidence Management: Physical Evidence: Nature, Types, Search methods, Collection, Preservation, Packing & Forwarding of Physical & Trace evidence for forensic analyses, and Chain of Custody. 3. Crime Scene and Initial Investigations: Crime Scene: Nature, Types, Preservation of Scene of Crime; and Criminal Investigations involving Unnatural deaths, Criminal assaults, Sexual offences, Poisoning, Vehicular accidents. 4. Legal Framework for Forensic Experts: Courts: Types, powers, jurisdiction, Admissibility of evidence in Courts, Definition of Experts, Provisions in Cr.P.C.,1973 & Indian Evidence Act relating to experts & their reports. 5. Court Procedures and Forensic Organizations: Court Procedures pertaining to Expert Testimony & Witness; Organization of Forensic Science Laboratories of Centre and State, NCRB and NICFS. 6. Constitutional Rights and Investigative Profiling: Fundamental Rights: Right of Equality (Articles 14 to 18) and Right of Freedom (Articles 19 to 22) as per Constitution of India; Criminal Profiling: Profile of victim and culprit, its role in crime investigation. 7. Advanced Investigative Techniques: Lie detection (Polygraphy), Narco analysis, Brain mapping, including their scope and limitations. 8. Microscopic Examination Techniques: Microscopy: Polarizing, Comparison, Stereoscopic, Fluorescent and Electron Microscopes. 9. Spectrophotometric and Activation Analysis: Spectrophotometry: UV, Visible, IR, Raman, Atomic absorption, Emission; and Neutron Activation Analysis. 10. X-ray Based Techniques and Mass Spectroscopy: X – rays and x-ray based techniques such as XRD, XRF; and Mass Spectroscopy. 11. Chromatographic and Hyphenated Analytical Methods: Chromatographic Techniques: TLC, GLC, HPLC, HPTLC; and Hyphenated Techniques: GC-MS, LC-MS, IR-MS and ICP-MS. 12. Electrophoretic and Immunoassay Techniques: Electrophoresis: High and Low voltage electrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis; and Immunoassays: Principle, Types, Techniques and applications. 13. Blood Evidence Analysis: Detection and Identification of Blood stains, Determination of Species of Origin, Blood Group Systems, and Techniques of Determination of Blood groups of Blood Stains. 14. Body Fluid Analysis and Serology: Detection of Seminal and other body fluids and their Blood Grouping, Red cells Enzymes, and Serum Proteins of forensic significance. 15. Parentage and Genetic Identification: Disputed Paternity & Maternity; DNA: Structure, DNA as genetic marker, DNA Extraction and Profiling Techniques. 16. Advanced DNA Applications and Wildlife Forensics: DNA Phenotyping and RNA Profiling & their applications; Wild life Forensics: Wild life (Protection) Act,1972, Scope, Evidences and Identification. 17. Alcohol and Illicit Liquor Analysis: Analysis of Ethyl alcohol in beverages, liquors, biological fluids and breath; Analysis of Methanol and Denaturants; and Illicit liquors. 18. Trap Case Chemicals and Drug Analysis: Analysis of Chemicals in Trap Cases; Metabolism and Chemical examination of: Insecticides & Pesticides, Tranquillizers & Sedatives, Hypnotics Stimulants, Narcotics, Opiates, Drugs of abuse, including Analyses of above and their Toxicity. 19. Poisons Examination: Examination of Plant poisons and Metallic Poisons. 20. Toxicological Extraction and Identification: Extraction, Isolation & Clean-up procedures, and Identification of common poisons from viscera, tissues and body fluids. 21. Firearms and Ammunition Fundamentals: Fire arms: Types, Classification, Ammunition and their Compositions. 22. Forensic Firearms Examination: Forensic examination of Firearms, Ammunition, Firearms’ projectiles (Bullets, Shots, Slug etc.), Shell case. 23. Gunshot Residue and Ballistics Concepts: Gunshot residues analysis; Concept of Velocity, Penetration, Dispersion, Ricochet, Accidental Discharge, Determination of Range in firearm cases. 24. Specialized Firearm Examinations and Ballistics: Examination of Country made firearms; Basics of Internal, External and Terminal Ballistics. 25. Tool Marks and Mark Restoration: Tool marks: Meaning, Types and Examination; Restoration of Erased Markings on Metal Surfaces. 26. Arson and Explosives Analysis: Fire and Arson: Analyses of Petroleum Products and other incendiary materials; Explosives: Definition, Types and Analyses. 27. Bomb and Explosion Scene Investigation: Bombs: Country made bombs, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and their examination; Investigation in Explosion and Arson related cases. 28. Forensic Photography: Photography: Types, application in criminal investigation & Forensic evidence examination. 29. Microtrace Evidence - Hair, Fibers, Pollen, Diatoms: Hair & Fibers: Nature, Types, Structure and Examination; Pollens and Diatoms: Their application in Forensic investigation. 30. Microtrace Evidence - Dust, Soil, Paint, Lacquer, Varnishes: Dust & Soil: Nature, Types, Forensic Examination; Paint, Lacquer & Varnishes: Nature, composition and forensic examination. 31. Microtrace Evidence - Glass, Cement, Mortar, Concrete: Glass: Composition, Types, Fractures, Examination; Cement, Mortar and Concrete: General Composition, Forensic Analysis. 32. Digital Forensics - Computers and Mobile Devices: Computer Forensics: Introduction, Types of Computer crimes, Digital evidence- Seizure, Acquisition and Forensic examination; Mobile Phone Forensics. 33. Fingerprint Analysis: Fingerprints: History, Characteristics, Types, Classification, Preservation, Development, Lifting and Comparison, Examination of Chance Prints, Computerization of Fingerprints, AFIS. 34. Track Marks and Biometric Identification: Track Marks: Foot Prints, Shoe Prints, Tire Marks, Their Preservation & Casting, Comparison, Skid marks. Gait pattern; Biometric Systems of Identification and its relevance. 35. Voice Analysis Techniques: Voice Analysis: Introduction, Significance, Structure of Human Voice apparatus, Voice spectrography, Voice analysis, Legal aspects and limitations. 36. Document Examination Basics and Alterations: Documents: Definition, Types, Preliminary examination of documents; Reproduction of documents through photographic and mechanical means and their examination; Examination of Alterations such as Erasures, Obliterations & Additions; Indentations, Secret writings and Charred documents. 37. Materials Analysis in Document Examination: Inks, Papers and their scientific examinations with modern methods; Age of documents; Examination of Typescripts, Printed matter including currency notes and lottery tickets. Mechanical impressions. 38. Handwriting Analysis: Hand writings: Class and Individual characteristics of Handwritings, Factors affecting handwritings, Standard samples for comparison, Comparison of hand-written texts; Anonymous and disguised writings. 39. Signature Forgery and Secure Document Examination: Identification of hand writings, signatures, detection of forged signature and forgeries; Examination of Credit Cards and Similar materials. 40. Medicolegal Death Investigation and Bodily Evidence: Modes & Manner of deaths, Sexual offences and its medicolegal importance, Amendments in law related to sexual offences; Post – mortem examination and Post – mortem changes, Estimation of time since death; Injuries & Wounds: Types, Medicolegal importance, Gunshot wounds; Determination of Species of Origin, Sex, Age, Stature, and individual identification through skeletal remains; Identification through Skull superimposition and facial reconstruction; Human dentition, Type of teeth, determination of Age, Bite marks; Forensic Entomology: Introduction, Insects of forensic importance, Insects on Carrion, Forensic applications.

