Essays On Student Sorting And The Value Added Of Teachers
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Essays On Student Sorting And The Value Added Of Teachers
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Author : Maria Hedvig Horvath
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays On Student Sorting And The Value Added Of Teachers written by Maria Hedvig Horvath and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Standardized testing of K-12 students has become common across countries in the last decade. With the No Child Left behind Act (2001), the U.S. mandated all 3rd-8th grader public school students to be tested every year with the promise that value-added measures of teacher quality, computed from student test scores, may be useful tools to help manage the teacher workforce and improve the efficiency of schools. But this requires that they be reliable estimates of teacher effectiveness. Because value-added scores are based on observational data, they may be biased by systematic patterns in the assignments of students to teachers. Whether assignment processes permit unbiased estimation of teacher value-added is a matter of great dispute. In the first chapter, I loosen the assumption from past research that assignment processes are identical at all schools. Using variance decomposition techniques on the prior year test score of children, I develop a classification procedure that allows me to identify schools where assignments are random, and schools where assignments are nonrandom. I show that about 55% of elementary schools in North Carolina systematically sort students with higher and lower scores on previous year's tests to different classes - a pattern of student "tracking". About 80% of these schools also allocate the classes of high and low achievers to the same teachers year after year - a pattern of "matching" teachers to certain students. In a descriptive analysis, I explore what school- and district-level observable characteristics are predictive of a school's sorting practices. I show that larger schools, schools with and more heterogenous student populations in terms of achievement and free- and reduced price lunch status, and higher teacher turnover are more likely to engage in tracking & matching. School district effects explain about 30% of the variation in school-level assignment policies, mainly due to the district-level socioeconomic environment. In the second chapter, I leverage the variation in classroom assignment practices to learn about the magnitude of biases in teacher value-added estimates. Biases are most likely in tracking & matching schools, and least likely in schools that are neither tracking nor matching (random schools). I use data on teachers who stay in random assignment schools for two consecutive years as a control group, and compare them to teachers who switch between these schools and tracking & matching schools. In a minimum distance framework, using the autocovariance of teachers' value-added staying in or moving between different types of schools, I can identify both the variance of the bias and the covariance with teachers' true effects. I document substantial biases in value-added measures. Importantly, these biases are negatively correlated with teachers' true effects -- teachers who are above average in their true effectiveness tend to be assigned students who make them look bad. This negative correlation helps to explain the discrepancy with previous results: Assuming that the correlation is zero when it is in fact negative, the variance of the bias is understated by about half. Overall, I conclude that the quality of value-added assessments is likely to depend on the nature of the student-teacher allocation process used at specific schools or school systems. In the third chapter, I estimate the effect of peers, defined as teachers at the same school and grade level, on the own value-added of teachers. Traditional estimates using leave-out means imply significant and large positive spillovers among teachers. However, I exploit a more compelling research design following Mas et al. (2009), and approximate the following thought experiment in a regression framework: A low value-added teacher, Teacher A is randomly replaced by a new, high value-added teacher, Teacher D, at a particular school-grade level. How does the value-added of incumbent teachers B and C, who have worked at the same school-grade the year before, change in response? I find that the replacement of teacher by a 1 standard deviation (SD) better teacher, incumbent peers' value added increases by 0.05-0.12 SDs. When restricting the sample to non-expanding and non-contracting school-grade levels, and I control for unobserved shocks, spillovers in random assignment schools become insignificantly different from 0, while remain consistently positive at around 0.06-0.1 SDs in tracking & matching schools. Looking at changes in student observables in the incumbents' classrooms reveals that assignments in random schools do not change, just as expected. Therefore, the coefficient in these schools is a clean estimate of peer effects, which in turn are small and insignificant. However, average prior achievement in the incumbent teachers's classrooms significantly decrease in tracking & matching schools, and this may cause the significant spillovers in these schools. The exact mechanism is the subject of further research.
Essays On Sorting Mobility And Attrition In The Teacher Labor Market
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Author : Anthony Brian Fong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Essays On Sorting Mobility And Attrition In The Teacher Labor Market written by Anthony Brian Fong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Teachers categories.
Essays On The Economics Of Education
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Author : William Jesse Wood
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Essays On The Economics Of Education written by William Jesse Wood and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with Electronic dissertations categories.
