Effects Of Reduced Starch Diets And Starch Digestibility On Nutrient Digestibility Microbial Protein Flow And Lactation Performance Of Dairy Cows
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Effects Of Reduced Starch Diets And Starch Digestibility On Nutrient Digestibility Microbial Protein Flow And Lactation Performance Of Dairy Cows
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Effects Of Reduced Starch Diets And Starch Digestibility On Nutrient Digestibility Microbial Protein Flow And Lactation Performance Of Dairy Cows written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
A meta-analysis, two animal experiments, and one data mining experiment were conducted to determine the effects of feeding reduced-starch (RS) diets and starch digestibility on dairy cattle performance. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of feeding RS diets on intake, lactation performance, and ruminal parameters. Dietary starch was reduced by partial replacement of grain with non-forage fiber sources or forages. Dry matter intake, milk, fat, and protein yield were decreased as dietary starch was reduced. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was decreased as dietary starch was reduced. Molar proportion of ruminal acetate was increased as dietary starch was reduced. Reducing dietary starch decreased lactation performance of dairy cows. The first animal experiment determined the effects of normal or RS diets and finely- or coarsely-ground corn on performance of lactating dairy cows. Milk and protein yields were reduced for cows fed RS diets, however, fat-corrected milk was increased for cows fed the normal-starch finely-ground corn and RS coarsely-ground corn diets. Ruminal digestibility of NDF was increased for cows fed the RS diets. Total tract digestibility of NDF was greater on the RS diets, while total tract starch digestibility was greater on the RS diets and the finely-ground corn diets. Cows fed the finely ground corn diets had greater ruminal propionate and lower rumen pH. The second animal experiment determined the effects of feeding RS diets by partially replacing corn grain with soyhulls (SH) or corn silage (CS), or CS and grain with SH. Partial replacement of corn grain with SH or CS increased milk fat content compared with partial replacement of CS and corn grain with SH. Partial replacement of corn grain with SH or CS increased total tract NDF and starch digestion. Diet digestibility and performance of mid-lactation cows fed RS diets by partially replacing corn grain with SH or CS was similar to or improved compared to cows fed a normal-starch diet. The third experiment tested whether total tract starch digestibility can be predicted from the concentration of starch in fecal dry matter. Total tract starch digestibility was predicted accurately from fecal starch concentration.
Energy Nutrition In Ruminants
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Author : E.R. Orskov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Energy Nutrition In Ruminants written by E.R. Orskov and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
This book is intended to be a companion volume to 'Protein Nutrition in Ruminants' (1982, Academic Press), which emphasized both the role of proteins and new systems for their evaluation. Here the focus is on energy-yielding nutrients and problems involved in evaluating them. Nonetheless in both volumes there is explicit recognition of the interdependence of energy and protein nutrition. I have not attempted to review comprehensively all the literature relating to ruminant energy nutrition and must apologize to colleagues whose work is not fully reported. Where possible tables and figures are taken from the studies of our group at the Rowett Research Institute since, if for no other reason, I am most familiar with these data. I have first considered the nutrition of the newborn and have stressed the role of behaviour 'in determining whether nutrients enter or bypass the rumen. The development of the rumen, the of anaerobic fermentation and the roles of various principles . species of rumen bacteria, protozoa and fungi in relation to different substrates, are summarized. This is followed by accounts of the factors affecting the utilization of different substrates and the v vi Preface absorption and metabolism of the end-products of fermentation and digestion, together with estimates of digestive capacity in various segments of the gut. The ruminant's requirements for energy-yielding nutrients is considered in relation to the per formance of various activities and to environmental conditions, particular attention being paid to the requirement for glucose precursors.
The Effect Of An Exogenous Amylase On Performance And Total Tract Digestibility In Lactating Dairy Cows
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Author : Maris M. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Effect Of An Exogenous Amylase On Performance And Total Tract Digestibility In Lactating Dairy Cows written by Maris M. McCarthy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Amylases categories.
This thesis consisted of 2 experiments. The objective of Experiment 1 was to determine performance and digestibility response of lactating dairy cows to a reduced starch diet containing a commercial amylase product. The objective of Experiment 2 was to determine the effect of various levels of amylase on in vitro starch digestibility of 3 substrates. In Experiment 1, 19 multiparous (86 ± 46 DIM) and 5 primiparous (93 ± 8 DIM), were blocked by parity and DIM and assigned to treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 28 d periods. Treatments were a normal starch TMR (NS), a reduced starch TMR (RS), and a reduced starch TMR with (351 KNU/ kg TMR DM) exogenous amylase added to the concentrate (RSE). The hypothesis was that reducing ration starch content would decrease milk production and diet digestibility compared to NS due to a decrease in available energy, and that RSE would alleviate some of this decrease by increasing nutrient digestibility. Rations were 41% concentrate and the NS TMR contained 12.8% corn grain, 2.9% soyhulls, and 2.9% citrus pulp. The RS and RSE TMR contained 6.0% corn grain, 6.9% soyhulls, and 6.9% citrus pulp. Starch concentrations in NS, RS, and RSE TMR were 27.5, 23.2, and 22.4%, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model containing the fixed effects of treatment, week, period, and their interactions, and the random effects of cow and block. Feeding a RS diet compared with a NS diet resulted in decreased milk, FCM, milk protein yield, milk lactose yield, and increased MUN and NDF digestibility. Feeding the RSE diet resulted in increased milk protein percentage and increased DM, NDF, and CP digestibility. Exogenous amylase decreased milk lactose yield and tended to decrease milk yield and 3.5% FCM yield. In Experiment 2, NS and RS grain samples and corn starch were pre-incubated (18 h prior to start of in vitro) or co-incubated (during in vitro) with 4 levels of liquid amylase (0, 382, 1274, 3833 KNU/ kg substrate DM) and 7 h in vitro starch digestibility was measured. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the fixed effects of substrate, amylase, preincubation, day, and all multi-way interactions. Pre-incubation of amylase with substrate for 18 h prior to in vitro resulted in increased starch digestibility compared to co-incubated samples. The starch digestibility for co-incubated samples was greatest at amylase application of 383 and 1274 KNU/kg substrate DM. While the addition of exogenous amylase increased in vitro starch digestibility as well as increased the digestibility of some nutrients during the lactation trial, this did not result in improved animal production performance.