Education Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Education Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Contribution of Indian Schools of philosophy (Sankhya Yoga, Vedanta, Buddhism, Jainism) with special reference to Vidya, Dayanand Darshan, and Islamic traditions towards educational aims and methods of acquiring valid knowledge; AND the Contribution of Western schools of thoughts (Idealism, Realism, Naturalism, Pragmatism, Marxism, Existentialism) and their contribution to Education with special reference to information, knowledge and wisdom. 2. Approaches to Sociology of Education (symbolic Interaction, Structural Functionalism and Conflict Theory); Concept and types of social Institutions and their functions (family, school and society); Concept of Social Movements, Theories of Social Movements (Relative Deprivation, Resource Mobilization, Political Process Theory and New Social Movement Theory). 3. Socialization and education- education and culture; Contribution of thinkers (Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Aurobindo, J.Krishnamurthy, Paulo Freire, Wollstonecraft, Nel Noddings and Savitribai Phule) to the development of educational thought for social change; National Values as enshrined in the Indian Constitution - Socialism, Secularism, justice, liberty, democracy, equality, freedom with special reference to education. 4. Committees and Commissions’ Contribution to Teacher Education: Secondary Education Commission (1953), Kothari Education Commission (1964-66), National Policy of Education (1986,1992), National Commission on Teachers (1999), National Curriculum Framework 2005, National Knowledge Commission (2007), Yashpal Committee Report (2009), National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education (2009), Justice Verma Committee Report (2012). 5. Relationship between Policies and Education, Linkage between Educational Policy and National Development, Determinants of Educational Policy and Process of Policy formulation: Analysis of the existing situation, generation of policy options, evaluation of policy options, making the policy decision, planning of policy implementation, policy impact assessment and subsequent policy cycles. 6. Concept of Economics of Education: Cost Benefit Analysis Vs Cost Effective Analysis in Education, Economic returns to Higher Education Signaling Theory Vs Human Capital Theory, Concept of Educational Finance; Educational finance at Micro and Macro Levels, Concept of Budgeting. 7. Relationship Between Politics and Education, Perspectives of Politics of Education Liberal, Conservative and Critical, Approaches to understanding Politics (Behaviouralism, Theory of Systems Analysis and Theory of Rational Choice), Education for Political Development and Political Socialization. 8. Growth and Development: Concept and principles, Cognitive Processes and stages of Cognitive Development, Personality: Definitions and theories (Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon Allport, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka), Mental health and Mental hygiene. 9. Approaches to Intelligence from Unitary to Multiple: Concepts of Social intelligence, multiple intelligence, emotional intelligence; Theories of Intelligence by Sternberg, Gardner; Assessment of Intelligence; Concepts of Problem Solving, Critical thinking, Metacognition and Creativity. 10. Principles and Theories of learning: Behaviouristic, Cognitive and Social theories of learning, Factors affecting social learning, social competence, Concept of social cognition, understanding social relationship and socialization goals. 11. Guidance and Counselling: Nature, Principles and Need, Types of guidance (educational, vocational, personal, health and social & Directive, Non-directive and Eclectic), Approaches to counselling – Cognitive-Behavioural (Albert Ellis – REBT) & Humanistic, Personcentred Counselling (Carl Rogers) - Theories of Counselling (Behaviouristic, Rational, Emotive and Reality). 12. Meaning, Nature and Scope of Teacher Education; Types of Teacher Education Programs; The Structure of Teacher Education Curriculum and its Vision in Curriculum Documents of NCERT and NCTE at Elementary, Secondary and Higher Secondary Levels; Organization of Components of Pre-service Teacher Education Transactional Approaches (for foundation courses) Expository, Collaborative and Experiential learning. 13. Understanding Knowledge base of Teacher Education from the view point of Schulman, Deng and Luke & Habermas; Meaning of Reflective Teaching and Strategies for Promoting Reflective Teaching; Models of Teacher Education - Behaviouristic, Competency-based and Inquiry Oriented Teacher Education Models. 14. Concept, Need, Purpose and Scope of In-service Teacher Education; Organization and Modes of In-service Teacher Education; Agencies and Institutions of In-service Teacher Education at District, State and National Levels (SSA, RMSA, SCERT, NCERT, NCTE and UGC); Preliminary Consideration in Planning in-service teacher education programme (Purpose, Duration, Resources and Budget). 15. Concept of Profession and Professionalism; Teaching as a Profession; Professional Ethics of Teachers; Personal and Contextual factors affecting Teacher Development; ICT Integration, Quality Enhancement for Professionalization of Teacher Education; Innovation in Teacher Education. 16. Concept and Principles of Curriculum; Strategies of Curriculum Development; Stages in the Process of Curriculum development; Foundations of Curriculum Planning - Philosophical Bases (National, democratic), Sociological basis (socio cultural reconstruction), Psychological Bases (learner’s needs and interests); Bench marking and Role of National level Statutory Bodies - UGC, NCTE and University in Curriculum Development. 17. Models of Curriculum Design: Traditional and Contemporary Models (Academic / Discipline Based Model, Competency Based Model, Social Functions / Activities Model [social reconstruction], Individual Needs & Interests Model, Outcome Based Integrative Model, Intervention Model, C I P P Model (Context, Input, Process, Product Model)). 18. Instructional System, Instructional Media, Instructional Techniques and Material in enhancing curriculum Transaction; Approaches to Evaluation of Curriculum: Approaches to Curriculum and Instruction (Academic and Competency Based Approaches); Models of Curriculum Evaluation: Tyler’s Model, Stakes’ Model, Scriven’s Model, Kirkpatrick’s Model. 19. Meaning and types of Curriculum change; Factors affecting curriculum change; Approaches to curriculum change; Role of students, teachers and educational administrators in curriculum change and improvement; Scope of curriculum research and Types of Research in Curriculum Studies. 