Does Sorting Students Improve Scores
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Does Sorting Students Improve Scores
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Author : Courtney A. Collins
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Does Sorting Students Improve Scores written by Courtney A. Collins and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Ability grouping in education categories.
This paper examines schools' decisions to sort students into different classes and how those sorting processes impact student achievement. There are two potential effects that result from schools creating homogeneous classes-a "tracking effect," which allows teachers to direct their focus to a more narrow range of students, and a peer effect, which causes a particular student's achievement to be influenced by the quality of peers in his classroom. In schools with homogeneous sorting, both the tracking effect and the peer effect should benefit high performing students. However, the effects would work in opposite directions for a low achieving student; he would benefit from the tracking effect, but the peer effect should decrease his score. This paper seeks to determine the net effect for low performing students in order to understand the full implications of sorting on all students. We use a unique student-level data set from Dallas Independent School District that links students to their actual classes and reveals the entire distribution of students within a classroom. We find significant variation in sorting practices across schools and use this variation to identify the effect of sorting on student achievement. Implementing a unique instrumental variables approach, we find that sorting homogeneously by previous performance significantly improves students' math and reading scores. This effect is present for students across the score distribution, suggesting that the net effect of sorting is beneficial for both high and low performing students. We also explore the effects of sorting along other dimensions, such as gifted and talented status, special education status, and limited English proficiency.
Pisa Low Performing Students Why They Fall Behind And How To Help Them Succeed
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2016-02-10
Pisa Low Performing Students Why They Fall Behind And How To Help Them Succeed written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-10 with categories.
There is no country or economy participating in PISA 2012 that can claim that all of its 15-year-old students have achieved a baseline level of proficiency in mathematics, reading and science. Poor performance at school has long-term consequences, both for the individual and for society as a ...
Essays On Student Sorting And The Value Added Of Teachers
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Author : Maria Hedvig Horvath
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays On Student Sorting And The Value Added Of Teachers written by Maria Hedvig Horvath and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Standardized testing of K-12 students has become common across countries in the last decade. With the No Child Left behind Act (2001), the U.S. mandated all 3rd-8th grader public school students to be tested every year with the promise that value-added measures of teacher quality, computed from student test scores, may be useful tools to help manage the teacher workforce and improve the efficiency of schools. But this requires that they be reliable estimates of teacher effectiveness. Because value-added scores are based on observational data, they may be biased by systematic patterns in the assignments of students to teachers. Whether assignment processes permit unbiased estimation of teacher value-added is a matter of great dispute. In the first chapter, I loosen the assumption from past research that assignment processes are identical at all schools. Using variance decomposition techniques on the prior year test score of children, I develop a classification procedure that allows me to identify schools where assignments are random, and schools where assignments are nonrandom. I show that about 55% of elementary schools in North Carolina systematically sort students with higher and lower scores on previous year's tests to different classes - a pattern of student "tracking". About 80% of these schools also allocate the classes of high and low achievers to the same teachers year after year - a pattern of "matching" teachers to certain students. In a descriptive analysis, I explore what school- and district-level observable characteristics are predictive of a school's sorting practices. I show that larger schools, schools with and more heterogenous student populations in terms of achievement and free- and reduced price lunch status, and higher teacher turnover are more likely to engage in tracking & matching. School district effects explain about 30% of the variation in school-level assignment policies, mainly due to the district-level socioeconomic environment. In the second chapter, I leverage the variation in classroom assignment practices to learn about the magnitude of biases in teacher value-added estimates. Biases are most likely in tracking & matching schools, and least likely in schools that are neither tracking nor matching (random schools). I use data on teachers who stay in random assignment schools for two consecutive years as a control group, and compare them to teachers who switch between these schools and tracking & matching schools. In a minimum distance framework, using the autocovariance of teachers' value-added staying in or moving between different types of schools, I can identify both the variance of the bias and the covariance with teachers' true effects. I document substantial biases in value-added measures. Importantly, these biases are negatively correlated with teachers' true effects -- teachers who are above average in their true effectiveness tend to be assigned students who make them look bad. This negative correlation helps to explain the discrepancy with previous results: Assuming that the correlation is zero when it is in fact negative, the variance of the bias is understated by about half. Overall, I conclude that the quality of value-added assessments is likely to depend on the nature of the student-teacher allocation process used at specific schools or school systems. In the third chapter, I estimate the effect of peers, defined as teachers at the same school and grade level, on the own value-added of teachers. Traditional estimates using leave-out means imply significant and large positive spillovers among teachers. However, I exploit a more compelling research design following Mas et al. (2009), and approximate the following thought experiment in a regression framework: A low value-added teacher, Teacher A is randomly replaced by a new, high value-added teacher, Teacher D, at a particular school-grade level. How does the value-added of incumbent teachers B and C, who have worked at the same school-grade the year before, change in response? I find that the replacement of teacher by a 1 standard deviation (SD) better teacher, incumbent peers' value added increases by 0.05-0.12 SDs. When restricting the sample to non-expanding and non-contracting school-grade levels, and I control for unobserved shocks, spillovers in random assignment schools become insignificantly different from 0, while remain consistently positive at around 0.06-0.1 SDs in tracking & matching schools. Looking at changes in student observables in the incumbents' classrooms reveals that assignments in random schools do not change, just as expected. Therefore, the coefficient in these schools is a clean estimate of peer effects, which in turn are small and insignificant. However, average prior achievement in the incumbent teachers's classrooms significantly decrease in tracking & matching schools, and this may cause the significant spillovers in these schools. The exact mechanism is the subject of further research.
