Forensic Science Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Forensic Science Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Forensic Science Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces; Denudation and Weathering. 2. Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck); Theories and Process of Slope Development. 3. Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting and vulcanicity). 4. Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches). 5. Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth; Temperature, Pressure and Winds. 6. Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation); cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate). 7. Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite; ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations). 8. Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves, Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF)); Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the past; Human impact on Global Climate. 9. Relief of Oceans; Composition: Temperature, Density and Salinity; Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides. 10. Sea Level Changes; Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone. 11. Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology; Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid. 12. Human Interaction and Impacts; Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology. 13. Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation). 14. National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy; International Treaties, International Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement). 15. Population Geography: Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data reliability and errors); World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants); World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). 16. Demographic Transition; Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo); Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world patterns). 17. Migration (types, causes and consequences and models); Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and educational levels); Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries. 18. Settlement Geography: Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution); Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements (rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions); Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford). 19. Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, structure and functions of urban areas); Urban Systems (the law of the primate city and rank size rule); Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch). 20. Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman, and Hoyt); Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities; Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring and satellite towns); Social Segregation in the City; Urban Social Area Analysis; Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion). 21. Economic Geography: Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary); Natural Resources (classification, distribution and associated problems), Natural Resources Management; World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries. 22. Agricultural Geography: Land capability classification and Land Use Planning; Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop diversification; Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning; Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural Productivity; Agricultural Systems of the World. 23. Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith); World Industrial Regions; Impact of Globalisation on manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries; Tourism Industry; World distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Education and R & D) Industries. 24. Geography of Transport and Trade: Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst); Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants; World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns; Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade. 25. Regional Development: Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities; Theories of Regional Development (Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment); Global Economic Blocks; Regional Development and Social Movements in India. 26. Cultural and Social Geography: Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology; Cultural Convergence; Social Structure and Processes; Social Well-being and Quality of Life; Social Exclusion. 27. Spatial distribution of social groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language); Environment and Human Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India); Health Care Planning and Policies in India; Medical Tourism in India. 28. Political Geography: Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India); Heartland and Rimland Theories; Trends and Developments in Political Geography; Geography of Federalism. 29. Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour; Geopolitics of Climate Change; Geopolitics of World Resources; Geo-politics of India Ocean; Regional Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU); Neopolitics of World Natural Resources. 30. Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars; Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Scheafer & Hartshorne); Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. 31. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions; Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, manenvironment relationship, area studies and spatial analysis). 32. Dualisms in Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic); Paradigm Shift; Perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and Postmodernism). 33. Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial); Types of Maps; Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps); Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph). 34. GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats); Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis); Digital Elevation Model (DEM); Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum); GIS Applications (thematic cartography, spatial decision support system). 35. Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry); Types of Aerial Photographs; Digital Image Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India; GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications. 36. Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities; Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA); Time Series Analysis; Correlation and Regression Analysis; Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index; Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis; Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph. 37. Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics; Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular); Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere; Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and Marine Resources. 38. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, educational, ethnic and religious); Determinants of Population; Population Policies in India. 39. Agriculture (Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Variations in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food; Industrial Development since Independence, Industrial Regions and their characteristics, Industrial Policies in India. 40. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines); Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions); Regional Development Planning in India; Globalisation and its impact on Indian Economy; Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards and Disasters).

Criminology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Criminology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Crime as a Legal, Social and Psychological Construct; Deviance and Crime; Traditional Crimes: Crimes against Property and Person (Children, Women, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ), Marginalized, Men). 2. Victimless Crimes: Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Beggary, Commercial Sex, Suicide; Family centred Crimes: Dowry, Domestic Violence, Child Abuse; Community Problems: Inter-religion and Intercaste tensions and conflicts. 3. Modern Crimes: Organized Crimes, Economic Crimes, Corruption, Corporate Crimes, Development induced Crime, Environmental Crimes, Hate Crimes, Cyber Crimes and Cyber assisted Crimes. 4. Terrorism and Insurgency; Crime and Politics; Media, Technology and Crime; Transnational Crimes. 5. Criminology: Definition and Scope; Criminology and other Social Sciences; Criminology vs. Criminal Justice. 6. Structure of Criminal Justice System in India; Role of Legislature and Law making; Coordination among Criminal Justice System; Participation of Victims and Witnesses in the Criminal Justice Process. 7. Crime Prevention: Neighbourhood Involvement, Situational Crime Prevention, Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), Electronic Monitoring. 8. Schools of Criminology: Demonology, Classical, Neo-Classical Schools; Positivist / Positive School; Cartographic School. 9. Biological and Constitutional School - Body Types, Hereditary Traits, Endocrine Glands; Economic Theories of Crime; Multiple Factors. 10. Psycho-Analytical Theories and Psychopathic Personality; Social Strain Theories: Anomie theory, Culture conflict and Sub culture theory. 11. Social Ecology Theories: Concentric Zone theory, Environmental Criminology, Social disorganization theory, Lower class culture theory. 12. Social Learning Theories: Theory of Imitation, Differential Association Theory, Differential Identification theory, and Differential opportunity theory. 13. Social Control Theories: Drift and Neutralization theory, Containment theory, Social bond theory. 14. Social Conflict Theories: Labelling Theory, Radical Criminology, Conflict Criminology, Critical Criminology, Realist Criminology. 15. Modern Theories: Routine Activities theory, Rational Choice theory, Shaming theory, Broken windows theory, Feminist Criminology, Masculinity theory. 16. Life Course theory, Integrated theories, Space Transition theory; Contemporary Perspectives: Cultural Criminology, News making Criminology, Peacemaking Criminology, Green Criminology, Visual Criminology, Cyber Criminology, Positive Criminology, Translational Criminology. 17. Legal Approaches: Accusatorial and Inquisitorial; Substantive and Procedural Laws- Criminal Liability, Strict Liability; Indian Penal Code-General Exceptions, Offences Against Property. 18. Criminal Procedure Code; Cognizable and Non-Cognizable offences, Bailable and Non-bailable, Compoundable and Non-compoundable offences. 19. Investigation of Crimes: Complaint, F. I. R. Arrest, Search, Seizure, Police Custody, Judicial Remand and Bail. 20. Types of Evidence, Admissibility of Confession, Dying declaration. 21. Human Rights: Fundamental rights, Rights of accused and victims, Rights of persons in custody, Rights of prisoners. 22. Supreme Court Landmark Judgments on Criminal Justice Reforms; The Protection of Human Rights Act; Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act - Salient features. 23. Criminological Research: Importance and Types - Descriptive, Analytical, Experimental, Exploratory and Doctrinal; Quantitative vs Qualitative research; Mixed Methods. 24. Main Steps in Criminological Research; Ethics and Confidentiality in Criminal Justice Research; Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism; Crime and Criminal Justice Data; Statistical Applications in Criminological Research. 25. Penology – definition, nature and scope; Punishment-in ancient, medieval and modern times; Punishment: Significance, Concept, Aims and Types. 26. Theories of Punishment; Sentencing – Principles, Policies and Procedures; Capital Punishment. 27. Recent approaches to Punishment – Restorative Justice, Restitution and Victim-offender Mediation; History and evolution of Prison legislations – Prison Manuals and rules. 28. Various Prison Reforms Committees and Commissions; Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules) and Nelson Mandela Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. 29. Development of various prison systems - Penitentiary, Pennsylvania, Auburn system; Evolution and development of Prison system in India; Institutional Treatment: Meaning and purpose. 30. Prison Types and Classification of Prisoners; Adult Institutions: Central, District and Sub Jails; Women Institutions: Vigilance Home, Protective home; Open Prisons. 31. Accommodation, food and medical care in prisons; Correctional Programmes – Educational, work and prison panchayats. 32. Community based Corrections: Probation and Admonition: Concept and Scope, Historical development of probation; Probation in India – Probation of offenders Act. 33. Parole: Meaning and Scope; After Care services in India; Current problems and challenges in Correctional Administration. 34. Juvenile and Youth Justice: Definition and Concept; Delinquency; Children in conflict with Law; Children and Vulnerability; Truancy and Vagrancy; Youth Crimes. 35. Main Features of latest Juvenile Justice Act; Institutions: Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, Observation Homes, Juvenile Homes, Special Homes, and ‘fit’ Institutions. 36. Juvenile Aftercare Services; Juvenile Police Unit; UN Documents: United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) and UN Riyadh Guidelines; Prevention of Delinquency. 37. Historical development of Victimology; Basic Concepts of Victimology; UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985; Victim – Offender relationship. 38. Impact of Victimization– Physical, Financial and Psychological (including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), resilience, posttraumatic growth, anger and the way victims are viewed) Impact; Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Victimization; Role of NGOs in Victim Assistance. 39. Criminological perspectives: Repeat victimization, routine activities, lifestyle exposure, fear of crime, punitivity and victimization surveys including cost of crime; Effects of crime on victims. 40. Legal perspectives: Rights of the Crime Victims as per Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and other Laws- Victim Compensation Schemes; Contemporary Developments in Victimology: Mass Victims and Mass Victimisation, Clinical Victimology, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Cyber Victimology, Positive Victimology.