20. Meaning and Scope of Educational Research; Meaning and steps of Scientific Method, Characteristics of Scientific Method (Replicability, Precision, Falsifiability and Parsimony), Types of Scientific Method (Exploratory, Explanatory and Descriptive); Aims of research as a scientific activity: Problem-solving, Theory Building and Prediction. 21. Types of research (Fundamental, Applied and Action); Approaches to educational research (Quantitative and Qualitative); Designs in educational research (Descriptive, Experimental and Historical). 22. Variables: Meaning of Concepts, Constructs and Variables, Types of Variables (Independent, Dependent, Extraneous, Intervening and Moderator); Hypotheses - Concept, Sources, Types (Research, Directional, Non-directional, Null), Formulating Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis; Steps of Writing a Research Proposal. 23. Concept of Universe and Sample, Characteristics of a good Sample, Techniques of Sampling (Probability and Non-probability Sampling); Tools of Research - Validity, Reliability and Standardisation of a Tool, Types of Tools (Rating scale, Attitude scale, Questionnaire, Aptitude test and Achievement Test, Inventory); Techniques of Research (Observation, Interview and Projective Techniques). 24. Types of Measurement Scale (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio); Quantitative Data Analysis - Descriptive data analysis (Measures of central tendency, variability, fiduciary limits and graphical presentation of data), Testing of Hypothesis (Type I and Type II Errors), Levels of Significance, Power of a statistical test and effect size; Parametric Techniques, Non-Parametric Techniques, Conditions to be satisfied for using parametric techniques; Inferential data analysis; Use and Interpretation of statistical techniques: Correlation, t-test, z-test, ANOVA, chi-square (Equal Probability and Normal Probability Hypothesis). 25. Qualitative Data Analysis - Data Reduction and Classification, Analytical Induction and Constant Comparison, Concept of Triangulation; Qualitative Research Designs: Grounded Theory Designs (Types, characteristics, designs, Steps in conducting a GT research, Strengths and Weakness of GT), Narrative Research Designs (Meaning and key Characteristics, Steps in conducting NR design), Case Study (Meaning, Characteristics, Components of a CS design, Types of CS design, Steps of conducting a CS research, Strengths and weaknesses), Ethnography (Meaning, Characteristics, Underlying assumptions, Steps of conducting ethnographic research, Writing ethnographic account, Strengths and weaknesses), Mixed Method Designs: Characteristics, Types of MM designs (Triangulation, explanatory and exploratory designs), Steps in conducting a MM designs, Strengths and weakness of MM research. 26. Pedagogy, Pedagogical Analysis - Concept and Stages; Critical Pedagogy- Meaning, Need and its implications in Teacher Education; Organizing Teaching: Memory Level (Herbartian Model), Understanding Level (Morrison teaching Model), Reflective Level (Bigge and Hunt teaching Model); Concept of Andragogy in Education: Meaning, Principles, Competencies of Self-directed Learning, Theory of Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), The Dynamic Model of Learner Autonomy. 27. Assessment – Meaning, nature, perspectives (assessment for Learning, assessment of learning and Assessment of Learning) - Types of Assessment (Placement, formative, diagnostic, summative); Relations between objectives and outcomes; Assessment of Cognitive (Anderson and Krathwohl), Affective (Krathwohl) and psychomotor domains (R.H. Dave) of learning. 28. Assessment in Pedagogy of Education including Feedback Devices: Meaning, Types, Criteria, Guidance as a Feedback Devices, Assessment of Portfolios, Reflective Journal, Field Engagement using Rubrics, Competency Based Evaluation, Assessment of Teacher Prepared ICT Resources; AND Assessment in Andragogy of Education including Interaction Analysis: Flanders’ Interaction analysis, Galloway’s system of interaction analysis (Recording of Classroom Events, Construction and Interpretation of Interaction Matrix), Criteria for teacher evaluation (Product, Process and Presage criteria), Rubrics for Self and Peer evaluation (Meaning, steps of construction). 29. Concept of Educational Technology (ET) as a Discipline: (Information Technology, Communication Technology & Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Instructional Technology); Applications of Educational Technology in formal, non formal (Open and Distance Learning), informal and inclusive education systems; Overview of Behaviourist, Cognitive and Constructivist Theories and their implications to Instructional Design (Skinner, Piaget, Ausubel, Bruner, Vygotsky); Relationship between Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies (for large and small groups, formal and non formal groups ). 30. Systems Approach to Instructional Design; Models of Development of Instructional Design (ADDIE, ASSURE, Dick and Carey Model Mason’s); Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction and Five E’s of Constructivism; Nine Elements of Constructivist Instructional Design; Application of Computers in Education: CAI, CAL, CBT, CML; Concept, Process of preparing ODLM; Concept of e learning, Approaches to e learning (Offline, Online, Synchronous, Asynchronous, Blended learning, mobile learning). 31. Emerging Trends in e learning: Social learning (concept , use of web 2.0 tools for learning, social networking sites, blogs, chats, video conferencing, discussion forum); Open Education Resources (Creative Common, Massive Open Online Courses; Concept and application); E Inclusion - Concept of E Inclusion, Application of Assistive technology in E learning; Quality of E Learning – Measuring quality of system: Information, System, Service, User Satisfaction and Net Benefits (D&M IS Success Model, 2003); Ethical Issues for E Learner and E Teacher - Teaching, Learning and Research. 32. Use of ICT in Evaluation, Administration and Research: E portfolios, ICT for Research - Online Repositories and Online Libraries, Online and Offline assessment tools (Online survey tools or test generators) – Concept and Development. 33. Educational Management and Administration – Meaning, Principles, Functions and importance; Institutional building; POSDCORB, CPM, PERT, Management as a system, SWOT analysis; Taylorism; Administration as a process, Administration as a bureaucracy; Human relations approach to Administration; Organisational compliance, Organinsational development, Organisational climate. 34. Leadership in Educational Administration: Meaning and Nature; Approaches to leadership: Trait, Transformational, Transactional, Value based, Cultural, Psychodynamic and Charismatic; Models of Leadership (Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid, Fiedler’s Contingency Model, Tri-dimensional Model, Hersey and Blanchard’s Model, Leader-Member Exchange Theory). 