Democracy And Income Inequality An Empirical Analysis
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Democracy And Income Inequality An Empirical Analysis
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Author : Branko Milanovi?, Yvonne Ying, Mark Gradstein
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2001
Democracy And Income Inequality An Empirical Analysis written by Branko Milanovi?, Yvonne Ying, Mark Gradstein and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Democracia categories.
Ideology, as proxied by a country's dominant religion, seems to be related to inequality. In Judeo-Christian societies increased democratization appears to lower inequality; in Muslim and Confucian societies it has an insignificant effect. One reason for this difference may be that Muslim and Confucian societies rely on informal transfers to reach the desired level of inequality, while Judeo-Christian societies, where family ties are weaker, use political action.
Democracy And Income Inequality
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Author : Mark Gradstein
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Democracy And Income Inequality written by Mark Gradstein and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Democracy categories.
Democracy And Income Inequality
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Author : Branko Milanovic
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Democracy And Income Inequality written by Branko Milanovic and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.
Ideology, as proxied by a country's dominant religion, seems to be related to inequality. In Judeo-Christian societies increased democratization appears to lead to lower inequality; in Muslim and Confucian societies it has an insignificant effect. One reason for this difference may be that Muslim and Confucian societies rely on informal transfers to reach the desired level of inequality, while Judeo-Christian societies, where family ties are weaker, use political action. Standard political economy theories suggest that democratization has a moderating effect on income inequality. But the empirical literature has failed to uncover any such robust relationship. Gradstein, Milanovic, and Ying take another look at the issue. The authors argue that prevailing ideology may be an important determinant of inequality and that the democratization effect "works through" ideology. In societies that value equality highly there is less distributional conflict among income groups, so democratization may have only a negligible effect on inequality. But in societies that value equality less, democratization reduces inequality through redistribution as the poor outvote the rich. The authors' cross-country empirical analysis, covering 126 countries in 1960-98, confirms the hypothesis: ideology, as proxied by a country's dominant religion, seems to be related to inequality. In addition, while in Judeo-Christian societies increased democratization appears to lead to lower inequality, in Muslim and Confucian societies it has an insignificant effect. The authors hypothesize that Muslim and Confucian societies rely on informal transfers to reach the desired level of inequality, while Judeo-Christian societies, where family ties are weaker, use political action. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study inequality and income redistribution. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research projects "Democracy, Redistribution, and Inequality" (RPO 683-01) and "Deriving World Income Distribution in 1988 and 1993" (RPO 683-68).
Democracy Inequality And Representation In Comparative Perspective
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Author : Pablo Beramendi
language : en
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Release Date : 2008-09-04
Democracy Inequality And Representation In Comparative Perspective written by Pablo Beramendi and has been published by Russell Sage Foundation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-09-04 with Political Science categories.
The gap between the richest and poorest Americans has grown steadily over the last thirty years, and economic inequality is on the rise in many other industrialized democracies as well. But the magnitude and pace of the increase differs dramatically across nations. A country’s political system and its institutions play a critical role in determining levels of inequality in a society. Democracy, Inequality, and Representation argues that the reverse is also true—inequality itself shapes political systems and institutions in powerful and often overlooked ways. In Democracy, Inequality, and Representation, distinguished political scientists and economists use a set of international databases to examine the political causes and consequences of income inequality. The volume opens with an examination of how differing systems of political representation contribute to cross-national variations in levels of inequality. Torben Iverson and David Soskice calculate that taxes and income transfers help reduce the poverty rate in Sweden by over 80 percent, while the comparable figure for the United States is only 13 percent. Noting that traditional economic models fail to account for this striking discrepancy, the authors show how variations in electoral systems lead to very different outcomes. But political causes of disparity are only one part of the equation. The contributors also examine how inequality shapes the democratic process. Pablo Beramendi and Christopher Anderson show how disparity mutes political voices: at the individual level, citizens with the lowest incomes are the least likely to vote, while high levels of inequality in a society result in diminished electoral participation overall. Thomas Cusack, Iverson, and Philipp Rehm demonstrate that uncertainty in the economy changes voters’ attitudes; the mere risk of losing one’s job generates increased popular demand for income support policies almost as much as actual unemployment does. Ronald Rogowski and Duncan McRae illustrate how changes in levels of inequality can drive reforms in political institutions themselves. Increased demand for female labor participation during World War II led to greater equality between men and women, which in turn encouraged many European countries to extend voting rights to women for the first time. The contributors to this important new volume skillfully disentangle a series of complex relationships between economics and politics to show how inequality both shapes and is shaped by policy. Democracy, Inequality, and Representation provides deeply nuanced insight into why some democracies are able to curtail inequality—while others continue to witness a division that grows ever deeper.