Anthropology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Anthropology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Introduction to Anthropology & Research Foundations: History, development, aim, and scope of Anthropology; its relationship with other sciences; different branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship; Research methodology and methods: Concepts of epistemology, ontology, and theoretical perspectives; Types of research (qualitative and quantitative), research design, hypothesis. 2. Fieldwork Traditions & Core Methods: Fieldwork and fieldwork tradition; Ethnography, Observation, Interview, Case Study, Life History, Focus group, PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal), RRA (Rapid Rural Appraisal), Genealogical Method. 3. Advanced Field Methods & Data Collection: Schedules and Questionnaires, Grounded Theory, Exploration and Excavation, GIS (Geographic Information Systems). 4. Statistical Analysis & Interpretation Techniques: Statistics: concept of variables, sampling, measures of central tendency and dispersion; Parametric and nonparametric bivariate and multivariate (linear regression and logistic regression) statistical tests; Techniques of Analysis: Content analysis, Discourse analysis, and Narratives. 5. Theories of Evolution & Primate Radiation: Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory, neutral theory of molecular evolution; Concept of cladogenesis and anagenesis, punctuated equilibrium, selection; Trends in Primate radiation. 6. Primate Diversity & Characteristics: Primate classification and distribution of extinct and extant species; Characteristics of primates: morphological (hair), skeletal (cranial, post cranial, dental, brain), physical (opposability of thumb), locomotion (quadrupedalism, brachiation and bipedalism) and posture, Primate social behaviour; Extant Primates Distribution, characteristics and classification: Prosimii (Tarsiioidea, Lorisoidea, Lemuroidea), Anthropoidea (Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea); Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Human, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Orangutan and Gibbon. 7. Fossil Primates & Early Hominin Evolution: Fossils of extinct Primates Oligocene-Miocene fossils – Parapithecus; Gigantopithecus, Aegyptopithecus, Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus; Pre-hominid groups: Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Toumai), Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus; Early Hominids: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus ramidus, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) boisei, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) robustus, Australopithecus bahrelghazali; Early Transitional Human: Homo habilis. 8. Homo Erectus, Archaic & Modern Humans: Hominid Evolution Characteristics and distribution of Homo erectus in general, Special reference to the fossil evidences discovered from Africa (Turkana boy), Asia (Java man and Peking man), Europe (Dmanisi), Homo floresiensis (Dwarf variety); Characteristics of Archaic sapiens with special reference to Europe (Homo heidelbergensis), Africa (Rhodesian Man), Asia (China, Jinniushan; India, Narmada Man); Neandertal man: Distribution, salient features and phylogenetic position; Characteristics of anatomically Modern Homo sapiens with special reference to Africa (Omo), Europe (Cro-magnon, Chancelade, Grimaldi), Asia (Jinniushan) and Australia (Lake Mungo); Dispersal of modern humans: Out of Africa hypothesis, Multiregional hypothesis, Partial Replacement hypothesis. 9. Modern Human Variation & Indian Populations: Modern Human Variation: Typological Model, Populational Model and Clinal Model; overview of Classification proposed by Blumenbach, Deniker, Hooton, Coon, Garn and Birdsell; Ethnic Classification and distribution of Indian Populations: H.H. Risley; B. S. Guha; S. S. Sarkar; Linguistic distribution of ethnic groups. 10. Human Genetics Study Methods & Cytogenetics: Methods of studying Human Genetics: Cytogenetics, Mendelian Genetics, Twin Genetics, Sib Pair methods, Population Genetics, Molecular Genetics; Cytogenetics: cell cycle, standard karyotyping and banding techniques (G, C and Q), chromosomal abnormalities, fluorescent in situ hybridization, Lyon’s hypothesis, importance of telomere and centromere; Linkage and chromosome mapping, genetic imprinting. 11. Modes of Inheritance & Polygenic Traits: Modes of inheritance: Autosomal (dominant, recessive, codominance), sex linked, sex influenced, sex limited, modifying genes, suppressor genes, selfish gene, multiple allelic inheritance, multifactorial inheritance (stature and skin colour), polygenic (dermatoglyphics- Finger-ball Pattern types, Dankmeijer’s Index, Furuhata’s Index and Pattern Intensity Index, Total Finger Ridge Count, Absolute Finger Ridge Count, Palmar formula and mainline index, transversality, atd angle and flexion creases). 12. Population & Molecular Genetics: Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, definition and application; mating patterns (random, assortative and consanguineous), inbreeding coefficient, genetic load, genetic isolate, genetic drift, genetic distance); genetic polymorphism (balanced and transient); Molecular genetics: DNA, RNA, genetic code, protein structure and synthesis, concepts of RFLPs, VNTRs, STRs, and SNPs, Mitochondrial DNA, genic and genomic mutations. 13. Human Growth, Development & Maturation: Human Growth, development and maturation: definition, concepts; Basic principles of growth; phases of growth: Prenatal and postnatal (growth and development of different body parts, subcutaneous tissues and physiological variables); Growth curves: Velocity, Distance, Acceleration and Scammon’s Growth curve; Catch up and Catch down growth; Aging and senescence with special reference to somatic, skeletal and dental maturation. 14. Factors in Growth, Study Methods & Body Composition: Factors affecting growth: Genetic and Environmental; Secular trends in growth; Methods of studying human growth: Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Mixed longitudinal, Linked longitudinal; Body composition: Bone mass, body mass, percentage of body fat, segmental fat, body age. 15. Human Adaptation & Somatotyping: Human Adaptation: Allen’s and Bergmann’s rule; Human Adaptability Programme; human adaptation to heat, cold, high altitude; Somatotyping: Concept, Development (Kretschmer, Sheldon, Parnoll, Health-Carter) and its application. 16. Demography & Anthropological Demography: Demography: Multidisciplinary nature of demography and its relation with other disciplines; Relationship between demography and anthropological demography; Fertility (concept and determinants), Morbidity and mortality (concept and determinants), Migration (concept and determinants), Selection intensity. 17. Prehistoric Archaeology Concepts, Paradigms & Dating: Concept of prehistoric archaeology; ethno-archaeology, experimental archaeology, environmental archaeology, settlement archaeology, cognitive archaeology, geo-archaeology, action archaeology; Theoretical paradigms – descriptive to scientific period to interpretative period; Dating: Typology, seriation, geo-archaeological, obsidian hydration, chemical dating of bones, oxygen isotope, fluorine estimation, dendrochronology, radio-carbon, fission track, thermoluminescence, potassium-argon, varve clay, cross dating, amino acid racemization, palaeomagnetic. 18. Paleoenvironment & Site Formation: Paleoenvironment: Major geological stages (Tertiary, Quaternary, Pleistocene, Holocene); Major climatic changes during Pleistocene and post Pleistocene periods, glacial and interglacial periods, ice age, pluvial and inter-pluvial climatic phases; Evidences of quarternary climatic changes (moraines, varve, river terraces, loess, sea level changes, beach sequences, sea core, fluviatile deposits, palynology, palaeontology); Site formation. 19. Lithic Tool Typology & Technology: Lithic tool typology and technology: Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools, chopper and chopping tools, bifaces, handaxes and cleavers); Middle Palaeolithic (Clactonean, Levalloisian and Mousterian flakes, discoid cores, tortoise core, fluted core, scrapers, point); Upper Palaeolithic (blade, knife, blunted back, borer, burin, points); Mesolithic (microliths); Neolithic (ring stone, grind stone, celt, adze). 20. European Lithic Cultures & Near East Neolithic: Overview of Lithic Cultures of Europe: Lower Palaeolithic: Acheulian culture; Middle Palaeolithic: Mousterian culture; Upper Palaeolithic: Perigordian, Chatelperronian, Gravettian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, Magdalenian; Mesolithic: Azilian, Tardenoisean, Maglamosean, Kitchen Midden, Natufian; Early Farming Cultures and Neolithic of the Near East: Sites like Jericho, Jarmo, Çatal Huyuk, Shanidar. 21. Indian Palaeolithic Cultures: Lower Palaeolithic Period in India Pebble tool culture: Soan Acheulian culture: Madrasian (Kortalayar Valley), Attirmpakkam, Didwana, Belan Valley, Bhimbetka, Chirki-Nevasa, Hunsgi, Krishna Valley; Importance of Hathnora, Narmada valley; Middle Palaeolithic period in India: Belan valley, Bhimbetka, Nevasa, Narmada valley; Upper Palaeolithic period in India: Renigunta, Billa Surgam, Patne, Bhimbetka, Son and Belan Valleys, Visadi, Pushkar, Gunjan Valley. 22. Indian Mesolithic & Neolithic Periods: Mesolithic period in India: Mesolithic economy and society; Post Pleistocene environmental changes; Development in microlithic technology, composite tools and bows and arrows; Sites include Bagor, Tilwara, Langhnaj, Adamgarh, Bagor, Chopani Mando, Bhimbetka, Sarai Nahar Rai, Birbhanpur; Neolithic Period in India: Economic and social consequences of food production; Settlements, population growth, craft specializations, class formation and political institutions; Sites like Burzahom, Gufkral, Ahar, Gilund, Nagada, Kayatha, Navdatoli, Eran, Nevasa, Chandoli, Daimabad, Inamgaon, Prakash, Maski, Brahmagiri, Sangankallu, Tekkalkota, Piklihal, Nagarjunakonda, Daojali Hading, Kuchai, Sarutadu. 23. Prehistoric Art, Indus Civilization & Pottery Traditions in India: Prehistoric Cave art from India: Bhimbetka, Adamgarh; Indus Civilization: Expansion of village sites; Development of metal technology, art and writing; Architecture and city planning; Stages and theories of decline; Sites like Amri, Kot Diji, Kalibangan, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi; Pottery and Traditions: Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP), Black and Red ware, Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP); Distribution of the pottery types and period. 24. Bronze/Copper Age, Iron Age & Megaliths in India: Bronze/Copper Age: General characteristics, distribution, people; Iron Age and Urban Revolution: General characteristics, distribution, people; Megaliths: concept and types (menhir, dolmen, topical, cist, cairn circle, sarcophagi). 25. Core Concepts in Social Anthropology (Culture & Society): Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology: Culture: Attributes, Holism, Universals, Acculturation, Enculturation, Transculturation, Culture Change, Culture Shock, Cultural Relativism, Civilization, Folk-Urban Continuum, Great and Little Tradition, Cultural Pluralism and World-View; Society: Groups, Institutions, Associations, Community, Status and Role; Incest; Endogamy and Exogamy; Rites of passage. 26. Social Institutions (Family & Marriage): Social Institutions: Family: Definitions, universality of the family; Typological and Processual methods of studying the family; Types of family – conjugal-natal, consanguineal, nuclear, joint, extended; Rules of residence – Patrilocal, Matrilocal, Ambilocal, Bilocal, Neolocal, Avunculocal, Virilocal, Amitalocal, Uxorilocal; Functions of family, Trends of change – urbanization, globalization, industrialization, feminist movements; Marriage: Definition, universality, types and functions (monogamy, polygamy – polyandry, polygyny, hypogamy, hypergamy, levirate, sororate); Preferential and Prescriptive types; Types and forms of marital transactions – bride price and dowry; Marriage as exchange. 27. Social Institutions (Kinship, Economic & Legal Anthropology): Kinship: Definition, Descent, kinship terminology, matrilineal puzzle; Joking and avoidance; moiety, phratry, clan and lineage; Types of kinship systems; Economic Anthropology: Definition and relationship with Anthropology and Economy; Theories (Malinowski, Formal, Substantivist, Marxist); Livelihoods, Subsistence, Principles of production, distribution, consumption; division of labour in hunting-gathering, pastoral, swidden and agricultural communities; Exchange, reciprocity, gifts and barter systems; Kula, Potlatch and Jajmani – Anthropological explanations; Legal Anthropology: Anthropology of Law, Social Sanctions. 28. Political Organization, Religion, Belief Systems & Social Change: Political Organization: Definitions, political processes in band, tribe, chiefdom and state systems; Conflicts and social control; Nations and Nation-state, democracy; Religion and Belief Systems: Definitions, animism, animatism, manaism, bongaism, totemism, taboo; Religious specialists – witch, shaman, priest, medicine-man, sorcerer; Magic – definitions, types, approaches; Rituals; Social Change: Basic ideas and concepts (Assimilation, Integration, Syncretism, Dominance and Subjugation), Approaches. 29. Classical Anthropological Theories: Theories in Social Anthropology: Evolutionism – Tylor, Morgan, Fraser, Maine, McLennan; Diffusionism – Three schools (Austro-German, British, American); Historical Particularism – Boas; Functionalism – Malinowski; Structural-Functionalism – Radcliffe-Brown, Firth, Fortes, Eggan, Parsons. 30. Mid-20th Century Anthropological Theories: Structuralism – Levi-Strauss; Culture and Personality/Psychological Anthropology – Mead, Benedict, DuBois, Linton, Kardiner, Whiting and Child; Cultural Ecology, Environmental Anthropology, Neo-evolutionism (Leslie White, Julian Steward, Marshall Sahlins). 31. Later 20th Century Anthropological Theories I: Cultural Materialism – Marvin Harris; Symbolic Anthropology – Victor Turner, Raymond Firth, Mary Douglas; Cognitive Anthropology – Roy D’Andrade, Stephen Tyler, Ward Goodenough. 32. Contemporary & Critical Anthropological Theories: Deep Ethnography, Interpretive Anthropology – Clifford Geertz; Anthropology and Gender – Leela Dube, Renato Rosaldo, Marilyn Strathern, Zora Neale Hutson; Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism – Foucault, Derrida, Bourdieu; Ethnicity – Barth, Jeffery, Weber. 33. Development of Indian Anthropology & Social Concepts: Stages in the Development of Indian Anthropology Concepts: Social Stratification (eg. Caste), Scheduled Caste (SC), Dalit, OBC, Nomadic Groups; Revivalist/Nativist movements, Peasant movements (Malabar and Telengana movements). 34. Tribal Studies in India & Constitutional Safeguards: Tribe, Scheduled Tribe (ST), Particularly Vulnerable Groups (PVTGs), Tribal movements (Birsa and Naga movements), Tribal Development, Distribution; Constitutional Safeguards for SC and ST, Inclusion and Exclusion. 35. Indian Village Studies, Local Governance & Theoretical Ideas: Indian Village and Village Studies in India (S.C. Dube, McKim Marriott, Weiser, Scarlett Epstein, M.N. Srinivas, F.G. Bailey); Panchayati Raj Institutions and other traditional community political organizations, Self-Help Groups (SHGs); Theoretical ideas: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization, Globalization, Sacred Complex, Nature-Man-Spirit Complex. 36. Early Indian Anthropologists & Their Contributions: Early Indian Anthropologists and their contributions: G.S. Ghurye, B.S. Guha, S.C. Roy, Iravati Karve, L.P. Vidyarthi, S.C. Dube, M.N. Srinivas, N.K. Bose, Surajit Sinha, D.N. Majumdar, S.R.K. Chopra, Verrier Elwin, S.S. Sarkar, Dharani Sen, T.C. Das, P.C. Biswas. 37. Applied & Specialized Anthropological Fields: Concepts and Theories: Applied Anthropology, Action Anthropology, Engaged Anthropology, Experimental Anthropology, Urban Anthropology, Public Anthropology, Public Archaeology, Anthropology of Development, Medical Anthropology, Visual Anthropology, Genomic Studies, Genetic Screening and Counseling, Forensic Anthropology, Food and Nutritional Anthropology, Ergonomics, Kinanthropometry, Business Anthropology. 38. Community Development Projects & Intervention Processes: Community Development Projects (Rural, Urban and Tribal); Revisits, Re-studies, Reinterpretations, Intervention, Research Process and Social Impact Assessment (SIA). 39. Anthropological Approaches in Community Studies & Issues: Anthropological approaches in community studies: public health, education, nutrition, land alienation, bonded labour, housing, alternative economy, livelihood, gender issues, relief, rehabilitation and relocation, identity crisis, communication, training and management, aging and the aged. 40. Development Strategies, NGOs & Empowerment: Development Strategies (Plan/Sub Plan); Role of NGOs in Development; Anthropology and NGOs; Empowerment of Women, LGBT groups.