35. Concept of Quality and Quality in Education: Indian and International perspective; Evolution of Quality: Inspection, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Total Quality Management (TQM), Six sigma; Quality Gurus: Walter Shewart, Edward Deming, C.K Pralhad. 36. Change Management: Meaning, Need for Planned change, Three- Step-Model of Change (Unfreezing, Moving, Refreezing); The Japanese Models of Change: Just-in-Time, Poka yoke; Cost of Quality: Appraisal Costs, Failure costs and Preventable costs, Cost Benefit Analysis, Cost Effective Analysis; Indian and International Quality Assurance Agencies: Objectives, Functions, Roles and Initiatives (National Assessment Accreditation Council [NAAC], Performance Indicators, Quality Council of India [QCI] , International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education [INQAAHE]). 37. Inclusive Education: Concept, Principles, Scope and Target Groups (Diverse learners; Including Marginalized group and Learners with Disabilities); Evolution of the Philosophy of Inclusive Education: Special, Integrated, Inclusive Education; Legal Provisions: Policies and Legislations (National Policy of Education (1986), Programme of Action of Action (1992), Persons with Disabilities Act (1995), National Policy of Disabilities (2006), National Curriculum Framework (2005), Concession and Facilities to Diverse Learners (Academic and Financial), Rehabilitation Council of India Act (1992), Inclusive Education under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Features of UNCRPD (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) and its Implication. 38. Concept of Impairment, Disability and Handicap; Classification of Disabilities based on ICF Model; Readiness of School and Models of Inclusion; Prevalence, Types, Characteristics and Educational Needs of Diverse learners’ Intellectual, Physical and Multiple Disabilities; Causes and prevention of disabilities; Identification of Diverse Learners for Inclusion; Educational Evaluation Methods, Techniques and Tools. 39. Planning and Management of Inclusive Classrooms: Infrastructure, Human Resource and Instructional Practices; Curriculum and Curricular Adaptations for Diverse Learners; Assistive and Adaptive Technology for Diverse learners: Product (Aids and Appliances) and Process (Individualized Education Plan, Remedial Teaching); Parent- Professional Partnership: Role of Parents, Peers, Professionals, Teachers, School. 40. Barriers and Facilitators in Inclusive Education: Attitude, Social and Educational; Current Status and Ethical Issues of inclusive education in India; Research Trends of Inclusive Education in India.

Ugc Net Paper I Previous Years Papers Solved

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Author : Rph Editorial Board
language : en
Publisher: Ramesh Publishing House
Release Date : 2020-10

Ugc Net Paper I Previous Years Papers Solved written by Rph Editorial Board and has been published by Ramesh Publishing House this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10 with categories.

This immensely valuable book of Solved Previous Years' Papers is specially published for the aspirants of UGC-NET (Paper-I) of Junior Research Fellowship and Assistant Professor Eligibility Exam. The book comprises several Solved Previous Years' Papers of UGC-NET Paper-I. Explanatory Answers are presented in such a manner to be useful for study and self-practice. The book is aimed to help you prepare well and sharpen your problem-solving skills by practising through numerous questions in these solved papers and face the exam with confidence, successfully.

Anthropology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Anthropology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Introduction to Anthropology & Research Foundations: History, development, aim, and scope of Anthropology; its relationship with other sciences; different branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship; Research methodology and methods: Concepts of epistemology, ontology, and theoretical perspectives; Types of research (qualitative and quantitative), research design, hypothesis. 2. Fieldwork Traditions & Core Methods: Fieldwork and fieldwork tradition; Ethnography, Observation, Interview, Case Study, Life History, Focus group, PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal), RRA (Rapid Rural Appraisal), Genealogical Method. 3. Advanced Field Methods & Data Collection: Schedules and Questionnaires, Grounded Theory, Exploration and Excavation, GIS (Geographic Information Systems). 4. Statistical Analysis & Interpretation Techniques: Statistics: concept of variables, sampling, measures of central tendency and dispersion; Parametric and nonparametric bivariate and multivariate (linear regression and logistic regression) statistical tests; Techniques of Analysis: Content analysis, Discourse analysis, and Narratives. 5. Theories of Evolution & Primate Radiation: Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory, neutral theory of molecular evolution; Concept of cladogenesis and anagenesis, punctuated equilibrium, selection; Trends in Primate radiation. 6. Primate Diversity & Characteristics: Primate classification and distribution of extinct and extant species; Characteristics of primates: morphological (hair), skeletal (cranial, post cranial, dental, brain), physical (opposability of thumb), locomotion (quadrupedalism, brachiation and bipedalism) and posture, Primate social behaviour; Extant Primates Distribution, characteristics and classification: Prosimii (Tarsiioidea, Lorisoidea, Lemuroidea), Anthropoidea (Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea); Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Human, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Orangutan and Gibbon. 7. Fossil Primates & Early Hominin Evolution: Fossils of extinct Primates Oligocene-Miocene fossils – Parapithecus; Gigantopithecus, Aegyptopithecus, Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus; Pre-hominid groups: Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Toumai), Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus; Early Hominids: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus ramidus, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) boisei, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) robustus, Australopithecus bahrelghazali; Early Transitional Human: Homo habilis. 8. Homo Erectus, Archaic & Modern Humans: Hominid Evolution Characteristics and distribution of Homo erectus in general, Special reference to the fossil evidences discovered from Africa (Turkana boy), Asia (Java man and Peking man), Europe (Dmanisi), Homo floresiensis (Dwarf variety); Characteristics of Archaic sapiens with special reference to Europe (Homo heidelbergensis), Africa (Rhodesian Man), Asia (China, Jinniushan; India, Narmada Man); Neandertal man: Distribution, salient features and phylogenetic position; Characteristics of anatomically Modern Homo sapiens with special reference to Africa (Omo), Europe (Cro-magnon, Chancelade, Grimaldi), Asia (Jinniushan) and Australia (Lake Mungo); Dispersal of modern humans: Out of Africa hypothesis, Multiregional hypothesis, Partial Replacement hypothesis. 