Income Inequality In Capitalist Democracies
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Author : Vicki L. Birchfield
language : en
Publisher: Penn State Press
Release Date : 2015-08-26
Income Inequality In Capitalist Democracies written by Vicki L. Birchfield and has been published by Penn State Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-26 with Political Science categories.
There has been much concern about rising levels of income inequality in the societies of advanced industrial democracies. Commentators have attributed this increase to the impact of globalization, the decline of the welfare state, or the erosion of the power of labor unions and their allies among left-wing political parties. But little attention has been paid to variations among these countries in the degree of inequality. This is the subject that Vicki Birchfield tackles in this ambitious book. Differences in political institutions have been seen by political scientists as one likely explanation, but Birchfield shows institutional variation to be only one part of the story. Deploying an original conceptualization of political economy as applied democratic theory, she makes the compelling case that cultural values—particularly citizens' attitudes about social justice and about the proper roles of the market and the state—need to be factored into any account that will provide an adequate explanation for the observable patterns. To support her argument, she brings to bear both multivariate statistical analyses and historical comparative case studies, making this book a model for how quantitative and qualitative research can be effectively combined to produce more complete explanations of political and socioeconomic phenomena.
Inequality
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Author : Michele Alacevich
language : en
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
Release Date : 2017-11-21
Inequality written by Michele Alacevich and has been published by Brookings Institution Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-21 with Political Science categories.
Inequality endangers the fabric of our societies, distorts the functioning of democracy, and derails the globalization process. Yet, it has only recently been recognized as a problem worth examining. Why has this issue been neglected for so long? In Inequality: A Short History, Michele Alacevich and Anna Soci discuss the emergence of the inequality question in the twentieth century and explain how it is related to current issues such as globalization and the survival of democracy. The authors also discuss trends and the future of inequality. Inequality is a pressing issue that not only affects living standards, but is also inextricably linked to the way our democracies work.
Political Determinants Of Income Inequality In Emerging Democracies
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Author : Takeshi Kawanaka
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-01-14
Political Determinants Of Income Inequality In Emerging Democracies written by Takeshi Kawanaka and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-14 with Business & Economics categories.
This study explores why democratization does not necessarily result in inequality reduction in emerging democracies and reveals the determinants of income inequality in emerging democracies, where the average level of inequality continues to be higher and where there is a larger variance of inequality levels than in advanced democracies. Apart from economic, demographic, and social factors, the book highlights political factors that obstruct redistributive policies. In contrast to conventional studies on advanced democracies, which emphasize the relations between different classes, this study asserts that several political factors cause malfunctioning of democratic institutions at various phases of the political process in emerging democracies: multidimensional preferences, the failure of the political market, and weak state capacity. The book employs econometric methods to examine the effects of these political factors. The results indicate their significant effects. The multilevel analysis using the World Values Survey demonstrates that multidimensional preferences, operationalized as ethnic fractionalization, weaken demand for income inequality. Political market quality and state capacity are measured by the age of the largest opposition party, and the Quality of Government indicator is used for the unbalanced panel analysis covering the 1985–2012 period for 75 democracies. Both political market quality and state capacity reduce inequality, but the latter takes more time to show its effect.
Democracy And Redistribution
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Author : Carles Boix
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2003-07-21
Democracy And Redistribution written by Carles Boix and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-07-21 with Business & Economics categories.
Employing analytical tools borrowed from game theory, Carles Boix offers a complete theory of political transitions, in which political regimes ultimately hinge on the nature of economic assets, their distribution among individuals, and the balance of power among different social groups. Backed up by detailed historical work and extensive statistical analysis that goes back to the mid-nineteenth century, this book explains, among many other things, why democracy emerged in classical Athens. It also discusses the early triumph of democracy in both nineteenth-century agrarian Norway, Switzerland and northeastern America and the failure in countries with a powerful landowning class.
Unequal Democracies
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Author : Noam Lupu
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2023-12-31
Unequal Democracies written by Noam Lupu and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-31 with Political Science categories.
Introduces the latest research on political inequality and its relationship to economic inequalities in North America and Western Europe.
Inequality And Democratization
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Author : Ben W. Ansell
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2014-12-18
Inequality And Democratization written by Ben W. Ansell and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-18 with Business & Economics categories.
This book offers a new theory of the historical relationship between economic modernization and the emergence of democracy on a global scale, focusing on the effects of land and income inequality.