Ayurveda Biology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Ayurveda Biology Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Vedic origin & chronological development of ?yurveda, ?yurveda and various schools, understanding and relevance of a????ga ?yurveda. 2. Basic Texts and commentaries of ?yurveda, contribution of commentators to ?yurveda. 3. Introduction to b?hattray? and its importance, Introduction to laghutray? and its importance. 4. Basic understanding of nigha??u and ko?a of ?yurveda, contribution of contemporary publications in ?yurveda, Government initiatives for development of ?yurveda. 5. ?yu - lak?a?a, pary?ya, paribh??? and pram??a; Definitions of ?ar?ra, jñ?nendriya, karmendriya, mana, buddhi, citta, aha?k?ra, ?tm?. 6. lokapuru?a s?mya siddh?nta, ekadh?tu puru?a, ?a?dh?tuja puru?a, caturvi??ati tatv?tmaka puru?a and their relevance; Definitions of Ayurveda – hit?yu - ahit?yu, sukh?yu - dukh?yu, tris?tra ?yurveda - hetuli?ga- au?adha-jñ?na svastha ?tura. 7. sv?sthya lak?a?a - Dimensions of Health Corresponding to nature, prak?ti, ?tucary?, dinacary?, svasthav?tta; pa?camah?bh?ta – ?k??a-v?yu-agni-jala-p?thv? and their specific properties. 8. Theories of s?m?nya and vi?e?a; pad?rtha – theories of dravya-gu?a-karma-s?m?nya-vi?e?a-samav?ya; do?a – ?ar?rika and m?nasika; Introduction to dh?tu, mala, agni and srotas. 9. Introduction to ?ar?ra racan? kriy?; garbha?ar?ra (fetal development) - ?ukra, ?rtava, garbh?dh?na, garbha and m?s?num?sika garbha. 10. Introduction to ?ar?ra pram??a, sa?khy? ?ar?ra, a?ga-pratya?ga-ko??h??ga and ??aya; Introduction to deha prak?ti and m?nasa prak?ti. 11. Introduction to do?a, sapta dh?tu and mala vijñ?na; Definition and types of - asthi, sandhi, sn?yu, pe??, parva and ka??ar?. 12. Definition, types and numbers of srotas, dhaman?, ?ir? and n???; ojas and its importance; Definition of agni and types – ja?har?gni, dh?tv?gni and bh?t?gni; marma - Definition and types. 13. pad?rtha – Definition and types - saptapad?rtha; Definition and types of pram?, prameya, pram?t?, pram??a and pram??a catu??aya. 14. pram??a - Definition and types - ?ptopade?a, pratyak?a, anum?na and yukti pram??a; Origin of dravya, Definition and types - k?ra?a and k?rya dravya. 15. au?adha and ?h?ra dravya, ?yu?ya – an?yu?ya dravya; Basic concept of rasa pañcaka; dravya - n?ma-r?pa-gu?a-karma-yoga-prayoga-sa?yoga vijñ?na. 16. Basic concept, classification, and application gu?a, v?rya and vip?ka; Basic concept of karma and its classification; dravya in accordance with karma and its uses in health and disease. 17. Rasa Shastra and bhai?ajya Kalpana: Origin and Development of rasa ??stra and bhai?ajya kalpan?; rasa - Definition, Types of rasa ?odhana prak?ra and sa?sk?ra; uparasa s?dh?ra?a rasa, ratna, and uparatna, – Definition; Types of ?odhana and m?ra?a. 18. Principles of au?adha nirm??a, j?ra?a, m?ra?a, satvap?tana, nirv?pa and ?v?pa; Basic concept of bhai?ajya kalpan?; rasa??l? - Conventional and Contemporary aspects, Good Collection Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices. 19. Basic Pharmaceutical dosage forms and Secondary dosage forms of ?yurveda; Definition of pu?a, its types and use in various pharmaceutical forms; au?adha sevana k?la and au?adha sevana m?rga. 20. Pharmacopeia: ?yurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) - Introduction, development and importance; ?yurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) - Introduction, development and importance; Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 in relation to ASU Drugs and Standardization of ASU drugs; Extra-pharmacopoeial drugs (Anukta dravya) not finding place in Ayurvedic Classics; Knowledge of pharmaco-vigilance in ?yurveda and conventional system of medicine; Pharmacogenomics of active compounds of ?yurveda and multi-omics approach. 21. Disease Biology: Definition of disease, Etiology and Pathology; Congenital and Acquired diseases; Communicable and Non-communicable diseases; Genetic and Epigenetic factors in health and diseases; Autoimmune diseases and Lifestyle disorders; Deficiency and Metabolic diseases; Psychological disorders; Benign tumors and various types of cancers. 22. Microbiology: Historical perspectives of Microbiology, Immunization, Epidemics and Pandemics; Antimicrobial resistance, Immune response by microorganisms, Sterilization and disinfection; Microbial Diversity and Physiology; Gut-Brain axis (GBA) and Microbiome. 23. Microorganisms isolation and characterization, culture media; Environmental microflora, Bio-remediation, Dairy microbiology, Indicator organisms and tests and water borne diseases; Genetic Recombination, Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction. 24. Immunology: Role of RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma proteins in immune mechanisms; Biophysics of Immune System, Structure of antigen and antibody molecules, Antigen recognition by T cell and B cells, B-cell receptors, TCR gene rearrangement, antigen presentation and MHC/HLA complex; Antigen antibody reactions, Innate immune cells, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) and Complement system; Natural and Acquired immunity, cell-mediated immunity and toxicity and cytokines; Immunopathology and autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and allergy, Immunomodulators; Antibody isolation and purification, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immune cell isolation, flow cytometry and Immunotherapy; History of vaccines, attenuated vaccine, heat-killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, dendritic cell-based vaccine, Virus- Like Particles, adjuvants and their role in vaccine. 25. Genetics and Ayurgenomics: Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Historical Perspectives of Genetics; Human genome and its evolution; Exploring genotype to phenotype correlation, Multi-OMIC and its correlation with do?aprak?ti and medicinal plants. 26. Basics of human genomics, regulatory mechanisms of genetic variation, its role in health, diseases and adaptation including drug response; Population genomics, Disease genomics, Pharmaco-genomics, Nutrigenomics, and scientific approaches and initiatives towards discovery of biomarkers; Approach, limitation and challenges in discovery, development and delivery of P4 and P5 (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory and Promotive) medicinal aspects of ?yurveda. 27. Cell and Molecular Biology: Plant and animal cells - Structure and Function; Early evidences and Experiments of DNA as the genetic material, Chemistry of Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Chargaff’s rule; Watson-Crick model and forms of DNA; types of RNAs, Concept of gene and genome, difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotic genes, C-value paradox, Triplexes, quadruplexes and aptamers. 28. DNA replication-conservative, semi-conservative and dispersive models, DNA replicative enzymes and mechanisms of DNA replication; Types of gene mutations - base substitution, frame shift mutation, insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, reverse, suppressor and lethal mutations; DNA damage and repair mechanisms; Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes, structure of prokaryotic gene, structure and functions of RNA polymerase and its subunits; Mechanism of Gene Transcription and Translation, Genetic code, Gene structure, expression and regulation in eukaryotes, RNA polymerases, Post-transcriptional modifications and Operon concept; Basic concepts of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 29. Physiology: Fundamentals of human physiology and cellular function; Digestive System – Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism; Respiratory and Circulatory Systems – Breathing and exchange of gases, Body fluids and circulation; Nervous Systems – Central and Autonomic nervous system, Neurophysiology and Cerebrospinal fluids. 30. Excretory and Endocrine Systems – Excretory products and their elimination from the body, acid-base regulation, Endocrine glands and Hormonal functions; Reproductive System – Human reproductive physiology and Embryonic development; Voluntary and Involuntary movements and their coordination. 31. Biochemistry: Concept of atoms and molecules, molecular interactions, stereochemistry and their importance in biological systems; Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism; Lipid chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with lipid metabolism, Lipidomics; Chemistry and metabolism of Proteins and Amino acids, Ramachandran plot, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, Mechanisms and specificity of Enzymes, Coenzymes and Cofactors, Disorders associated with protein and amino acid metabolism, proteomics; Heme synthesis and disorders; Structure, function and metabolisms of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. 32. Nanotechnology: Physical properties and types of the nanoparticles, Nanoparticles of various basic pharmaceutical forms of ?yurveda and Green nanotechnology; Synthesis of nanomaterials using different methods, Molecular basis of biosynthesis of nanomaterials, assessment of plant, animal and mineral-based drugs for nanomaterials; Characterizations of nanoparticles - transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fluroscence microscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV – visible absorption; photoluminescence; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS); Nanomaterials in bio-sensors and other applications and Interaction of nanomaterials; Molecular basis of nano-formulations. 33. Biodiversity and Environmental Health: Biodiversity of Medicinal plants and animals, Concept and Practices of environmental health, Pathways for synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites and their uses; Pharmacological properties of secondary and active metabolites of medicinal plants used in ?yurveda; Concept of ecosystem, structure, function and types of ecosystem, energy flow in an ecosystem: food chain, food web and ecological succession. 34. Biodiversity and its conservation, Levels of biological diversity, biogeography zones of India, biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots, India as a megabiodiversity nation; Renewable and non-renewable biological resources and their importance in longevity of life; Degradation of biodiversity, loss of medicinal plants and animal life, and its impact on indigenous knowledge. 35. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Concept, meaning and types of Intellectual Property (IP), Origin, nature, philosophy and importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Current Best Practices (CBP) and legal framework of IPR; Protection of Traditional Knowledge System (TKS), prevention of bio-piracy and bioprospecting, benefits to national economy, conservation of environment, protection of livelihood of TK stake- holders, TKS and innovation in Indian medicine system; Introduction to the Indian patent office and National Biodiversity Authority and their role in the protection of TKS, Different types of IPR protection in India, Indian Legislations – Patents Act of India (1970); Biological Diversity Act (2002), Convention of Biological Diversity (1992), Plant Protection Variety and Farmers Rights Act (2001) and Geographical Indication Act 1999 etc. with respect to TKS; The role of databases and registers in the legal protection of TKS - Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) through World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO); WTO, TRIPS, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); FAO; Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing. 36. Entrepreneurship: Definition of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial traits, and Entrepreneur versus Manager, Entrepreneurial decision processes, Ethical, Legal and Socio-cultural responsibilities; Opportunities for Entrepreneurs in relation to food and drugs of Ayurveda for wellness; Innovations and new ideas in ?yurveda R&D, Product planning, development and troubleshooting, Types of ?yurveda industries and manufacturing, and Competitive dynamics between the sub-industries; Entrepreneurship development programs of public and private agencies (MSME, Ministry of Ayush, Make in India), Challenges in ?yurveda industry and decision-making, Patenting and Commercialization strategies; Laboratory to market - strategies and processes of negotiation with financiers, government and regulatory authorities, Pricing strategy, challenges in marketing in ?yurveda business, Distribution channels, supply chain, Analysis and management of customer needs; Business preparation including statutory and legal requirements, business feasibility study, Financial management in capital procurement and cost management, Collaborations and partnership. 37. Research Methodology: Research Methodologies and Bioethics in ?yurveda; Fundamental principles-based research in ?yurveda; Food and drug-based research in Ayurveda; Pre-clinical and Clinical trials - types, protocol designing and data management in accordance with the principles of ?yurveda. 38. Various extraction methods of plant materials, Concept of polarity for extraction and Solvents used for the extraction; Purification of bioactive compounds through various chromatographic methods; Identification of Functional Groups in Phytochemicals. 39. Biostatistics: Average, Mean, Mode, Median; Descriptive statistics, Various Statistical tests of significance and Analysis of variance; Power and sample size calculation and Basic Principles of Statistical Inference; Correlation analysis, Regression analysis and Survival analysis; Genome Mapping Statistics and Bioinformatics; Types of data and its classification, multi-dimensional data, big data, meta data, linear algebraic treatment to data, matrices, eigen values and eigenvectors, and singular value decomposition; Exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. 40. Ayurveda-informatics: Chronological Development of ?yurvedic drug manufacturing industries; Government policies and initiatives for the development of ?yurveda as traditional System of Medicine of India for the wellbeing of the world; Ordinance, Rules and Regulations in the manufacturing of quality, safety and efficacy of ?yurvedic drugs for the consumers; Review of important modern works on classical medicinal plants published by Ministry of AYUSH and ICMR, Govt of India; Important organizations of Ayurveda – National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), Central Council for Research in ?yurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), ?yurvedic Pharmacopeia commission, National Medicinal Plants Board and Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), etc; Research publication portals in ?yurveda and contemporary medical science - DHARA, PubMed, Ayush Research Portal, Bioinformatics Centre and Research Management Informatic System; Use of modern technology to confirm the various fundamental principles, drug research and development for communicable and non-communicable diseases; Health informatics in ?yurveda in present global scenario.