9. Modern Human Variation & Indian Populations: Modern Human Variation: Typological Model, Populational Model and Clinal Model; overview of Classification proposed by Blumenbach, Deniker, Hooton, Coon, Garn and Birdsell; Ethnic Classification and distribution of Indian Populations: H.H. Risley; B. S. Guha; S. S. Sarkar; Linguistic distribution of ethnic groups. 10. Human Genetics Study Methods & Cytogenetics: Methods of studying Human Genetics: Cytogenetics, Mendelian Genetics, Twin Genetics, Sib Pair methods, Population Genetics, Molecular Genetics; Cytogenetics: cell cycle, standard karyotyping and banding techniques (G, C and Q), chromosomal abnormalities, fluorescent in situ hybridization, Lyon’s hypothesis, importance of telomere and centromere; Linkage and chromosome mapping, genetic imprinting. 11. Modes of Inheritance & Polygenic Traits: Modes of inheritance: Autosomal (dominant, recessive, codominance), sex linked, sex influenced, sex limited, modifying genes, suppressor genes, selfish gene, multiple allelic inheritance, multifactorial inheritance (stature and skin colour), polygenic (dermatoglyphics- Finger-ball Pattern types, Dankmeijer’s Index, Furuhata’s Index and Pattern Intensity Index, Total Finger Ridge Count, Absolute Finger Ridge Count, Palmar formula and mainline index, transversality, atd angle and flexion creases). 12. Population & Molecular Genetics: Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, definition and application; mating patterns (random, assortative and consanguineous), inbreeding coefficient, genetic load, genetic isolate, genetic drift, genetic distance); genetic polymorphism (balanced and transient); Molecular genetics: DNA, RNA, genetic code, protein structure and synthesis, concepts of RFLPs, VNTRs, STRs, and SNPs, Mitochondrial DNA, genic and genomic mutations. 13. Human Growth, Development & Maturation: Human Growth, development and maturation: definition, concepts; Basic principles of growth; phases of growth: Prenatal and postnatal (growth and development of different body parts, subcutaneous tissues and physiological variables); Growth curves: Velocity, Distance, Acceleration and Scammon’s Growth curve; Catch up and Catch down growth; Aging and senescence with special reference to somatic, skeletal and dental maturation. 14. Factors in Growth, Study Methods & Body Composition: Factors affecting growth: Genetic and Environmental; Secular trends in growth; Methods of studying human growth: Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Mixed longitudinal, Linked longitudinal; Body composition: Bone mass, body mass, percentage of body fat, segmental fat, body age. 15. Human Adaptation & Somatotyping: Human Adaptation: Allen’s and Bergmann’s rule; Human Adaptability Programme; human adaptation to heat, cold, high altitude; Somatotyping: Concept, Development (Kretschmer, Sheldon, Parnoll, Health-Carter) and its application. 16. Demography & Anthropological Demography: Demography: Multidisciplinary nature of demography and its relation with other disciplines; Relationship between demography and anthropological demography; Fertility (concept and determinants), Morbidity and mortality (concept and determinants), Migration (concept and determinants), Selection intensity. 17. Prehistoric Archaeology Concepts, Paradigms & Dating: Concept of prehistoric archaeology; ethno-archaeology, experimental archaeology, environmental archaeology, settlement archaeology, cognitive archaeology, geo-archaeology, action archaeology; Theoretical paradigms – descriptive to scientific period to interpretative period; Dating: Typology, seriation, geo-archaeological, obsidian hydration, chemical dating of bones, oxygen isotope, fluorine estimation, dendrochronology, radio-carbon, fission track, thermoluminescence, potassium-argon, varve clay, cross dating, amino acid racemization, palaeomagnetic. 18. Paleoenvironment & Site Formation: Paleoenvironment: Major geological stages (Tertiary, Quaternary, Pleistocene, Holocene); Major climatic changes during Pleistocene and post Pleistocene periods, glacial and interglacial periods, ice age, pluvial and inter-pluvial climatic phases; Evidences of quarternary climatic changes (moraines, varve, river terraces, loess, sea level changes, beach sequences, sea core, fluviatile deposits, palynology, palaeontology); Site formation. 19. Lithic Tool Typology & Technology: Lithic tool typology and technology: Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools, chopper and chopping tools, bifaces, handaxes and cleavers); Middle Palaeolithic (Clactonean, Levalloisian and Mousterian flakes, discoid cores, tortoise core, fluted core, scrapers, point); Upper Palaeolithic (blade, knife, blunted back, borer, burin, points); Mesolithic (microliths); Neolithic (ring stone, grind stone, celt, adze). 20. European Lithic Cultures & Near East Neolithic: Overview of Lithic Cultures of Europe: Lower Palaeolithic: Acheulian culture; Middle Palaeolithic: Mousterian culture; Upper Palaeolithic: Perigordian, Chatelperronian, Gravettian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, Magdalenian; Mesolithic: Azilian, Tardenoisean, Maglamosean, Kitchen Midden, Natufian; Early Farming Cultures and Neolithic of the Near East: Sites like Jericho, Jarmo, Çatal Huyuk, Shanidar. 21. Indian Palaeolithic Cultures: Lower Palaeolithic Period in India Pebble tool culture: Soan Acheulian culture: Madrasian (Kortalayar Valley), Attirmpakkam, Didwana, Belan Valley, Bhimbetka, Chirki-Nevasa, Hunsgi, Krishna Valley; Importance of Hathnora, Narmada valley; Middle Palaeolithic period in India: Belan valley, Bhimbetka, Nevasa, Narmada valley; Upper Palaeolithic period in India: Renigunta, Billa Surgam, Patne, Bhimbetka, Son and Belan Valleys, Visadi, Pushkar, Gunjan Valley. 22. Indian Mesolithic & Neolithic Periods: Mesolithic period in India: Mesolithic economy and society; Post Pleistocene environmental changes; Development in microlithic technology, composite tools and bows and arrows; Sites include Bagor, Tilwara, Langhnaj, Adamgarh, Bagor, Chopani Mando, Bhimbetka, Sarai Nahar Rai, Birbhanpur; Neolithic Period in India: Economic and social consequences of food production; Settlements, population growth, craft specializations, class formation and political institutions; Sites like Burzahom, Gufkral, Ahar, Gilund, Nagada, Kayatha, Navdatoli, Eran, Nevasa, Chandoli, Daimabad, Inamgaon, Prakash, Maski, Brahmagiri, Sangankallu, Tekkalkota, Piklihal, Nagarjunakonda, Daojali Hading, Kuchai, Sarutadu. 