Effect Of Mineral N Fertilizers N Form Amount And Way Of Application On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Croplands
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Effect Of Mineral N Fertilizers N Form Amount And Way Of Application On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Croplands
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Author : Ulrike Lebender
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2014-07-24
Effect Of Mineral N Fertilizers N Form Amount And Way Of Application On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Croplands written by Ulrike Lebender and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-24 with Science categories.
The present work evaluated the effect of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer application during crop production on the potential risk of gaseous N loss in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an environmentally important atmospheric trace gas and contributes to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. In addition, it is a precursor to photochemical nitric oxide (NO) production in the stratosphere which leads to stratospheric ozone depletion. Agriculture is considered to be the main source of anthropogenic N2O, with agricultural soils representing the single largest source due to nitrogen fertilizer applications during crop production. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mineral N fertilizers (N form, amount, mode of application) on N2O emissions from fertilized croplands in north-west Germany. Therefore several field trials, one greenhouse pot experiment and two incubation experiments were conducted. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured by means of the closed chamber method. The length of the experimental period varied between experiments from several weeks (42 days) up to one-year measurement campaigns. The amount of N2O emitted during the crop growth period depended on the N form applied as well as on the mode of application, and a linear relationship between cumulative N2O emissions and total N fertilizer amount applied was found.
The Effects Of Different Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms On N2o Emissions From Arable Soils Under Aerobic Conditions
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Author : Jens Tierling
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2017-05-02
The Effects Of Different Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms On N2o Emissions From Arable Soils Under Aerobic Conditions written by Jens Tierling and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-02 with Science categories.
Intensively managed agricultural soils are a major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), mainly due to the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers which stimulate microbial processes in soils that form N2O. While oxidized N fertilizer forms can be subject to denitrification, reduced N forms must first be oxidized by nitrification to become available for denitrification. Because the contribution of these processes to N2O emissions depends on the prevailing soil conditions, the choice of the N fertilizer form has the potential to mitigate N2O emissions from fertilized soils. The present study focused on comparing amid-, ammonium- and nitrate-based mineral fertilizers with regard to nitrogen transformation dynamics and N2O production under controlled as well as field conditions. For this two distinct methodological approaches to measure N2O emissions were evaluated and deployed. Furthermore, the effects of soil pH and the alkalizing hydrolysis of urea were investigated. It was shown that especially under aerobic conditions the N fertilizer form can significantly affect N2O production in soils, and that nitrite dynamics are important especially for nitrification-derived N2O emissions. Thus, the careful consideration of the N fertilizer form can be a measure to mitigate emissions from farmland.
Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilizer On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From The Soil For Two Potential Energy Crops And The Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Author : Adam Wile
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilizer On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From The Soil For Two Potential Energy Crops And The Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by Adam Wile and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Marschner S Mineral Nutrition Of Plants
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Author : Zed Rengel
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2022-12-09
Marschner S Mineral Nutrition Of Plants written by Zed Rengel and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-09 with Science categories.
An understanding of the mineral nutrition of plants is of fundamental importance in both basic and applied plant sciences. The fourth edition of this book retains the aim of the first in presenting the principles of mineral nutrition in the light of current advances. Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Plants, 4th Edition, is divided into two parts: Nutritional Physiology and Plant–Soil Relationships. In Part I, emphasis is put on uptake and transport of nutrients in plants, root–shoot interactions, role of mineral nutrition in yield formation, stress physiology, water relations, functions of mineral nutrients and contribution of plant nutrition to food nutritional quality, disease tolerance, and global nutritional security of human populations. In view of the increasing interest in plant–soil interactions. Part II focuses on the effects of external and internal factors on root growth, rhizosphere chemistry and biology, soil-borne ion toxicities, and nutrient cycling. Now with color figures throughout, this book continues to be a valuable reference for plant and soil scientists and undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of plant nutrition, nutritional physiology, and soil fertility. Offers new content on the relationship between climate change, soil fertility and crop nutrition Keeps overall structure of previous editions Includes updates in every chapter on new developments, ideas and challenges