Indian Culture Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Indian Culture Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Meaning and concepts of Culture: encompassing Traditional and Modern concepts, alongside Notions of Culture in textual tradition, and anthropological, archaeological, and sociological understanding of the term culture. 2. Elements of Culture, the concept of Indianness, the value system, and the fundamental relation between culture and civilization. 3. Historiography and approaches to the study of Indian Culture: including Stereotypes, Objectivity and Bias, and Imperialist, Nationalist, Marxist, and Subaltern perspectives; also covering the Heritage of India and the world’s debt to Indian Culture. 4. Archaeological Sources for the Study of Indian Culture: cultural remains, Monuments, Numismatics, and Epigraphy. 5. Literary sources and Oral traditions; Foreign Accounts; and Archival sources as means for the Study of Indian Culture. 6. Pre-historic Stone age cultures, detailing palaeolithic, mesolithic, and neolithic periods, and Protohistoric cultures, including the chalcolithic horizon. 7. Harappan Culture: addressing current debates on nomenclature and scripts, and detailing Town planning and architecture, art, social, religious, and economic life. 8. The evolution of India’s main language families. 9. Early Vedic and later Vedic ideas and institutions: covering social, religious, economic, political, and scientific aspects. 10. Post Vedic developments: including Religious Movements, the emergence of states, Shramana traditions (Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivikas, and other sects), and the Education system and centres like Taxila and Kashi. 11. Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Ideas and Institutions: examining Social, Religious, Economic, and Political structures; Ashoka’s Dhamma; and Scripts like Brahmi and Kharosthi. 12. The Impact of Foreign Invasions on India; and the development of Art and Architecture during the Mauryan and Post-Mauryan periods. 13. Literature of the Mauryan and Post-Mauryan period: featuring Arthasashtra, Manusmriti, Natyashastra, Panchatantra, Buddhacharit, and Saundarananda; alongside Scientific Achievements of Nagarjuna, Sushruta, and Charaka. 14. The Education System and Centres during Mauryan and Post-Mauryan times; the Sangam Age, focusing on its Society and Culture; and India's Contacts with the outside world. 15. Gupta and Post-Gupta Ideas and Institutions: exploring social, religious, philosophical, economic, and political dimensions. 16. Scientific Achievements (Mathematics, Astronomy, Metallurgy) and Art and Architecture (evolution of Temples, Paintings of Ajanta and Bagh) during the Gupta and Post-Gupta period. 17. Literature of the Gupta and Post-Gupta era: Kalidasa, Banabhatta, Bharavi, Magha, Bhavabhuti, Dandi; Canonical Texts such as Vishnu Dharmottara Purana; the Education system and centres like Nalanda and Valabhi; and Contacts with the outside world. 18. Early Medieval Society: Legacies of Classical ideas, emergence of new trends, Proliferation of castes, outcastes, Vishti (forced labour), Slavery, and the Position of women; Polity characterized by feudalism; and Economy marked by de-urbanization and an agrarian system. 19. Religion in the Early Medieval Period: Vedic-Puranic traditions, Shramana tradition, Tantra, Bhakti movements; Philosophical thoughts including Shaddarshana; notable Philosophers like Shankara and Ramanuja; and the Pilgrimmage tradition. 20. Art and Architecture in Early Medieval India, featuring Nagara, Dravida, Bhumija, and Vesara styles; Education system and centres such as Vikramashila and Nalanda; and Scientific achievements in Mathematics and Astronomy. 21. Literature of the Early Medieval Period: Kalhana’s Rajatarangini and Al-Birunis’ Kitabul Hind; India's Contacts with Islam; and Canonical texts like Samaranganasutradhara, Manasara, Bhuvanapradeepa, and Sadhanamala. 22. Delhi Sultanate - Ideas and Institutions: Political structures like Iqta and the impact of the new ruling class on society; Economic aspects including market reforms, growth of new urban centres, percolation of Islam in rural areas, resistance and acceptance, and the Extent of slavery. 23. Religion in the Sultanate Period: Acharya traditions, the Bhakti tradition featuring Kabir and Ravidas, and the emergence of Sufism, particularly the Chishti and Suhrawardy orders. 24. Art and Architecture during the Sultanate Period: emergence of the Sultanate school of architecture and paintings, regional styles, and various religious and secular structures; Literature encompassing Sanskrit, Persian, Regional languages, and the emergence of Hindawi (Amir Khusrau, Chandabardai); and the Education system. 25. Vijay Nagar Empire: its Ideas and Institutions, particularly the political system of Nayankara; its Art and Architecture, Literature, and Educational institutions. 26. Mughal Ideas and Institutions: Polity aspects such as Mansab and Jagir, and Watan Jagir; Economic systems like Zamindari and Zabt; and Society, including the Aristocracy, emergence of middle classes, labourers, Slaves, and the Position of Women. 27. Religion and Philosophy in the Mughal Period: the growth of Vaishnava Bhakti, Panthiesm, and Sufi traditions like Sulh-i kul and Naqshabandis; key religious figures including Gurunanaka, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Meerabai, Narayanabhatta, and Raghunandana. 28. Literature during the Mughal Period: development in Sanskrit, Persian, and vernacular languages, featuring Tulasidasa, Suradasa, Abdur Rahim Khan-i-khanan, Abdul Fazl, Faizi, Badauni, and Banarasidas (Ardhakathanaka); and the Translation of religious texts by Akbar and Dara-Shukoh. 29. Art and Architecture in the Mughal era: Emergence of Mughal Schools; Temples of Vrindavan such as Gobinda Deva and Keshava Das Temple; and Four Quarter Gardens; Education, including the introduction of new education curricullum from Akbar’s period onwards (Dars-inizami), and religious syncretism in coinage, miniatures, and structures. 30. Science and Technology during the Mughal Period: Introduction of mechanical devices, pindrum gearing, and the astrolabe; Sawai Jai Singh’s observatories; and the Arrival of Europeans (Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, French) and their impact. 31. Emergence of successor states and their cultural developments in the Modern Period: Awadh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Marathas, and Rajputana. 32. The Impact of Western ideas and Indian responses: European studies of India, including the work of William Jones and the Asiatic Society, Fort William College, and the influence of Christian missionaries. 33. The Emergence and Development of the New Education System during the Modern Period. 34. The Indian Cultural Renaissance and Socio-Religious reform movements: focusing on Reformists such as the Brahama Samaja, Aligarh Movement, Ramakrishna Mission, and Theosophical Society. 35. Revivalist movements like the Wahabi and Arya Samaj Movement; alongside Dalit Movements and Sikh reform movements. 36. Administrative Measures undertaken in the Modern Period: specifically legislation concerning women, education, and social evils. 37. Literature in the Modern Period: the emergence of Shahr Ashob as a genre. 38. Prominent Urdu literary figures (Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal) and Hindi literary figures (Bhartendu Harishchand, Prem Chand) of the Modern Period. 39. Key Bengali literary figures (Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, Qazi Nazrul Islam) of the Modern Period. 40. Science and Technology in the Modern Period: the emergence of modern science and technology.