23. Prehistoric Art, Indus Civilization & Pottery Traditions in India: Prehistoric Cave art from India: Bhimbetka, Adamgarh; Indus Civilization: Expansion of village sites; Development of metal technology, art and writing; Architecture and city planning; Stages and theories of decline; Sites like Amri, Kot Diji, Kalibangan, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi; Pottery and Traditions: Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP), Black and Red ware, Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP); Distribution of the pottery types and period. 24. Bronze/Copper Age, Iron Age & Megaliths in India: Bronze/Copper Age: General characteristics, distribution, people; Iron Age and Urban Revolution: General characteristics, distribution, people; Megaliths: concept and types (menhir, dolmen, topical, cist, cairn circle, sarcophagi). 25. Core Concepts in Social Anthropology (Culture & Society): Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology: Culture: Attributes, Holism, Universals, Acculturation, Enculturation, Transculturation, Culture Change, Culture Shock, Cultural Relativism, Civilization, Folk-Urban Continuum, Great and Little Tradition, Cultural Pluralism and World-View; Society: Groups, Institutions, Associations, Community, Status and Role; Incest; Endogamy and Exogamy; Rites of passage. 26. Social Institutions (Family & Marriage): Social Institutions: Family: Definitions, universality of the family; Typological and Processual methods of studying the family; Types of family – conjugal-natal, consanguineal, nuclear, joint, extended; Rules of residence – Patrilocal, Matrilocal, Ambilocal, Bilocal, Neolocal, Avunculocal, Virilocal, Amitalocal, Uxorilocal; Functions of family, Trends of change – urbanization, globalization, industrialization, feminist movements; Marriage: Definition, universality, types and functions (monogamy, polygamy – polyandry, polygyny, hypogamy, hypergamy, levirate, sororate); Preferential and Prescriptive types; Types and forms of marital transactions – bride price and dowry; Marriage as exchange. 27. Social Institutions (Kinship, Economic & Legal Anthropology): Kinship: Definition, Descent, kinship terminology, matrilineal puzzle; Joking and avoidance; moiety, phratry, clan and lineage; Types of kinship systems; Economic Anthropology: Definition and relationship with Anthropology and Economy; Theories (Malinowski, Formal, Substantivist, Marxist); Livelihoods, Subsistence, Principles of production, distribution, consumption; division of labour in hunting-gathering, pastoral, swidden and agricultural communities; Exchange, reciprocity, gifts and barter systems; Kula, Potlatch and Jajmani – Anthropological explanations; Legal Anthropology: Anthropology of Law, Social Sanctions. 28. Political Organization, Religion, Belief Systems & Social Change: Political Organization: Definitions, political processes in band, tribe, chiefdom and state systems; Conflicts and social control; Nations and Nation-state, democracy; Religion and Belief Systems: Definitions, animism, animatism, manaism, bongaism, totemism, taboo; Religious specialists – witch, shaman, priest, medicine-man, sorcerer; Magic – definitions, types, approaches; Rituals; Social Change: Basic ideas and concepts (Assimilation, Integration, Syncretism, Dominance and Subjugation), Approaches. 29. Classical Anthropological Theories: Theories in Social Anthropology: Evolutionism – Tylor, Morgan, Fraser, Maine, McLennan; Diffusionism – Three schools (Austro-German, British, American); Historical Particularism – Boas; Functionalism – Malinowski; Structural-Functionalism – Radcliffe-Brown, Firth, Fortes, Eggan, Parsons. 30. Mid-20th Century Anthropological Theories: Structuralism – Levi-Strauss; Culture and Personality/Psychological Anthropology – Mead, Benedict, DuBois, Linton, Kardiner, Whiting and Child; Cultural Ecology, Environmental Anthropology, Neo-evolutionism (Leslie White, Julian Steward, Marshall Sahlins). 31. Later 20th Century Anthropological Theories I: Cultural Materialism – Marvin Harris; Symbolic Anthropology – Victor Turner, Raymond Firth, Mary Douglas; Cognitive Anthropology – Roy D’Andrade, Stephen Tyler, Ward Goodenough. 32. Contemporary & Critical Anthropological Theories: Deep Ethnography, Interpretive Anthropology – Clifford Geertz; Anthropology and Gender – Leela Dube, Renato Rosaldo, Marilyn Strathern, Zora Neale Hutson; Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism – Foucault, Derrida, Bourdieu; Ethnicity – Barth, Jeffery, Weber. 33. Development of Indian Anthropology & Social Concepts: Stages in the Development of Indian Anthropology Concepts: Social Stratification (eg. Caste), Scheduled Caste (SC), Dalit, OBC, Nomadic Groups; Revivalist/Nativist movements, Peasant movements (Malabar and Telengana movements). 34. Tribal Studies in India & Constitutional Safeguards: Tribe, Scheduled Tribe (ST), Particularly Vulnerable Groups (PVTGs), Tribal movements (Birsa and Naga movements), Tribal Development, Distribution; Constitutional Safeguards for SC and ST, Inclusion and Exclusion. 35. Indian Village Studies, Local Governance & Theoretical Ideas: Indian Village and Village Studies in India (S.C. Dube, McKim Marriott, Weiser, Scarlett Epstein, M.N. Srinivas, F.G. Bailey); Panchayati Raj Institutions and other traditional community political organizations, Self-Help Groups (SHGs); Theoretical ideas: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization, Globalization, Sacred Complex, Nature-Man-Spirit Complex. 36. Early Indian Anthropologists & Their Contributions: Early Indian Anthropologists and their contributions: G.S. Ghurye, B.S. Guha, S.C. Roy, Iravati Karve, L.P. Vidyarthi, S.C. Dube, M.N. Srinivas, N.K. Bose, Surajit Sinha, D.N. Majumdar, S.R.K. Chopra, Verrier Elwin, S.S. Sarkar, Dharani Sen, T.C. Das, P.C. Biswas. 37. Applied & Specialized Anthropological Fields: Concepts and Theories: Applied Anthropology, Action Anthropology, Engaged Anthropology, Experimental Anthropology, Urban Anthropology, Public Anthropology, Public Archaeology, Anthropology of Development, Medical Anthropology, Visual Anthropology, Genomic Studies, Genetic Screening and Counseling, Forensic Anthropology, Food and Nutritional Anthropology, Ergonomics, Kinanthropometry, Business Anthropology. 38. Community Development Projects & Intervention Processes: Community Development Projects (Rural, Urban and Tribal); Revisits, Re-studies, Reinterpretations, Intervention, Research Process and Social Impact Assessment (SIA). 39. Anthropological Approaches in Community Studies & Issues: Anthropological approaches in community studies: public health, education, nutrition, land alienation, bonded labour, housing, alternative economy, livelihood, gender issues, relief, rehabilitation and relocation, identity crisis, communication, training and management, aging and the aged. 40. Development Strategies, NGOs & Empowerment: Development Strategies (Plan/Sub Plan); Role of NGOs in Development; Anthropology and NGOs; Empowerment of Women, LGBT groups.

History Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

History Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Food Science and Nutrition Fundamentals: Exploring food science and nutrition, the physical and chemical properties of food, and methods for both objective and subjective quality evaluation of foods. 2. Food Processing, Preservation, and Additives: Understanding the effects of cooking and processing techniques on nutritional components and other physical parameters, alongside food preservation principles and application, food pigments, and food additives. 3. Food Safety, Standards, and Service Perspectives: Covering food standards, microbiological safety of food, HACCP, food packaging, and the perspectives of food service including menu planning, food cost analysis, and new product development with a focus on nano technology. 4. Institutional Food Service Management and Research Ethics: Examining food service management of institutional level (hospital, educational institutions, social and special institutions), and introducing fundamental issues, concept, need relevance, scope and ethics in research. 5. Core Concepts in Nutrition and Dietetics: Delving into food groups, the balanced diet, food pyramid, macro and micro nutrition, the role of nutrients in the body, nutrient deficiencies, and requirements for Indians. 6. Applied Nutrition Across Lifespan and Special Conditions: Addressing public health nutrition, nutrition through life span (physiological changes, growth and development from conception to adolescence, nutritional needs and dietary guidelines for adequate nutrition through life cycle, nutrition concerns), community nutrition, sports nutrition, and nutrition in emergencies and disasters. 7. Nutritional Assessment, Intervention, and Therapeutic Nutrition: Focusing on nutritional assessment-methods and techniques, nutritional intervention (national nutrition policies and programmes, food and nutrition security), and clinical and therapeutic nutrition. 8. Diet Counseling, Management, and Research in Nutrition: Exploring diet counseling and management practices, and research methods including research designs, and the principles and purpose of research. 9. Textile Fundamentals: Fibres, Yarns, and Weaves: Introducing textile terminologies (fibre, yarn, weave, fabric etc.), the classification of fibers, yarns and weaves, Identification of fibres and weaves, and the manufacturing process of major natural and manmade fibres, their properties and their end uses. 10. Fabric Construction, Finishes, and Coloration Techniques: Examining different methods of fabric construction (woven, knitted and non woven fabrics, their properties and end uses); the classification, processing and purposes of textiles finishes; and various methods of dyeing and printing including block printing, tie and dye, batik, roller printing, screen printing, discharge, heat transfer printing and digitized printing. 11. Traditional Indian Textiles and Quality Control in Textiles: Studying traditional textiles of India (embroidered textiles, printed textiles, woven textiles, dyed textiles of various regions in India), including Identification on the basis of fibre content, technique, motif, colour and designed; and understanding Textile Testing and quality control, the need of testing, sampling method, techniques of testing fibres, yarn, fabrics and garments, including testing of colour-fastness, shrinkage, pilling and GSM of fabrics. 12. Textiles and Environment, Recent Developments, and Textile Research Methods: Addressing textile and environment concerns (banned dyes, eco-friendly textiles, contamination and effluent treatment, Eco-label and eco marks); recent developments in textiles and apparels (nano textiles, technical textiles, occupational clothing, zero waste designing, up cycling and recycling); and exploring research methods including types of research (descriptive, survey, historical, qualitative, quantitative, analytical and action research). 13. Apparel Design Foundations: Measurements and Manufacturing Tools: Covering body measurements (procedure, need, figure types and anthropometry) and the equipments and tools used for manufacturing garments, including advancements and attachments used for sewing machine, and types of machines used and their parts. 14. Design Application in Apparel and Fashion Dynamics: Applying elements and principles of design and its application to apparel, including Illustrations and parts of garments; and understanding Fashion (Terminologies, fashion cycle, fashion theories, fashion adoption, fashion forecasting and factors affecting fashion). 15. Pattern Making Techniques and Apparel Manufacturing Processes: Detailing pattern making (drafting, draping and flat pattern making techniques, pattern alteration and dart manipulation techniques); and outlining apparel manufacturing (terminology used, seams, techniques and machines used, process of fabric to apparel manufacture). 16. Apparel Quality, Care, Selection, and Research in Apparel: Focusing on Apparel Quality testing (Quality standards and specification, Quality parameters and defects of fabrics and garments), care and maintenance of clothing (principles of washing, laundry agents, storage techniques case labels and symbols), selection of clothing for different age groups and selection of fabrics for different end uses; and introducing research methods including hypothesis testing, its types and scope. 17. Core Principles of Management and Family Resource Application: Introducing Management (concept, approaches, management of time, energy, money, space, motivating factors, motivation theories, decision making); and outlining functions of management (planning, supervision, controlling, organizing, evaluation) in relation to family life cycle-stages, and the availability and use of resources. 18. Resource Classification, Conservation, and Natural Resource Management: Detailing Resources (classification, characteristics, factors affecting use), resource conservation, time management, work simplification techniques, classes of change, and fatigue and its management; and covering management of natural resources (land, forest, water, air), water harvesting, municipal solid waste management, the concept of sustainable development, and SDGs. 19. Financial Management and Human Resource Development: Addressing money management (family income, types, supplementation, budgeting, household accounts, family savings and investment, tax implications); and Human resource management (functions, need, human resource development challenges, functions, manpower planning, training need assessment, training methodologies, training evaluation). 20. Consumer Issues, Protection, Entrepreneurship, and Sampling Research: Defining the Consumer (definition, role, rights and responsibilities), consumer behavior, consumer problems, education and empowerment; Consumer protection (consumer organization, cooperatives, alternative redressal, standardization, standard marks, quality control, buying aids, consumer legislation); Entrepreneurship (concept, process, barriers, entrepreneurial motivation, challenges, enterprise setting, project planning and appraisal, enterprise management); and research methods focusing on sampling techniques, types of sampling, sampling procedures, including probability and non probability sampling. 21. Fundamentals of Design and Colour in Interior Spaces: Exploring design fundamentals (elements of art, principles of design, principles of composition); and understanding Colour (dimensions of colour, psychological effects of colour, colour schemes, and factors affecting use of colour) in interior design. 