Cyclical Change

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Cyclical Change

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Author : Elly van Gelderen
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 2009-07-29

Cyclical Change written by Elly van Gelderen and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-29 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Linguistic Cycles are ever present in language change and involve a phrase or word that gradually disappears and is replaced by a new linguistic item. The most well-known cycles involve negatives, where an initial single negative, such as not, is reinforced by another negative, such as no thing, and subjects, where full pronouns are reanalyzed as endings on the verb. This book presents new data and insights on the well-known cyclical changes as well as on less well-known ones, such as the preposition, auxiliary, copula, modal, and complementation cycles. Part I covers the negative cycle with chapters looking in great detail at the steps that are typical in this cycle. Part II focuses on pronouns, auxiliaries, and the left periphery. Part III includes work on modals, prepositions, and complementation. The book ends with a psycholinguistic chapter. This book brings together linguists from a variety of theoretical frameworks and contributes to new directions in work on language change.

Cyclical Change Continued

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Author : Elly van Gelderen
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Release Date : 2016-03-09

Cyclical Change Continued written by Elly van Gelderen and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-09 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This book presents new data and additional questions regarding the linguistic cycle. The topics discussed are the pronoun, negative, negative existential, analytic-synthetic, distributive, determiner, degree, and future/modal cycles. The papers raise questions about the length of time that cycles take, the interactions between different cycles, the typical stages and their stability, and the areal factors influencing cycles. The languages and language families that are considered in depth are Central Pomo, Cherokee, Chinese, English, French, Gbe, German, Hmong-Mien, Maipurean, Mayan, Mohawk, Mon-Khmer, Niger-Congo, Nupod, Quechuan, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai , Tuscarora, Ute, and Yoruboid. One paper covers several of the world’s language families. Cyclical change connects linguists working in various frameworks because it is exciting to find a reason behind this fascinating phenomenon.

Cyclical Change

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Author : Elly van Gelderen
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 2009

Cyclical Change written by Elly van Gelderen and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Linguistic Cycles are ever present in language change and involve a phrase or word that gradually disappears and is replaced by a new linguistic item. The most well-known cycles involve negatives, where an initial single negative, such as "not, " is reinforced by another negative, such as "no thing," and subjects, where full pronouns are reanalyzed as endings on the verb. This book presents new data and insights on the well-known cyclical changes as well as on less well-known ones, such as the preposition, auxiliary, copula, modal, and complementation cycles. Part I covers the negative cycle with chapters looking in great detail at the steps that are typical in this cycle. Part II focuses on pronouns, auxiliaries, and the left periphery. Part III includes work on modals, prepositions, and complementation. The book ends with a psycholinguistic chapter. This book brings together linguists from a variety of theoretical frameworks and contributes to new directions in work on language change.

Cyclical Movements In The Balance Of Payments

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Author : Tse Chun Chang
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2011-06-30

Cyclical Movements In The Balance Of Payments written by Tse Chun Chang and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-30 with Business & Economics categories.

This is a 1951 statistical survey of the balance of payments data of different types of country in the period 1924-38, to show the pattern of cyclical behaviour particular to each type of country, and to suggest a possible explanation for the general nature of the equilibrating process in the balance of payments.

Cyclic And Collective

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Author : Shawn Coyle
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2009

Cyclic And Collective written by Shawn Coyle and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Possibly the most complete book written to date on helicopters and helicopter flying. Covers subjects not covered by other manuals such as turbine engines, performance, flight manuals, automatic flight controls, legal aspects, introductory stability and control and multi-engine helicopters.

Oxford Studies In Ancient Philosophy Volume 45

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Author : Brad Inwood
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2013-11-28

Oxford Studies In Ancient Philosophy Volume 45 written by Brad Inwood and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-28 with Philosophy categories.

Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy is a volume of original articles on all aspects of ancient philosophy. The articles may be of substantial length, and include critical notices of major books. OSAP is now published twice yearly, in both hardback and paperback. 'The serial Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy (OSAP) is fairly regarded as the leading venue for publication in ancient philosophy. It is where one looks to find the state-of-the-art. That the serial, which presents itself more as an anthology than as a journal, has traditionally allowed space for lengthier studies, has tended only to add to its prestige; it is as if OSAP thus declares that, since it allows as much space as the merits of the subject require, it can be more entirely devoted to the best and most serious scholarship.' Michael Pakaluk, Bryn Mawr Classical Review

The Linguistic Cycle

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Author : Elly van Gelderen
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-07-31

The Linguistic Cycle written by Elly van Gelderen and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-07-31 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Cyclical language change is a linguistic process by which a word, phrase, or part of the grammar loses its meaning or function and is then replaced by another. This can even happen on the level of an entire language, which can experience a change in the language family it is a part of. This new text is a comprehensive introduction to this phenomenon, the mechanisms underlying it, and the relations between the different types of cycles. Elly van Gelderen reviews the subject widely and holistically, defining key terms and comprehensively presenting diverse theoretical perspectives and empirical findings. With coverage of a variety of micro cycles and the more controversial macro cycles, incorporating cutting-edge work on grammaticalization, and drawing on examples from many languages and language families, this book accessibly guides readers through the state of the art in the field. With practical methodological guidance on how to identify and investigate linguistic cycles, and an array of useful pedagogical features, the book provides a coherent framework for approaching, understanding, and furthering research in linguistic cycles. This text will be an indispensable resource for advanced students and researchers in historical and diachronic linguistics, language typology, and linguistic and grammatical theory.

United States

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Author : International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2014-07-23

United States written by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-23 with Business & Economics categories.

This Selected Issues paper on the United States of America examines the recent US labor force penetration rate (LFPR) dynamics. LFPR dynamics can be driven by structural factors and cyclical ones related to job prospects. With participation rates for older workers lower than for prime age workers, demographic models suggest that aging of the baby boom generation explains about 50 percent of the near 3p.p. LFPR decline during 2007–2013. State-level panel regression analysis is used to tie down the cyclical effect, which is estimated to account for about 30–40 percent of the decline. Significant remaining slack in the labor market points to an important role for macroeconomic and labor supply policies. This suggests a still important role for stimulative macroeconomic policies to help reach full employment. Macroeconomic policy should remain accommodative for a while given sizeable labor market slack. This slack goes beyond that signaled by the unemployment rate and takes account of the LFPR being below trend and many employees working part time ‘involuntarily’.

Histopathology Of Preclinical Toxicity Studies

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Author : Peter Greaves
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2011-10-07

Histopathology Of Preclinical Toxicity Studies written by Peter Greaves and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-07 with Medical categories.

The new 4th edition of Histopathology of Preclinical Toxicity Studies is now completely in full color and continues to describe the pathology found in drug safety studies in laboratory animals with an evidence-based discussion of the relevance of these findings to the clinical investigation of new drugs for humans. Organized according to organ systems, this revision features a thoroughly updated bibliography and discusses new drug-induced pathologies and applicable species comparisons to aid in the preclinical safety assessment of new medicines. This updated reference is essential for those involved in drug safety evaluation, including pathologists, toxicologists and pharmacologists working in corporate, government, academic and research settings. - This edition is in full color and features nearly 200 high-quality images - Provides extended commentary on the relevance of pathological findings and features a fully updated bibliography containing sources for further reading - Includes new content coverage on the commonly used transgenic animal models that are used in safety assessment, specific tumor types induced by drugs in rodents, and new drug-induced pathologies and lesions

The Oxford Handbook Of The History Of English

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Author : Terttu Nevalainen
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2012-10-25

The Oxford Handbook Of The History Of English written by Terttu Nevalainen and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-25 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This ambitious Handbook takes advantage of recent advances in the study of the history of English to rethink the understanding of the field.