Indian Knowledge System Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Indian Knowledge System Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Caturda?a vidy?sth?na-s: The 14 branches of learning in ancient India, encompassing pur??a, ny?ya, m?m??s?, and dharma??stra, along with introductory information on them and on ??stra-s. 2. The Six Ved??ga-s: ?ik??, vy?kara?a, nirukta, chanda, jyoti?a, and kalpa, including their names, objectives, scientific nature, and some details, covering phonetics and grammar, and the scientific nature of pronunciation of sa?sk?ta and other Indian languages. 3. Veda-s and Pur??a-s: The four Veda-s (?gveda, yajurveda, s?maveda, and atharvaveda) and Upaveda-s with introductory information on them; The 18 pur???sa-s, their names, and the five general characteristics of pur??a-s: sarga, pratisarga, va??a, manvantara, and va???nucarita. 4. Indian Philosophical Systems (Part b Introduction & Dar?ana-s): Introduction to the subject of Indian Philosophical Systems part (b), including texts, authors, and their contribution to Indian preaching on dharma, artha, and Society; N?stika dar?ana: c?rv?ka, jaina, and bauddha dar?ana; ?stika dar?ana: ny?ya-vai???ika, s??khya and y?ga, p?rvam?m??s? and uttaram?m??s? (v?d?nta). 5. Ancient Indian Gurukula System: A study of n?land?, tak?a?il?, vikrama?il?, valabh?, ?dantapur?, mithil?, k?nc?, n?diy?, pu?pagiri, n?g?rjunak????, ??rad?p??ha (k??m?ra), ujjain, jagaddala aura s?mapura. 6. Tarka??stra (Logic and Epistemology): Pram??a-s, including pratyak?a, anumana, upam?na, ?abda, arth?patti, and anupalabdhi; Concepts of pram?t?, pram??a, prameya, and pram?; and the principles of sv?ta?prama?ya and parata? pram??ya. 7. Linguistic Philosophy in Tarka??stra: The powers of words: abhidh?, lak?a??, vyañjan?, t?tparya; Concepts of cause and fallacies: Hetu-lak?a?a and hetvabh?sa lak?a?a; and the Pa?ca adhikara?a System: vi?aya, sa??aya, p?rvapak?a, uttarapak?a, and sa?gati. 8. Dharma, Artha, and Puru??rtha-s: Indian preaching on Dharma, artha and Society; The four puru??rtha-s: dharma, artha, k?ma, and mok?a, with definitions of each; The meaning of dharma, its root and derivation, and definitions and meanings from various texts (mah?bh?rata, manusm?ti, vai?e?ika s?tra). 9. Aspects of Dharma and Artha: Types of dharma: k?mya, nitya, ni?iddha, naimittika, pr?ya?cita & up?san?; The meaning of the word artha as a puru??rtha, its root, derivation, and meaning. 10. Societal Outlook and Well-being: Societal outlook for t?rthay?tr?, festivals, saptapur?, 12 jyotirlinga-s, and the unity of India; Ways as advocated in IKS texts for happiness and wellbeing of all, including the concept of svasthav?tta. 11. Key Texts - Bhagavadg?t?, R?m?ya?a, Mah?bh?rata: Bhagavadg?t? chapter no. 16 on daiv? and ?sur? sa?pat; R?m?ya?a: Rama’s qualities as noted in v?lm?ki r?m?ya?a, mary?d?puru?ottama Rama, and the study of kaccit sarga with delineation of meaning in view of kingdom administration; Mah?bh?rata as a storehouse of knowledge, and viduran?ti with its significant preaching on r?ja dharma. 12. Artha??stra and Statecraft: Artha??stra, its significance, and a broad introduction to subjects dealt in artha??stra; Cultural underpinnings of modern statecraft such as yogak?ema (welfare measures of polity-policy), sapt??ga (Seven limbs of State), ?a?gu?a (Six Measures of statecraft), r?ja dharma (Duty of a King), r?jaman?ala (Circle of kings), and dharma (Order) mooted in the artha??stra. 13. Indian Languages and Literature: Indian Languages and their pronunciation system; Sanskrit Language and its Relation to Indian languages; The impact of Sanskrit literature on Indian languages for literary compositions; Literary masterpieces of Indian languages and their translations into World languages and names of their translators. 14. Measures of Time in Ancient India: Divisions of time in veda: Year, Months and days, Names of the 13 months in Taittir?ya-Br?hma?a, the names of 12 half-months, Lunar year of 354 days, Months and intercalary months; General time measures, Modes of reckoning time: Lunar day, Solar day, Solar year, Lunisolar year, Civil day. 15. Conversion of Eras: The methods for conversion of eras: ?aka to kali, ?aka to Jovian years, vikramasamvat to Kali, and Kollam year to Kali. 16. Indian Calendrical Systems (Pañc??ga): Pañc??ga: The five elements of the calendar and their computations: Nak?atra, Tithi, Yoga, Kara?a and V?ra; Nak?atra of the Sun, Solar Calendar, Vikramasa?vat and ??liv?hana-sa?vat – National Calendar (r???r?ya dinadar?ik?). 17. Planetary Positions from Siddh?ntik Texts: Computation of Aharga?a from ?ryabha??ya, Revolution number of the planets in a Mah?yuga, Finding the Mean longitude of the planets, Mandasa?sk?ra, ??ghrasa?sk?ra, and True longitudes of the planets. 18. Evolution of Planetary Models and Ayan???a: The evolution of Planetary model from ?ryabha?a to N?laka??ha (Quasi-heliocentric model); Various algorithms to determine ayan???a. 19. Planetary Positions from Kara?a and V?kya Texts: Obtaining planetary positions using simplified algorithms given in Kara?a texts such as Kara?akut?hala, Grahal?ghava etc.; Candrav?kyas of Vararuci and M?dhava and Error-Correction procedure for them; Obtaining the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon using the V?kya system; Importance of M?sav?kyas, Sa?kr?nti-v?kyas and Nak?atra-v?kyas. 20. Scope of Indian Health and Well-being Systems: ?yurv?d?, siddha, y?ga, Folk, and Tribal Medical Practices; Folk and classical streams of medical knowledge in India: folk and tribal medicine – 8000 plants, home remedies, primary health care, bone setting, traditional birth attendants, poison healers. 21. ?yurveda - Foundations and Features: Historical development and milestones of ?yurveda, personalities, textual sources, regional traditions; Application of Pram??as in ?yurveda for generation and validation of medical knowledge; Salient features – nature centric approach, person centric approach, body-mind medicine, pharmacopeia of plant, animal, and mineral sources, multi-ingredient formulations and dosage forms, multipronged approach to treatment – lifestyle, diet, and medicine, healthy aging. 22. ?yurveda - Core Concepts and Practices: Foundational concepts of ?yurveda - Do?adh?tumalasiddh?nta; Definition of health (svastha), daily routine (dinacary?), seasonal routine (?tucary?), good conduct (Sadv?tta); Definition and classification of diseases – ?dhidaivika, ?dhyatmika, ?dhibhautika, sevenfold classification; Scope and variety of treatments in ?yurveda; Eight clinical specialties of ?yurveda; Current status of ?yurveda in India and the World. 23. Siddha System of Medicine: Historical development and milestones of Siddha, personalities, textual sources; Foundational concepts – Trido?a; Pulse diagnosis; Varma treatment; Herbo-mineral formulations; Concept of health and disease, Preventive Medicine; Approaches to management of diseases; Current status of the siddha system of medicine in India and the world. 24. Yoga for Health and Wellness: Historical development and milestones of Yoga, personalities, textual sources; Definition of yoga; Yoga as therapy for health and wellness; A????ga yoga; Health benefits of ?sanas; Health benefits of Pr???y?ma; Health benefits of Meditation; Yogic methods of cleansing the body – ?a?karmas; Application of yoga as therapy in the modern world. 25. Early Indian Architecture: Indus Valley civilisation: Urban planning - Dholavira; Hindu Temple Architecture: – elementary concepts of nagara, dravi?a and vesar? style temples; Brief knowledge of Ancient and medieval structures of India: buddh? and jaina temples - udayagiri – s??c? - s?ran?tha –n?land?. 26. Diverse Temple Architectures of India: Rock and Cave temples- el?phai??? - j?ge?var? - aja?t? and ellor?; him?laya? Temples-ked?ran?tha -tu?g?ma?ha –j?ge?vara - b?le?vara; Ancient and medieval temples: mu??e?var? dev? temple- da??vat?ra vi??u temple, ?ogaraha - khajur?ho temples- li?gar?ja temple, bhubane?vara - ?er?ko?? temple, vi??upura- temples of b?d?m?, Aihole (c?luky?na temples)-k??c? and mah?bal?puram temples- c?la temples, Sun temples-k???rka, m??h?r?, ka??ramala (alm???) and m?rta??a (ana?tan?ga) (only the elementary knowledge of architecture style, period and Deity). 27. Water Management and V?stu ??stra: Ancient and medieval Indian Water storage and harvesting systems: - kallana? dam- a?al?ja stepwell, ???k? techniques of Rajasthan - ?h?ra p??na of Bihar; Fundamentals of v?stu ??stra (only elementary concept). 28. Geometry in ?ulbas?tras and Decimal System: Geometry in ?ulbas?tras: expression for the surds given in ?ulbas?tra texts, Methods for obtaining a perpendicular bisector, Construction of perpendicular bisector: cord-folding method, Bodh?yana method of constructing a square, The Bodh?yana-Pythagorean theorem; Decimal place value system: Numbers in veda, enumeration of big numbers (koti to mahaaugh, akshauhini and other named numerals) from traditional literature, Three different systems of numerations: ?ryabha?an, Bh?tasa?khy? and Ka?apay?di systems. 29. Arithmetic, Trigonometry (?ryabha??ya) and Brahmagupta: Arithmetic and Trigonometry in ?ryabha??ya and its further development: Square root and cube-roots, ?ryabha?a’s Sine-Table, Its modification in Tantrasa?graha, M?dhava series for Sine and Cosine functions, Different methods to obtain sine values from Kara?apaddhati; Brahmagupta: Mathematics of positive, negative and zero, Solution of linear and quadratic equations, Cyclic Quadrilateral. 30. L?l?vat? and Ku??aka: L?l?vat?: Arithmetical operations: Inversion method, rule of supposition, Solution of quadratic equations, Mixtures, Combinations, progressions, Plane figures: application of right triangles, S?c? problems, Construction of a quadrilateral, cyclic quadrilaterals, value of ?, area of a circle, surface area of a sphere, volume of a sphere; Ku??aka and continued fractions: Ku??aka method by ?ryabha?a and Brahmagupta, Vallyupasa?h?ra and Continued fraction, Vallyupasa?h?ra Method I and II from Kara?apaddhati, Nearest-integer continued fraction in D?kkara?a. 31. Kerala School of Mathematics: M?dhava series for ?; End-correction (Antyasa?sk?ra); Different fast convergent series for ?, Putumana-Somay?j? series; N?laka??ha on the irrationality of ?; N?laka??ha and the notion of the sum of infinite geometric series. 