Our Kids
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Author : Robert D. Putnam
language : en
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
Release Date : 2016-03-29
Our Kids written by Robert D. Putnam and has been published by Simon and Schuster this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-29 with Business & Economics categories.
"The bestselling author of Bowling Alone offers [an] ... examination of the American Dream in crisis--how and why opportunities for upward mobility are diminishing, jeopardizing the prospects of an ever larger segment of Americans"--
Multiobjective Optimization
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Author : Jürgen Branke
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2008-10-18
Multiobjective Optimization written by Jürgen Branke and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-18 with Computers categories.
Multiobjective optimization deals with solving problems having not only one, but multiple, often conflicting, criteria. Such problems can arise in practically every field of science, engineering and business, and the need for efficient and reliable solution methods is increasing. The task is challenging due to the fact that, instead of a single optimal solution, multiobjective optimization results in a number of solutions with different trade-offs among criteria, also known as Pareto optimal or efficient solutions. Hence, a decision maker is needed to provide additional preference information and to identify the most satisfactory solution. Depending on the paradigm used, such information may be introduced before, during, or after the optimization process. Clearly, research and application in multiobjective optimization involve expertise in optimization as well as in decision support. This state-of-the-art survey originates from the International Seminar on Practical Approaches to Multiobjective Optimization, held in Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, in December 2006, which brought together leading experts from various contemporary multiobjective optimization fields, including evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO), multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) and multiple criteria decision aiding (MCDA). This book gives a unique and detailed account of the current status of research and applications in the field of multiobjective optimization. It contains 16 chapters grouped in the following 5 thematic sections: Basics on Multiobjective Optimization; Recent Interactive and Preference-Based Approaches; Visualization of Solutions; Modelling, Implementation and Applications; and Quality Assessment, Learning, and Future Challenges.
Improving Literacy Instruction With Classroom Research
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Author : Theresa A. Deeney
language : en
Publisher: Corwin Press
Release Date : 2008-11-19
Improving Literacy Instruction With Classroom Research written by Theresa A. Deeney and has been published by Corwin Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-11-19 with Education categories.
The author details the classroom research cycle and provides tools and sample completed projects to help educators initiate their own research and improve literacy instruction.
International Handbook Of Research On Children S Literacy Learning And Culture
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Author : Kathy Hall
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2016-10-31
International Handbook Of Research On Children S Literacy Learning And Culture written by Kathy Hall and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-31 with Education categories.
The International Handbook of Research in Children's Literacy, Learning and Culture presents an authoritative distillation of current global knowledge related to the field of primary years literacy studies. Features chapters that conceptualize, interpret, and synthesize relevant research Critically reviews past and current research in order to influence future directions in the field of literacy Offers literacy scholars an international perspective that recognizes and anticipates increasing diversity in literacy practices and cultures
International Studies In Educational Inequality Theory And Policy
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Author : Richard Teese
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-06-03
International Studies In Educational Inequality Theory And Policy written by Richard Teese and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-03 with Education categories.
Inequality is a marked and persistent feature of education systems, both in the developed and the developing worlds. Major gaps in opportunity and in outcomes have become more critical than in the past, thanks to the knowledge economy and globalization. The pursuit of equity as a goal of public policy is examined in this book through a series of national case-studies. The book covers many different global contexts from the wealthiest to some of the poorest nations on earth. It therefore offers a broad range of different theoretical and methodological approaches, and brings together extensive international experience in equity policy.
Improving Student Achievement Through Mastery Learning Programs
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Author : Daniel U. Levine
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Improving Student Achievement Through Mastery Learning Programs written by Daniel U. Levine and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Study Aids categories.
Aligning And Balancing The Standards Based Curriculum
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Author : David A. Squires
language : en
Publisher: Corwin Press
Release Date : 2004-09-22
Aligning And Balancing The Standards Based Curriculum written by David A. Squires and has been published by Corwin Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-22 with Education categories.
Full of field-tested implementation tools, this comprehensive handbook shows how schools and districts can use the Balanced Curriculum process to put their schools on the track to success.