The Emissions Of Nitrous Oxide From Agricultural Fields In New York State
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Author : Marina Molodovskaya
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
The Emissions Of Nitrous Oxide From Agricultural Fields In New York State written by Marina Molodovskaya and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
The atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) is of special interest, due to its persistent effect as a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone destructor. Animal manure fertilization is one of the key factors contributing to N2O formation. In the Northeastern US, dairy industry is the largest agricultural activity, and the manure cropland fertilization is a common practice. Continuous monitoring of N2O emissions from croplands in New York State was conducted by eddy covariance method from 2006 to 2009. The research was aimed at quantification of N2O emissions from manure-fertilized corn (Zea mays) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) fields, estimating strength and spatial variability of soil N2O sources by conducting simultaneous static chamber campaign, and analysis of temporal distribution of N2O fluxes as affected by seasonality of climate variations and manure practices. The analysis of cumulative N2O emissions and source contributions into the integrated flux showed that manure nitrogen (N) was the most important factor controlling the extent of N2O formation: areas which received more manure N were stronger N2O emitters. Whereas N availability determined a magnitude of N2O emissions, the environmental changes altering soil moisture and temperature status were major N2O event triggers. The temporal flux distribution demonstrated episodic event-induced nature of N2O peak fluxes, which were primarily driven by strong rainfall and warm temperatures in growing season and soil thaw in winter and early spring. The greatest N2O emissions were observed when flux-triggering weather events coincided with or followed manure application. The most intense single N2O peak event was produced from combination of summer manure spreading and strong rainfall; however spring thaw-induced N2O fluxes showed more consistent seasonal year-to-year trend. The daily average fluxes measured by the EC and chamber techniques were in good agreement. The spatial variability of chamber measurements was mainly caused by high heterogeneity of soil N2O formation, which resulted both in net N2O production and consumption. The EC integrated flux was strongly dependent on wind direction and contributing footprint. The combination of the two different scale methods may help in reducing temporal and spatial variability of N2O estimates and improving N2O emission data quality. .
The Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilizers On Some Meteorological Elements
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Author : Mahmoud Amgad Saber
language : en
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Release Date : 2015-03-16
The Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilizers On Some Meteorological Elements written by Mahmoud Amgad Saber and has been published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-16 with categories.
Greenhouse gases (CO2 and N2O) play an important role in the atmospheric chemistry and in the global warming. According to the emissions inventories that governments submit to the UNFCCC, agriculture accounts for about 15 % of global GHGs. Agriculture contributes about half of the global emissions of two of the most potent non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane. Nitrous oxide emissions from soils, fertilizers application and manures).Agricultural soils are considered sources of carbon dioxide emissions and nitrous oxide. The nitrogen fertilizer is the most important sources of nitrous oxide emissions.Clay soil fertilized with urea gave the largest amount of emissions of carbon dioxide and were15607 ppm, while in the control chambers were 9228 ppm (The proportion of clay soils contribute in the total emission amounted to 59.1% and was the carbon dioxide emitted by the urea ratio of 40.9%). Sandy soil fertilized with urea gave the highest emissions of nitrous oxide, where 6.07 ppm.In the first experiment we observe that the largest difference in temperature was 1.5 oC.In the second experiment also note that the largest difference in temperature was 1.73 oC .
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From California Tomato Cropping Systems Under Conventional And Alternative Management
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Author : Taryn Lee Kennedy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From California Tomato Cropping Systems Under Conventional And Alternative Management written by Taryn Lee Kennedy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Primarily associated with soil fertility management practices, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) whose emission from farmland is a concern for environmental quality and agricultural productivity. In California, agriculture and forestry account for 8% of the total GHG emissions, of which 50% is accounted for by N2O (CEC, 2005). Furrow irrigation and high temperatures in the Central Valley, together with conventional fertilization, are ideal for the production of food, but also N2O production. These conditions can promote N2O emissions, but also suggest great potential to reduce N2O emissions by optimizing fertilizer and irrigation management. Smaller, more frequent fertilizer applications increase the synchrony between available soil nitrogen (N) and crop N uptake and may result in less N loss to the atmosphere. Given that the ecosystem processes regulating the production of N2O respond to and interact with multiple factors influenced by environmental and managerial conditions, it is not always feasible to approach the study of integrated agricultural systems and their affect on GHG emissions by use of