This dissertation provides three chapters on the economics of education. In the first chapter, I provide evidence that diversifying the labor supply of teachers to better reflect the racial distribution of students improves noncognitive outcomes for students of color without diminishing outcomes for White students. I use administrative data spanning 2007 to 2017 from the Los Angeles Unified School District, one of the most racially diverse school districts in the country, to measure the effect of student-teacher race matching on various noncognitive and behavior outcomes: GPA, work habits, cooperation, grade retention, suspensions, absences, and a data generated noncognitive index. I mitigate the concern that race matches are endogenous by including school-grade and student fixed effects in a linear regression model. My findings indicate that students of color are expected to experience increases in GPA, work habits, and cooperation and see decreases in suspensions and absenteeism when matched with a teacher of the same race. I do not find statistically significant effects on White students' outcomes. Because noncognitive outcomes lead to higher high school graduation rates, college enrollment rates, and wages, such effects could lead to a tightening in the achievement and wage gap found between students of color and White students. This result can be achieved with an increase in institutional efforts to ensure teacher populations more closely reflect that of their students. The second chapter estimates the impact of race matched faculty (i.e., any teacher outside of a particular student's classroom) on student test scores. While the student population rapidly diversifies, the teaching corps' diversification continues to lag behind. For example, the proportion of Latino student enrollment in public schools has increased from 11 to 27 percent in just the last two decades. In contrast, the share of Latino public school teachers during this same period has increased from 3 to only 9 percent (Pew Research Center, 2021). If the disparity between student and teacher racial distributions continues to grow, students of color may find it more difficult to benefit from direct student-teacher race matching. However, it may still be possible for students to benefit from same-race teachers even if they are not placed in the same classroom. Using administrative panel data between school years 2008-09 through 2017-18 from Los Angeles Unified School District, I estimate that Latino students see positive impacts of race matched faculty. By basing this study in an area with a large proportion of Latino students and teachers, we can fill a gap within the literature by examining the effects of race match and faculty race match on Latino students. The findings indicate that matching Latino students to racially congruent teachers and faculty can improve math and English Language Arts test scores. Increasing the supply of Latino teachers may provide a crucial catalyst in decreasing the achievement gaps found between Latino and white students. The final chapter continues along the lines of educational equity. The success of many students with disabilities (SWDs) depends on access to high-quality general education teachers. Yet, most teacher value-added measures (VAMs) fail to distinguish between a teacher's effectiveness in educating students with and without disabilities. I create two VAMs: one focusing on teachers' effectiveness in improving outcomes for SWDs, and one for non-SWDs. I find top-performing teachers for non-SWDs often have relatively lower VAMs for SWDs, and SWDs sort to teachers with lower scores in both VAMs. Overall, SWD-specific VAMs may be more suitable for identifying which teachers have a history of effectiveness with SWDs and could play a role in ensuring that students are being optimally assigned to these teachers.
The Routledge Handbook Of The Economics Of Education
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Author : Brian P. McCall
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2021-12-30
The Routledge Handbook Of The Economics Of Education written by Brian P. McCall and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-30 with Business & Economics categories.
The economics of education is a burgeoning area of study, employing increasingly sophisticated analytical tools to answer questions with high societal impact. Thus, the aim of this handbook is to provide readers with an up-to-date overview of the current state of the field of the economics of education and its main areas of research. This comprehensive handbook provides an authoritative overview of key theoretical and policy areas, covering topics like econometric methods for education economics, returns to education, competition in education provision, education and economic growth, and education and inequality. It reviews the current state of research from early childhood through postgraduate education as well as adult education and life-long learning. Offering a truly international perspective, the handbook benefits from a global group of contributors and attention to both developed and developing country contexts. The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Education will be a valuable resource for advanced students, researchers, and policymakers across economics, education, and public policy.
Handbook Of The Economics Of Education
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Author : Eric A. Hanushek
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2010-11-11
Handbook Of The Economics Of Education written by Eric A. Hanushek and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-11 with Education categories.
How does education affect economic and social outcomes, and how can it inform public policy?Volume 3 of the Handbooks in the Economics of Education uses newly available high quality data from around the world to address these and other core questions. With the help of new methodological approaches, contributors cover econometric methods and international test score data. They examine the determinants of educational outcomes and issues surrounding teacher salaries and licensure. And reflecting government demands for more evidence-based policies, they take new looks at institutional feaures of school systems. Volume editors Eric A. Hanushek (Stanford), Stephen Machin (University College London) and Ludger Woessmann (Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Munich) draw clear lines between newly emerging research on the economics of education and prior work. In conjunction with Volume 4, they measure our current understanding of educational acquisition and its economic and social effects. Uses rich data to study issues of high contemporary policy relevance Demonstrates how education serves as an important determinant of economic and social outcomes Benefits from the globalization of research in the economics of education
Worth Striking For
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Author : Isabel Nunez
language : en
Publisher: Teachers College Press
Release Date : 2015-02-20
Worth Striking For written by Isabel Nunez and has been published by Teachers College Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-02-20 with Education categories.