22. Space Planning, Housing Needs, and Building Regulations: Covering space planning and design (housing need and important, principles of planning spaces, types of house plans, economy in construction, planning for different income groups); and detailing building regulations (norms and standards, zoning, housing for special groups and areas, housing finance). 23. Housing, Environment, and Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Addressing housing and environment (building materials- impact on environment, green rating systems, energy efficiency in buildings, energy auditing, indices of indoor comfort); and understanding Energy as a resource (conventional and non- conventional sources, renewable /nonrenewable energy, energy management, national efforts on energy conservation). 24. Product Design, Ergonomics, Furnishings, and Data Collection Tool Research: Examining product design (design thinking process, diffusion and innovation, design communication, ergonomic considerations); Ergonomics (significance, scope, anthropometry, man, machine, environment relationship, factors affecting physiological cost of work, body mechanics, functional design of work place, time and motion study, energy studies); Furniture and furnishing (historical perspectives, architectural styles, contemporary tends, wall finishes, window and window treatments); and research methods including selection and preparation of tools for data collection (questionnaire, interview, observation, measuring scales, ranking and measurement), and ensuring reliability and validity of tools. 25. Principles of Growth, Development, and Foundational Theories: Outlining the principles of growth and development, care during pregnancy and pre-natal and neonatal development; and introducing key theories of human development and behavior. 26. Early Childhood Care, Education, and Developmental Influences: Focusing on early childhood care and education and activities to promote holistic development; and analyzing the influence of family, peers, school, community and culture on personality development. 27. Addressing Special Needs, At-Risk Children, and Lifespan Development Stages: Covering children and persons with special needs (care and support, special education, prevention of disabilities, rehabilitation); Children at risk (child labour, street children, children of destitute, orphans, child abuse and trafficking); Adolescence and youth (changes, challenges and programs to promote optimal development); Adulthood (characteristics, changing roles and responsibilities in early and middle adulthood); and Aging (physical and psychological changes and care needs). 28. Research Methodology in Human Development: Variables and Selection: Introducing research methods pertinent to child/human development, with a specific focus on understanding types of variables and their selection. 29. Dynamics of Marriage, Family Relationships, and Family Welfare: Exploring the dynamics of marriage and family relationships; and discussing family welfare (approaches, programmes and challenges, role in national development). 30. Family Challenges, Conflict Resolution, and Educational Support: Addressing domestic violence, marital disharmony, conflict, resolution of conflict; and covering parent education, positive parenting, and community education, alongside family disorganization and single parent families. 31. Family Studies in Crisis, Human Rights, Counseling, and Lifespan Well-being: Examining family studies (family in crisis, family therapy, initiatives for child development); Human rights, rights of children, rights of women, status of women, and gender roles; Guidance and counseling across life span and for care givers; and promoting health and well being across life span development. 32. Research in Family Studies: Data Handling and Statistical Analysis: Focusing on research methods relevant to family studies, including data collection and classification, coding, tabulation, and the application of inferential and descriptive statistics. 33. Communication Fundamentals, Processes, and Theories: Covering the basics of communication (nature, characteristics, functions, process, models, elements, principles, barriers, perception, persuasion and empathy, types of communication, levels (settings) of communication transactions, process of listening); and communication systems and communication theories (human interaction theories, mass communication theories, message design theories, communication systems, culture and communication). 34. Development Concepts and the Role of Communication in Development: Explaining the concept of development (theories, models, measurement and indicators of development); concept of development communication (models and approaches, diffusion and innovation, mass media, social marketing); and the role of communication in development (need and importance, development journalism, writing for development-print, radio, television and internet). 35. Key Concerns and Strategies in Development Communication: Addressing concerns of development communication (gender, health, environment, sustainability, human rights, population, literacy, rural and tribal development); and exploring advocacy and behavior change communication (concept, theories, models, approaches, application and challenges). 36. Media for Development, Relevant Organizations, and Data Analysis Research: Utilizing traditional, modern and new media for development (folk forms of songs, art, dance, theatre, puppetry, advertisement, cinema, ICTs for development-community radio, participatory video, social media and mobile phones); identifying Organisation/agencies/institutes working for development communication (international/ national/state and local); and research methods involving analysis of data through parametric and non parametric tests. 37. Extension Education: History, Principles, and Programme Management: Discussing historical perspectives of extension (genesis of extension education and extension systems in India and other countries, objectives of extension education and extension service, philosophy and principles of extension programme development); and detailing Programme management (need assessment, situation analysis, planning, organization, implementation, monitoring and evaluation). 38. Extension Methods, Materials, Curriculum, and Lifelong Education: Covering extension methods and materials (interpersonal, small and large group methods, audiovisual aids-need, importance, planning, classification, preparation and field testing, use and evaluation of audio-visual materials); Curriculum development and planning for extension education and development activities, using Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives and learning; and Non-Formal, adult and lifelong education (historical perspectives, concept, theories, approaches, scope, methods and materials used, challenges of implementation and evaluation, issues to be addressed). 39. Human Resource Development, Community Organization, and Participatory Approaches in Extension: Focusing on Training, skill development and capacity building for human resource development (methods of training, entrepreneurship development); Community development (perspectives, approaches, community organization, leadership, support structures for community development, Panchyati raj institutions, NGOs and community based organisations); and People’s participation and stakeholders’ perspectives, including Participatory Learning and Action (methods and techniques). 40. Development Programmes in India and Research Reporting in Extension: Surveying development programmes in India for urban, rural and tribal population groups (programmes for nutrition, health, education, wage and self employment, women’s development, skill development, sanitation and infrastructure); and research methods focused on scientific report writing, presentation of data, and its interpretation and discussion.