32. Ancient Indian Chemical Theories: S??khya-P?tañjala system: (Prak?ti – The original constituents and their interactions; conservation of energy and transformation of energy; the doctrine of causation; principle of collocation, storing and liberation of energy; dissipation of energy and mass and their dissolution into formless prak?ti, the evolution of matter; the evolution of infra-atomic unit; chemical analysis and synthesis; elements and compounds); Chemistry in the medical schools of ancient India: Physical characteristics of the Bh?tas, The Mah?bh?t?s, mechanical mixtures, Qualities of compounds; formation of molecular properties in chemical compounds, Chemistry of colors, measures of weight and capacity, size of the minimum visible. 33. Atomic Theories and B?hatsa?hit? Chemistry: Evolution of different forms of matter (Pañc?kara?a) from the Vedantic view; The atomic theory of the Buddhists and Jains; Ny?ya Vaise?ika chemical theory: theory of atomic combinations; chemical combinations, mono and hetero bhautika compounds, theory of dynamic contact (Vi??ambha), chemical action and heat, three axes of V?caspati (graphical representation of the constitution of a bibhautika compound), conception of molecular motion (parispanda); Ideas of chemistry as in B?hatsa?hit?: making of vajr? lepa/vajrasamgh?ta; ga?dhayukti. 34. Metallurgy and Chemical Practices: Metallurgical heritage: Artha??stra as the earliest text describing gold, silver and other metals; processing of gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, mercury, lead and zinc as mentioned in the Indian texts in the ancient and medieval period; Zinc distillation as mentioned in Ras?r?ava and Rasaratnasamuccaya; Concepts of acid and bases in Indian chemistry from organic fruit, vegetable based Acids, plant-ash based bases to mineral acids of the medieval period. 35. Life Sciences Scope and Agro-horticulture: Scope: k?atriya, m?gayurveda, p?ka??stra, pavitra upavana; K??i??stra, v?k??yurveda: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources - upavana vin?da, K??ipar??ara, B?hat Samhit?, K??i G?ta; Recreational Gardens; Agriculture in ancient India; Plant diseases and their management; Pest control, manures for plants, plant grafting techniques. 36. M?g?yurveda and P?ka??stra: M?g?yurveda: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources - P?lak?pyasa?hit?, Gaj?yurveda, ??lihotrasa?hit?, A?v?yurveda, M?gapak?i??stra; Classification and description of animals; Diagnosis and treatment of diseases; P?ka??stra: Historical development and milestones, personalities, textual sources – P?kadarpa?a, Bhojanakut?hala, K?emakut?hala, Pathy?pathyavini?caya; Concept of a balanced diet; Sources and classification of food; Healthy and unhealthy combinations of foods; Healthy and balanced recipes; Methods of cooking; Customizing food according to place, seasons, and constitution of the individual; Eight factors to be considered to create a balanced diet; Right methods of eating; Unhealthy food habits. 37. Sacred Groves, Social Forestry, and Medicinal Plants: Sacred groves: tulas?, sandalwood, ?am?, Ark, pal??a, khadira, devad?ru, Betel nut, Coconut, Banana etc.; About social forestry –benefits from leaves, fruits from plantation – as mentioned in famous texts like n?mba (neem), ?mra, (Mango), Milk-tree-panasa (Jackfruit), a?vatth?, fig or gular, pakar (Ficus lacor) bagar??a; tamarind, kapittha, bilv? ,a?ok? amalaka, punn?ga , ?i??ap? , saptapar?a , saptara?g?, the fruit of planting these plants-general description; ?yurvedika medicine herbs, trees and plants-arjuna, candana (sandalwood), ?am?, ark, pal??a, khadira, devad?ru, ku?aja , ingud?, u??ra -gh?sa, vi?amu??i-general description. 38. Performing Arts - Dance and Drama Foundations: Introduction to bharata muni n??ya??stra & abhinaya darpa?a; Description of navaras?; An account of the eight classical dances of India (bharatan??yam, mohin?a??am, kathakal?, kucipu??, katthaka, o?is?, ma?ipur? and satr?ya); Influence of g?t? govi?d?, The r?m?ya?a and The mah?bh?rata on Indian dance and Indian paintings (madhuban?, pa?acitra, pah???, k??ga??). 39. Music, Folk Arts, and Regional Theatre: Classification of Indian classical music (hi?dust?n? and Carnatic), Major styles associated with hi?dust?n? classical music (dhrupada, khy?la, tar?n?) and Carnatic Music (var?amasa and kri?isa); An overview of the t?la system and laya; Introduction to the term folk, tribal and modern art forms of India; A general overview on the socio-economic background of the practiced folk, tribal, traditional, ritualistic performances (dance, music, storytelling and theater); Introduction to regional theatrical practice- k??iy???ama, yak?ag?n?, chau, j?tr?, laihar?ob?, theyyama, ??kie n?ta, pa??av?n?, ci?d? bhagavat?, bh???a, ja?na and others. 40. Puppetry, UNESCO Recognition, and Musical Evolution: Impact of traditional texts on art forms; Classification of Indian puppetry (ka?aputal?, ?hol? bomlat?, r?va?a ch?y?, tolp?vak?th?), influence of pa?cata?trama on puppetry tradition; An account of the art forms and cultural festivals of India that are represented in the UNESCO’s ICH list and the significance of this nomination process; Application of Ka?apay?di in malakart? r?ga nomenclature; introduction to the evolutionary stages from Catu?da??i to current day concert paddhati in Carnatic music. 41. IKS Influence - Western World (Central Asia & Europe): Influence of sa?sk?ta on ancient European Languages and their Mythologies; Influence of Indian Philosophy on Ancient Greece Thinkers: Socrates, Plato, Plotinus, Porphyry, Neo-Platonism etc.; Trade with Roman Empire and other ancient civilizations; Cultural Influence in Mesopotamia, Sumeria, Kassites, Persia, Yazidis etc. 42. IKS Influence - Eastern World (South East Asia) - Kingdoms and Culture: Various Kingdoms influenced by Indian Culture: Kingdom of m?tarama, pagana Kingdom (849-1297 CE) (Burma), khamera Kingdom (802-1463 CE), rajaha?ate ofsebu, ayutth?ya Kingdom era (1350- 1767), Sri Vijaya Empire (650 – 1377 CE) etc.; Indian Influence on the Geographical Names of South-East Asia; Influence of Indian Temples and Architecture : BAYON TEMPLE in Angkor (Cambodia), PURA BESAKIH (Bali, Indonesia), PRAMBANAN (Indonesia), BATU CAVES (Selangor, Malaysia), VAT PHOU (Champassak, Laos), SRI VEERAMAKALIAMMAN (Singapore), MARIAMMAN TEMPLE (Vietnam) ETC. 43. IKS Influence - Eastern World (South East Asia) - Texts, Language, Deities: Influence of r?m?ya?a and mah?bh?rata on paintings, theater and dance of Southeast Asia; Influence of manu sm?ti on saras?mukk?ya ( the law books of Java and Bali); Influence of Sanskrit and other Indian Languages: Brahmi Script and its impact on languages of Burma, Thai, Laos, Cambodia; Laguna Copperplate (the Philippine Islands), Siddham script in Japan etc.; Influence of Hindu deities:brahma, vi??u, ?iv?, sarasvat?, ga???a, r?ma, garu?, n?g? etc. 44. IKS Global Connections and Modern Influence: Contact Sri Lanka and Africa: Textile, Technology, and Trade : Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Chola’s influence in Sri Lanka, Literature, Jataka Stories, Africa and Indian Textile, Stone Carvers in Africa, Inscriptions from Socotra Island; Cambodia Sanskrit inscriptions; IKS influence on modern western thinkers: Emerson, Whitman and Thoreau, Christopher Isherwood, Aldous Huxley, Joseph Campbell, Alan Watts, William Somerset Maugham, Nicholas Tesla, David Bohm, William James, Beatles, George Harrison, Turiyasangitananda, Carl Sagan, Fritjof Capra, Larry Brilliant, Ram Dass, Daniel Goleman, Patrick Geddes, Dennis Waite, Leonard Bloomfield, Steve Jobs, Mark Zukerberg, Arthur Schopenhauer, Erwin Schrödinger, Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky etc. 45. Global Impact of Yoga: The impact of yoga on the World: philosophers who left an impact on the West - Swami Vivekananda, Paramahansa Yogananda, Sri Aurobindo, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Acharya Rajneesh, J. Krishnamurti, Swami Sivananda, BKS Iyengar, Sri Krishnamachari; The impact of yoga on diverse fields: influence on Western art, culture and film from the 18th century, influence on Western literature. Self-correction: The user asked for 40 items, but my detailed breakdown of Unit 10 resulted in 45 items. I need to condense Unit 10 back into 3 items to meet the 40-item requirement. Corrected List (Final 3 items for Unit 10, leading to 40 total): 38. IKS Influence in the Western World (Central Asia & Europe) and on Modern Thinkers: Influence of sa?sk?ta on ancient European Languages and their Mythologies; Influence of Indian Philosophy on Ancient Greece Thinkers (Socrates, Plato, Plotinus, Porphyry, Neo-Platonism etc.); Trade with Roman Empire and other ancient civilizations; Cultural Influence in Mesopotamia, Sumeria, Kassites, Persia, Yazidis etc.; IKS influence on modern western thinkers including Emerson, Whitman, Thoreau, Christopher Isherwood, Aldous Huxley, Joseph Campbell, Alan Watts, William Somerset Maugham, Nicholas Tesla, David Bohm, William James, Beatles, George Harrison, Turiyasangitananda, Carl Sagan, Fritjof Capra, Larry Brilliant, Ram Dass, Daniel Goleman, Patrick Geddes, Dennis Waite, Leonard Bloomfield, Steve Jobs, Mark Zukerberg, Arthur Schopenhauer, Erwin Schrödinger, Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky etc. 39. IKS Influence in the Eastern World (South East Asia): Various Kingdoms influenced by Indian Culture (Kingdom of m?tarama, pagana Kingdom, khamera Kingdom, rajaha?ate ofsebu, ayutth?ya Kingdom era, Sri Vijaya Empire etc.); Indian Influence on Geographical Names, Temples and Architecture (BAYON TEMPLE, PURA BESAKIH, PRAMBANAN, BATU CAVES, VAT PHOU, SRI VEERAMAKALIAMMAN, MARIAMMAN TEMPLE ETC.); Influence of r?m?ya?a and mah?bh?rata on paintings, theater and dance; Influence of manu sm?ti on saras?mukk?ya; Influence of Sanskrit and Indian Languages (Brahmi Script, Laguna Copperplate, Siddham script); Influence of Hindu deities (brahma, vi??u, ?iv?, sarasvat?, ga???a, r?ma, garu?, n?g? etc.). 40. IKS Global Connections (Sri Lanka, Africa) and Impact of Yoga: Contact with Sri Lanka (Buddhism, Chola’s influence, Literature, Jataka Stories) and Africa (Textile, Technology, Trade, Stone Carvers, Inscriptions from Socotra Island); Cambodia Sanskrit inscriptions; The impact of yoga on the World: philosophers who left an impact on the West (Swami Vivekananda, Paramahansa Yogananda, Sri Aurobindo, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Acharya Rajneesh, J. Krishnamurti, Swami Sivananda, BKS Iyengar, Sri Krishnamachari); The impact of yoga on diverse fields: influence on Western art, culture and film from the 18th century, and influence on Western literature.