Written by activist educators, Worth Striking For speaks to teachers and teachers-to-be about the drastic changes in the landscape of public education in recent decades, and focuses on what they need to know about the debates and complex issues of reform affecting their lives and professions. The book identifies the most significant shifts in education policy, including how policy has helped or hindered the broader educational purposes of schools. Using the 2012 Chicago teachers strike as a framing device, the authors demonstrate how each of the policy areas addressed is critically important to teachers' lives and work. Each chapter describes one of the Chicago teachers' demands, and then explores a related policy arena through the lens of an associated philosophical purpose of education. The text features individually authored vignettes that juxtapose the authors' personal experiences with the issues, bringing policy and policy activism to life. This hopeful book will inspire and empower teachers to take action in their schools, communities, districts, and states.
Encyclopedia Of Education Economics And Finance
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Author : Dominic J. Brewer
language : en
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Release Date : 2014-08-25
Encyclopedia Of Education Economics And Finance written by Dominic J. Brewer and has been published by SAGE Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-25 with Education categories.
Economics can be a lens for understanding the behavior of schools, districts, states, and nations in meeting education needs of their populaces, as well as for understanding the individual decisions made by administrators, teachers, and students. Insights from economics help decision makers at the state level understand how to raise and distribute funds for public schools in an equitable manner for both schools and taxpayers. Economics also can assist researchers in analyzing effects of school spending and teacher compensation on student outcomes. And economics can provide important insights into public debates on issues such as whether to offer vouchers for subsidizing student attendance at private schools. This two-volume encyclopedia contains over 300 entries by experts in the field that cover these issues and more. Features: This work of 2 volumes (in both print and electronic formats) contains 300-350 signed entries by significant figures in the field. Entries conclude with cross-references and suggestions for further readings to guide students to in-depth resources. Although organized in A-to-Z fashion, a thematic "Reader’s Guide" in the front matter groups related entries by topic. Also in the front matter, a chronology provides students with historical perspective on the development of education economics and finance as a field of study The entire work concludes with a Resources appendix and a comprehensive Index. In the electronic version, the index, Reader′s Guide, and cross references combine to provide effective search-and-browse capabilities. Key Themes: Accountability and Education Policy Budgeting and Accounting in Education Finance Education Markets, Choice, and Incentives Equity and Adequacy in School Finance Financing of Higher Education Key Concepts in the Economics of Education Private and Social Returns to Human Capital Investments Production and Costs of Schooling Revenue and Aid for Schools Statistical Methods in the Economics of Education Teachers and Teacher Labor Markets
Complementary Research Methods For Educational Leadership And Policy Studies
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Author : Chad R. Lochmiller
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-08-30
Complementary Research Methods For Educational Leadership And Policy Studies written by Chad R. Lochmiller and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-30 with Education categories.
This edited volume brings together leading scholars from the fields of educational leadership and policy studies to discuss qualitative, quantitative, and mixed research methods in an accessible and pedagogically well-designed volume. Authors discuss ways in which various research methodologies and methods can productively be brought together to expand our current understanding of leadership issues and the contemporary policy context that surrounds them. Chapters provide both practical recommendations for using the methods discussed as well as suggestions for further reading.
Improving Large Scale Assessment In Education
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Author : Marielle Simon
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013
Improving Large Scale Assessment In Education written by Marielle Simon and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Education categories.
This book focuses on central issues that are key components of successful planning, development and implementation of LSAs. The book's main distinction is its focus on practice- based, cutting-edge research. This is achieved by having chapters co-authored by world-class researchers in collaboration with measurement practitioners.
Reclaiming The Teaching Profession
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Author : J. Amos Hatch
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2015-02-24
Reclaiming The Teaching Profession written by J. Amos Hatch and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-02-24 with Education categories.
Reclaiming the Teaching Profession gives educators (especially teachers and future teachers) and their allies a clear overview of the massive effort to dismantle public education in the United States, which includes a direct attack on teachers. The book details, and provides a systematic critique of, the shaky assumptions at the foundation of the market-based reform initiatives that dominate the contemporary education scene. It names and exposes the motives and methods of the powerful philanthropists, politicians, business moguls, and education entrepreneurs who are behind the reform movement. It provides counter narratives that public school advocates can use to talk back to those who would destroy the teaching profession and public education. It includes examples of successful acts of resistance and identifies resources for challenging reformers’ taken for granted primacy in the education debate. It concludes with strategies educators can use to “speak truth to power,” reclaim their professional status, and reshape the education landscape in ways that serve all of America’s children and preserve our democracy.