a factorial experiment alone. On-farm studies are therefore an important precursor to research station trials to determine which management practices and components of a complete management system should be targeted and isolated for future study. Farm-based trials also provide a realistic evaluation of current management practices subject to practical and economic constraints. The following study took place on existing farms in order to assess the effect of active, operational farm field conditions and current managements on GHG emissions and to thoroughly characterize two typical management systems. In this study, I determined how management practices, such as fertilization, irrigation, tillage, and harvest, affect direct N2O emissions in tomato cropping systems under two contrasting irrigation managements and their associated fertilizer application method, i.e. furrow irrigation and knife injection (conventional system) versus drip irrigation, reduced tillage, and fertigation (integrated system). Field sites were located on two farms in close proximity, on the same soil type, and were planted with the same crop cultivar. This project demonstrated that shifts in fertilizer and irrigation water management directly affect GHG emissions. More fertilizer was applied in the conventional system (237 kg N ha−1 growing season−1) than the integrated system (205 kg N ha−1 growing season−1). The amount of irrigated water was comparable between the two systems; 64 to 70 cm was applied in the conventional system and 64 cm in the integrated system. Total weighted growing season emissions were 3.4 times greater in the conventional system (2.39 ± 0.17 kg N2O-N ha−1) than the integrated system (0.58 ± 0.06 kg N2O-N ha−1), with a higher tomato yield in the integrated system (131 vs. 86 Mg ha−1). The highest conventional N2O emissions resulted from fertilization plus irrigation events and the first fall precipitation. In the integrated system, the highest N2O fluxes occurred following harvest and the first fall precipitation. Environmental parameters of soil moisture, soil mineral N, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were higher and more spatially variable in the conventional system. Reduced N2O emissions in the integrated system, resulting from low soil moisture, mineral N concentrations, and DOC levels, imply that improved fertilizer and water management strategies can be effective in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
Measured And Daycent Simulated Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Soil Planted To Corn In Dairy Cropping Systems
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Author : Maria Ponce De Leon Jara
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Measured And Daycent Simulated Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Soil Planted To Corn In Dairy Cropping Systems written by Maria Ponce De Leon Jara and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Crop rotations, organic nutrient amendments, reduced tillage practices, and integration of cover crops are practices that have the potential to increase the sustainability of crop production, yet they also impact nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Agricultural soil management has been estimated to contribute 79% of the total N2O emissions in the U.S., and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the main contributors. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential which is approximately 298 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 100-year period and is currently the dominant ozone-depleting substance. Few studies have assessed the effects of organic N amendments on direct N2O within the context of a typical dairy forage cropping system. Most research has been limited to studying the effects of one or two sources of N inputs on N2O emissions; however, dairy forage cropping systems often apply manure and have more than two N sources that likely both contribute to N2O emissions. This study investigated how different dairy cropping practices that include differences in crop residues, N inputs (dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer), timing of N amendment applications and environmental conditions influenced N2O emissions from no-till soil planted to corn (Zea mays L.). A two-year field study was carried out as part of the Pennsylvania State Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems Experiment, where corn was planted following annual grain crops, perennial forages, and a green manure legume crop; all were amended with dairy manure. In the corn-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation, N sources (dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer) and two methods of manure application (broadcasted and injected) were also compared.Chapter 1 reviews the scientific literature; describing the biotic and abiotic processes of N2O production in soils, summarizing current research on N2O emissions in agricultural systems, and emphasizing the main management and environmental drivers contributing to the emissions. This chapter reviews methods for matching N supply with crop demand, coupling N flow cycles, using advanced fertilizer techniques, and optimizing tillage management. Also, the applicability and limitations of current research to effectively reduce N2O emissions in a variety of regions are discussed.Chapter 2 analyzes the effect of corn production management practices and environmental conditions contributing to N2O in the Pennsylvania State Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems Experiment. Significantly higher N2O emissions were observed 15-42 days after manure injection and 1-4 days after mid-season UAN application. Manure injection had 2-3 times greater potential for N2O emissions compared to broadcast manure during this time period. Integration of legumes and grasses in the cropping system reduced inorganic fertilizer use compared to soybean with manure or UAN, however, direct N2O emissions were not reduced. The Random Forest method was used to identify and rank the predictor variables for N2O emissions. The most important variables driving