Human Rights And Duties Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Human Rights And Duties Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Foundational Concepts and Human Values: The Basic Concepts (Individual, Group, State, Non-State Actors, Civil Society, Liberty, Freedom, Equality, Rights, Justice) and Human Values (Humanity, Compassion, Virtues, Human Dignity and Human Duties). 2. Nature and Debates in Human Rights: Human rights as universal, inherent, inalienable rights and moral rights; the debate of Universal human rights vs. Cultural Relativism, the Naturalist-Positivists Debate, and the concept of Different Generations of Human Rights. 3. Indian and Liberal Perspectives: Indian Concepts (Raj Neeti, LokNeeti, DandaNeeti, Nyaya, Dharma) and the Liberal Perspective on human rights (Locke, Rousseau, Thomas Paine, J.S. Mill, Classical Liberalism, Neo-liberalism). 4. Critical and Diverse Perspectives: Marxian Perspective (Marx, Gramsci, Rosa Luxemberg), Gandhian Perspective (Ruskin, Thoreau, Tolstoy) on State, Power, Swaraj, Rights and Duties, Dalit Perspective (Phule, Narayna Guru, Ambedkar), Religious Perspectives, and Feminist Perspective. 5. Early Evolution of Human Rights: Human Rights in Ancient Thoughts, Human Rights in Middle Ages, including Magna Carta. 6. Modern Human Rights Movements and Philosophical Underpinnings: The Modern Movement of Human rights, Lockean Philosophy: Theory of Natural Rights, the American Declaration of Independence, American Bill of Rights, The French Revolution and its goals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, Marxist Revolutions, Anti-Colonial Movements, and the Freedom Movement in India. 7. Universal Declaration and Core International Conventions: International Standard Setting—Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and its Impact of the UDHR on the Constitutions of the „New? States; UN Sponsored or „Core? International Conventions on Human Rights: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Convention on the Elimination of ALL Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Convention against Torture, Rights of Child Convention, Convention on the Rights of Migrant workers, Convention against Racial Discrimination (CRD), Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). 8. State Responsibility and Key Declarations: State Responsibility for Protection of Human Rights: The Concept of the “Responsibility to Protect”; the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights 1993; the Helsinki Declaration; and the ASEAN Declaration. 9. Social Structures, Values, and Modernizing Forces: Impact of Social Structure on Human Behaviour; Role of Socializations in Human Values, Human Rights and Duties; and the effects of Science and Technology, Modernization, Globalization and Dehumanization. 10. Stratification, Discrimination, and Vulnerable Groups (Women and Children): Social Stratification: Racial and Caste Prejudice and Discrimination; Human Rights Issues of Weaker Sections and Ethnic Minorities; Women: Gender Discrimination, Domestic Violence and Offences against Women; Gender Sensitive Laws; and Children: Child Abuse, Child Labour, Street Children. 11. Social Problems, Poverty, and Deprivation: Social Structure and Social Problems: Social and Communal Conflicts and Social Harmony; Rural Poverty, Unemployment, Bonded Labour, Modern Forms of Slavery; and Urban Poverty, Slums, Lack of Basic Civil Amenities, Sex Workers. 12. Rights of Specific Vulnerable Populations and Major Human Rights Challenges: Rights of Refugees, Rights of Indigenous People, Aged Persons, Migrant Workers and Human Rights Violations, Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 Rights of Displaced Persons; and Challenges in Human Rights: Religious Fundamentalism, Terrorism, Underdevelopment, Human trafficking International Crimes. 13. The Evolving State and its Relationship with Human Rights: The Changing Nature of State with Special Reference to the Developing Countries, encompassing Soft State, Interventionist State, Welfare State, Repressive State, and Political Regimes and Human Rights. 14. Technology, International Politics, and Global Order in Human Rights: Impact of Science and Technology on Human Rights and Duties; Human Rights and International Politics: Emergence of a New Global Order— Tehran Conference (1968)—Vienna Conference (1993). 15. International Law for Protection and Accountability: International Humanitarian Law: 1949 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols of 1977—International Red Cross Society and International Criminal Tribunals (Rwanda and Former Yugoslavia) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). 16. Sovereignty, Self-Determination, and Citizen Action: International Intervention: The Question of Nation-State, Citizenship and Sovereignty; the Right of Self-Determination: Autonomous Movements, Secessionist Movements; and Grassroots Movements and Human Rights. 17. United Nations Framework for Human Rights: UN: Establishment, Objectives, and the Charter Provisions, along with its UN Principal Organs: General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Security Council. 18. Key UN Human Rights Bodies and Specialized Agencies: Subsidiary Organ: Human Rights Council, The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights; and Specialized Agencies: UNICEF, UNESCO, ILO, WHO. 19. UN Commissions and International NGOs: UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), UN Commission on the Status of Women; and INGOs such as the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Amnesty International (AI), Human Rights Watch, Greenpeace. 20. National Human Rights Organizations in India: People?s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), People?s Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR) and Other Civil and Democratic Rights Organizations in India. 21. Development Models, Sustainability, and Environmental Declarations: Models of Development: Growth Approach, Basic Needs Approach, Sustainable Human Development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992, Rio +20, Conservation of Natural Resources, Agenda 21, Bio-Diversity Convention 1992. 22. Globalization, Information Age, and Economic Strategies: Globalization and Human Rights: Dynamics of Globalization, Emergence of Market Forces, Assertion of Civil Society, Retreat of State, Privatization, Liberalization; Emergence of Information Age; and Economic Growth Strategies (Developing Countries): Implications for Poverty Eradication, Employment issues, Planned Development and Social Inequality. 23. WTO, Intellectual Property, and TNCs: World Trade Organization: Implication for Human Rights, Impact on Developing Countries with special reference to India; Intellectual Property Rights: Patents Law, Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS), Agreement On Agriculture (AOA); and Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Human Rights Situation in Developing Countries. 24. Right to Development and Rights of Marginalized Groups in India: Right to Development: The Third World Concerns, Working Group Recommendations, UNDP—initiatives, UN Declaration on the Right to development; State and Development of the Marginalized/Disadvantaged Groups in India: The Poor, the Unemployed and the Socially Dislocated People; and Workers? Rights, Minimum Wages Act—Problems of Implementation, Right to Security of Food, Health, Education. 25. Collective Social Action and Resource Management: Need for Collective Action in Developing Societies and Methods of Social Action; and Land, Water and Forest Issues with special reference to India. 26. Diverse Social and Reform Movements: Social Movements: Political, Social and Religious Reform; Backward Class, Dalit and Women Movements; and Agrarian and Peasant Movements. 27. National Commissions and Environmental Rights Advocacy: National Commission for Women, Children, Minorities, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; the Right to a Healthy Environment, the Principle of Sustainable Development, and Ecological and Environment Movements. 28. Role of Civil Society and NGOs: Civil Societies and NGOs, NGOs of India. 29. Foundations and Vision of the Indian Constitution: Indian Civilization: Change and Continuity; Indian Constitution: Freedom Movement and Indian Constitution: Sociological Foundation; and the Constitutional Vision of Role of the State. 30. Constitutional Guarantees of Freedom and Justice: Constitutional Vision of Freedom: Fundamental Rights and the International standards; and Constitutional Vision of Justice: Directive Principles of State Policy and international standards. 31. Judicial Role in Upholding Human Rights: Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Indian Judiciary and Human Rights, and Judicial Interpretations: Landmark Judgments. 32. Constitutional Amendments and Fundamental Duties: Constitutional Amendments and Fundamental Duties. 33. Principles and Structures of Constitutional Governance: Rule of law, Good Governance; and Constitutional Organs: Inter-and intra-Relationships/Conflict and Cooperation. 34. Rights, Repressive Laws, and National Emergency: Fundamental Rights and Repressive Laws: Preventive Detention and Anti- Terrorist Legislations, Armed Forces Special Power Act; and Imposition of National Emergency: The Societal Experience. 35. Criminal Justice, Socio-Economic Rights, and Weaker Sections: The Criminal Justice System: Crime, Punishment and Human Rights with Special Reference to IPC &Cr. P.C.and Indian Evidence Act; Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Directive Principles of State Policy: The Question of Effectiveness and Enforcement; their relationship with Fundamental Rights; and Legislation for the Weaker Sections: The Questions of Enforcement. 36. Law Enforcement, Human Rights Mechanisms, and Education: Law Enforcing Agencies: Police, Military and Para-Military Forces—Emerging Experience; Human Rights Enforcement: The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, NHRC, State Human Rights Commissions, Human Rights Courts; and Human Rights Education: Problems and Prospects. 37. UN Treaty-Based Human Rights Enforcement Mechanisms: Treaty Bodies under the „Core? Human Rights Conventions: General Overview; and “Universal Periodic Review” and “Special Procedures”. 38. Key UN Human Rights Committees: Human Rights Committee (HRC); Committee on Economic and Social Rights (CESCR); and Committee on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). 39. Regional Human Rights Enforcement in Europe and the Americas: European Court of Human Rights (ECHR); Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; and Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 40. Regional Human Rights Enforcement in Africa: African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights; and African Court of Justice and Human rights 2008.