N2O emissions were: time after manure application, time after previous crop termination, soil nitrate, and moisture. These field research results support earlier recommendations for reducing N losses including timing N inputs close to crop uptake, and avoiding N applications when there is a high chance of precipitation to reduce nitrate accumulation in the soil and potential N losses from denitrification.Chapter 3 reports the comparison of N2O fluxes predicted with the biogeochemical model DAYCENT compared to measured data from the two-year dairy cropping systems study. Daily N2O emissions simulated by DAYCENT had between 41% and 76% agreement with measured daily N2O emissions in 2015 and 2016. DAYCENT overestimated the residual inorganic N fertilizer impact on N2O emissions in the corn following soybean with inorganic fertilizer and broadcast manure. Comparisons between DAYCENT simulated and measured N2O fluxes indicate that DAYCENT did not represent well organic N amendments from crop residues of perennials and legume cover crops, or manure application in no-till dairy systems. DAYCENT was generally able to reproduce temporal patterns of soil temperature, but volumetric soil water contents (VSWC) predicted by DAYCENT were generally lower than measured values. After precipitation events, DAYCENT predicted that VSWC tended to rapidly decrease and drain to deeper layers. Both the simulated and measured soil inorganic N increased with N fertilizer addition; however, the model tended to underestimate soil inorganic N concentration in the 0-5 cm layer. Our results suggest that DAYCENT overestimated the residual N impact of inorganic fertilizer on N2O emissions and mineralization of organic residues and nitrification happened faster than DAYCENT predicted. Chapter 4 highlights the impact of manure injection and the importance of timing organic N amendments from manures and/or crop residue with crop N uptake to mitigate N2O emissions. More research is needed to better understand the tradeoffs of these strategies in no till dairy cropping systems to help farmers in their operational management decisions. Improving the parametrization of DAYCENT for dairy cropping systems in no-till systems with high surface legume crop residues from perennials and cover crops, will make the model a more useful tool for testing different mitigation scenarios for farmers and policy-designer decision making.
Nitrogen In Agricultural Systems
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Author : James Stuart Schepers
language : en
Publisher: ASA-CSSA-SSSA
Release Date : 2008
Nitrogen In Agricultural Systems written by James Stuart Schepers and has been published by ASA-CSSA-SSSA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Review of the principles and management implications related to nitrogen in the soil-plant-water system.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Variable Rate Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer To Panicum Virgatum L In Qu Bec Canada
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Author : Alexia Bertholon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Variable Rate Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer To Panicum Virgatum L In Qu Bec Canada written by Alexia Bertholon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
"Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is essential to maintain agricultural yields but is susceptible to reactions that produce nitrous oxide (N2O), which acts as a greenhouse gas and contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. It is difficult to predict where these reactions will produce 'hot spots' of high N2O fluxes in a field, as well as the 'hot moments' when peak N2O fluxes occur. The objective of this study is to relate the N2O fluxes in a Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) field to N fertilizer application rates of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha-1 while considering the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of the field. In summer 2017, soil samples were collected at 128 locations in an 8.87 ha switchgrass field in the Cookshire-Eaton region (45°20'N, 71°46'W) of Québec, Canada. The sandy loam soil was analysed for standard soil test parameters: macro- and micro-nutrient content, pH and texture. In addition, proximal soil sensing was done to characterize the elevation, electrical conductivity and surface spectral reflectance. This data was used to generate a spatial soil map of the field with R 3.4.1 statistical software and ArcGIS, which revealed three distinct management zones in the field. In spring 2018, four N fertilizer rates were applied to blocks (15 m wide x 100 m long), which created four blocks with variable N fertilizer rates in the high-yielding switchgrass zone and four blocks with variable N fertilizer rates in the low-yielding switchgrass zone. Non-flow-through non-steady-state chambers were installed (n=3 per block) for manual gas sampling and N2O fluxes were calculated during a 1 h period every 7-10 d during the growing season. The experiment was repeated in spring 2019 in the same management zones but in newly-selected blocks that had uniform fertilization in the 2018 growing season. Four N fertilizer rates were applied at random to 4 blocks in the high-yielding zone, plus 4 blocks in the low-yielding zone, and gas sampling chambers (n=3) were placed in new locations in each block. The "hot moments" of N2O flux occurred in the first 30 d after N fertilizer application. Although N2O fluxes differed in the management zones in 2018, there were no distinctive "hot spots" in the switchgrass field in the 2019 growing season. However, the cumulative N2O emission in each growing season tended to increase with greater N fertilizer rates, suggesting that applying more N fertilizer increased the risk of gaseous N loss, probably through denitrification. I conclude that precision agriculture techniques based on geospatial characterization of agricultural fields may help to calibrate site-specific N fertilizer inputs and meet agroenvironmental goals by improving crop production while reducing N2O emissions"--