Oswaal Nta Ugc Net Jrf Set Mock Test Papers Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper 1 Compulsory For 2024 Exam

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Author : Oswaal Editorial Board
language : en
Publisher: Oswaal Books
Release Date : 2023-05-29

Oswaal Nta Ugc Net Jrf Set Mock Test Papers Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper 1 Compulsory For 2024 Exam written by Oswaal Editorial Board and has been published by Oswaal Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-29 with Study Aids categories.

Description of the product: ♦ 100% Exam Ready With 2022 & 2023 UGC NET Paper-1 Exam Question Papers Fully Solved ♦ Crisp Recap with Mind Maps & Concepts given in Explanations ♦ Smart Shortcuts To solve lengthy problems ♦ Fill Learning Gaps with 15 – Mock Test Papers & Chapter-wise Trend Analysis (2017-2023) ♦ Final Boost with Tips & Tricks to ace UGC NET in 1 st attempt

Oswaal Nta 15 Years Ugc Net Jrf Set Solved Papers 2009 2023 Chapter Wise Topic Wise Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper 1 15 Mock Test Papers Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper 1 Compulsory For 2024 Exam

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Author : Oswaal Editorial Board
language : en
Publisher: Oswaal Books
Release Date : 2023-06-14

Oswaal Nta 15 Years Ugc Net Jrf Set Solved Papers 2009 2023 Chapter Wise Topic Wise Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper 1 15 Mock Test Papers Teaching Research Aptitude General Paper 1 Compulsory For 2024 Exam written by Oswaal Editorial Board and has been published by Oswaal Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-14 with Study Aids categories.

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Folk Literature Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam

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Author : Mocktime Publication
language : en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date : 101-01-01

Folk Literature Notes For Assistant Professor Ugc Nta Net Exam written by Mocktime Publication and has been published by by Mocktime Publication this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 101-01-01 with Study Aids categories.

Syllabus: 1. Forensic Science Fundamentals: Definition, History & Development, Scope, Ethics in Forensic Science, and Concept of quality control management in Forensic institutions. 2. Physical & Trace Evidence Management: Physical Evidence: Nature, Types, Search methods, Collection, Preservation, Packing & Forwarding of Physical & Trace evidence for forensic analyses, and Chain of Custody. 3. Crime Scene and Initial Investigations: Crime Scene: Nature, Types, Preservation of Scene of Crime; and Criminal Investigations involving Unnatural deaths, Criminal assaults, Sexual offences, Poisoning, Vehicular accidents. 4. Legal Framework for Forensic Experts: Courts: Types, powers, jurisdiction, Admissibility of evidence in Courts, Definition of Experts, Provisions in Cr.P.C.,1973 & Indian Evidence Act relating to experts & their reports. 5. Court Procedures and Forensic Organizations: Court Procedures pertaining to Expert Testimony & Witness; Organization of Forensic Science Laboratories of Centre and State, NCRB and NICFS. 6. Constitutional Rights and Investigative Profiling: Fundamental Rights: Right of Equality (Articles 14 to 18) and Right of Freedom (Articles 19 to 22) as per Constitution of India; Criminal Profiling: Profile of victim and culprit, its role in crime investigation. 7. Advanced Investigative Techniques: Lie detection (Polygraphy), Narco analysis, Brain mapping, including their scope and limitations. 8. Microscopic Examination Techniques: Microscopy: Polarizing, Comparison, Stereoscopic, Fluorescent and Electron Microscopes. 9. Spectrophotometric and Activation Analysis: Spectrophotometry: UV, Visible, IR, Raman, Atomic absorption, Emission; and Neutron Activation Analysis. 10. X-ray Based Techniques and Mass Spectroscopy: X – rays and x-ray based techniques such as XRD, XRF; and Mass Spectroscopy. 11. Chromatographic and Hyphenated Analytical Methods: Chromatographic Techniques: TLC, GLC, HPLC, HPTLC; and Hyphenated Techniques: GC-MS, LC-MS, IR-MS and ICP-MS. 12. Electrophoretic and Immunoassay Techniques: Electrophoresis: High and Low voltage electrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis; and Immunoassays: Principle, Types, Techniques and applications. 13. Blood Evidence Analysis: Detection and Identification of Blood stains, Determination of Species of Origin, Blood Group Systems, and Techniques of Determination of Blood groups of Blood Stains. 14. Body Fluid Analysis and Serology: Detection of Seminal and other body fluids and their Blood Grouping, Red cells Enzymes, and Serum Proteins of forensic significance. 15. Parentage and Genetic Identification: Disputed Paternity & Maternity; DNA: Structure, DNA as genetic marker, DNA Extraction and Profiling Techniques. 16. Advanced DNA Applications and Wildlife Forensics: DNA Phenotyping and RNA Profiling & their applications; Wild life Forensics: Wild life (Protection) Act,1972, Scope, Evidences and Identification. 17. Alcohol and Illicit Liquor Analysis: Analysis of Ethyl alcohol in beverages, liquors, biological fluids and breath; Analysis of Methanol and Denaturants; and Illicit liquors. 18. Trap Case Chemicals and Drug Analysis: Analysis of Chemicals in Trap Cases; Metabolism and Chemical examination of: Insecticides & Pesticides, Tranquillizers & Sedatives, Hypnotics Stimulants, Narcotics, Opiates, Drugs of abuse, including Analyses of above and their Toxicity. 19. Poisons Examination: Examination of Plant poisons and Metallic Poisons. 20. Toxicological Extraction and Identification: Extraction, Isolation & Clean-up procedures, and Identification of common poisons from viscera, tissues and body fluids. 21. Firearms and Ammunition Fundamentals: Fire arms: Types, Classification, Ammunition and their Compositions. 22. Forensic Firearms Examination: Forensic examination of Firearms, Ammunition, Firearms’ projectiles (Bullets, Shots, Slug etc.), Shell case. 23. Gunshot Residue and Ballistics Concepts: Gunshot residues analysis; Concept of Velocity, Penetration, Dispersion, Ricochet, Accidental Discharge, Determination of Range in firearm cases. 24. Specialized Firearm Examinations and Ballistics: Examination of Country made firearms; Basics of Internal, External and Terminal Ballistics. 25. Tool Marks and Mark Restoration: Tool marks: Meaning, Types and Examination; Restoration of Erased Markings on Metal Surfaces. 26. Arson and Explosives Analysis: Fire and Arson: Analyses of Petroleum Products and other incendiary materials; Explosives: Definition, Types and Analyses. 27. Bomb and Explosion Scene Investigation: Bombs: Country made bombs, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and their examination; Investigation in Explosion and Arson related cases. 28. Forensic Photography: Photography: Types, application in criminal investigation & Forensic evidence examination. 29. Microtrace Evidence - Hair, Fibers, Pollen, Diatoms: Hair & Fibers: Nature, Types, Structure and Examination; Pollens and Diatoms: Their application in Forensic investigation. 30. Microtrace Evidence - Dust, Soil, Paint, Lacquer, Varnishes: Dust & Soil: Nature, Types, Forensic Examination; Paint, Lacquer & Varnishes: Nature, composition and forensic examination. 31. Microtrace Evidence - Glass, Cement, Mortar, Concrete: Glass: Composition, Types, Fractures, Examination; Cement, Mortar and Concrete: General Composition, Forensic Analysis. 32. Digital Forensics - Computers and Mobile Devices: Computer Forensics: Introduction, Types of Computer crimes, Digital evidence- Seizure, Acquisition and Forensic examination; Mobile Phone Forensics. 33. Fingerprint Analysis: Fingerprints: History, Characteristics, Types, Classification, Preservation, Development, Lifting and Comparison, Examination of Chance Prints, Computerization of Fingerprints, AFIS. 34. Track Marks and Biometric Identification: Track Marks: Foot Prints, Shoe Prints, Tire Marks, Their Preservation & Casting, Comparison, Skid marks. Gait pattern; Biometric Systems of Identification and its relevance. 35. Voice Analysis Techniques: Voice Analysis: Introduction, Significance, Structure of Human Voice apparatus, Voice spectrography, Voice analysis, Legal aspects and limitations. 36. Document Examination Basics and Alterations: Documents: Definition, Types, Preliminary examination of documents; Reproduction of documents through photographic and mechanical means and their examination; Examination of Alterations such as Erasures, Obliterations & Additions; Indentations, Secret writings and Charred documents. 37. Materials Analysis in Document Examination: Inks, Papers and their scientific examinations with modern methods; Age of documents; Examination of Typescripts, Printed matter including currency notes and lottery tickets. Mechanical impressions. 38. Handwriting Analysis: Hand writings: Class and Individual characteristics of Handwritings, Factors affecting handwritings, Standard samples for comparison, Comparison of hand-written texts; Anonymous and disguised writings. 39. Signature Forgery and Secure Document Examination: Identification of hand writings, signatures, detection of forged signature and forgeries; Examination of Credit Cards and Similar materials. 40. Medicolegal Death Investigation and Bodily Evidence: Modes & Manner of deaths, Sexual offences and its medicolegal importance, Amendments in law related to sexual offences; Post – mortem examination and Post – mortem changes, Estimation of time since death; Injuries & Wounds: Types, Medicolegal importance, Gunshot wounds; Determination of Species of Origin, Sex, Age, Stature, and individual identification through skeletal remains; Identification through Skull superimposition and facial reconstruction; Human dentition, Type of teeth, determination of Age, Bite marks; Forensic Entomology: Introduction, Insects of forensic importance, Insects on Carrion, Forensic applications.