Norfor
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Author : Harald Volden
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-10-05
Norfor written by Harald Volden and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-05 with Science categories.
NorFor is a semi-mechanistic feed evaluation system for cattle, which is used by advisors in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. This book describes in detail the system and it covers five main sections. The first is concerned with information on feed characteristics, feed analysis and feed digestion methods. The second section describes the digestion and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and the supply and requirement of energy and metabolizable amino acids. The third section considers the prediction of feed intake and physical structure of the diet. The fourth section focuses on model evaluation and the final section provides information on the IT solutions and feed ration formulation by a non-linear economical optimization procedure. This book will be of significant interest to researchers, students and advisors of cattle nutrition and feed evaluation.
Cassava As Animal Feed
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Author : Barry Nestel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Cassava As Animal Feed written by Barry Nestel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Cassava as feed categories.
Starch Chemistry And Technology
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Author : Roy L. Whistler
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2012-12-02
Starch Chemistry And Technology written by Roy L. Whistler and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Starch: Chemistry and Technology, Second Edition focuses on the chemistry, processes, methodologies, applications, and technologies involved in the processing of starch. The selection first elaborates on the history and future expectation of starch use, economics and future of the starch industry, and the genetics and physiology of starch development. Discussions focus on polysaccharide biosynthesis, nonmutant starch granule polysaccharide composition, cellular developmental gradients, projected future volumes of corn likely to be used by the wet-milling industry, and organization of the corn wet-milling industry. The manuscript also tackles enzymes in the hydrolysis and synthesis of starch, starch oligosaccharides, and molecular structure of starch. The publication examines the organization of starch granules, fractionation of starch, and gelatinization of starch and mechanical properties of starch pastes. Topics include methods for determining starch gelatinization, solution properties of amylopectin, conformation of amylose in dilute solution, and biological and biochemical facets of starch granule structure. The text also takes a look at photomicrographs of starches, industrial microscopy of starches, and starch and dextrins in prepared adhesives. The selection is a vital reference for researchers interested in the processing of starch.
Enzymes In Farm Animal Nutrition 3rd Edition
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Author : Michael R. Bedford
language : en
Publisher: CABI
Release Date : 2022-03-11
Enzymes In Farm Animal Nutrition 3rd Edition written by Michael R. Bedford and has been published by CABI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-03-11 with Medical categories.
From alpha-galactosidases to xylanases, Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition provides a comprehensive guide to all aspects associated with enzyme-supplemented animal feeds. It details the history and size of the feed enzyme market, before describing how feed enzymes are manufactured and employed in monogastric, aqua and ruminant diets. This new edition explores considerable advances such as the use of enzymes in fish and shrimp diets, new understanding of how phytases function in the animal, NSPase research and enzymes' extended use in ruminant markets. Covering biochemistry, enzymology and characteristics relevant to animal feed use, this book forms a valuable resource for academics and students of animal nutrition and production, as well as professionals in the animal feed industry.
Nutrition Regulation And Stress In Ruminant
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Author : Xianwen Dong
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2024-07-30
Nutrition Regulation And Stress In Ruminant written by Xianwen Dong and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-07-30 with Medical categories.
Stress is an abnormal response of the organism to external environmental stimuli. In the process of breeding production, animals will show various stress reactions due to changes in their physiological functions, environmental conditions, and management levels. Transportation, high temperature, cold, and other stressors could induce protective reactions in the animal body, showing obvious physiological metabolic disorders and non-specific immune dysfunction, disrupting the physiological processes of nutrient metabolism, digestion and absorption, and immune defense, and ultimately leading to a decrease in production performance and feed conversion rate.
Effect Of Feeding Corn Silage Based Diets Predicted To Be Deficient In Either Ruminal Nitrogen Or Metabolizable Protein On Nitrogen Utilization And Efficiency Of Use In Lactating Cows
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Author : Erin Beth Recktenwald
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Effect Of Feeding Corn Silage Based Diets Predicted To Be Deficient In Either Ruminal Nitrogen Or Metabolizable Protein On Nitrogen Utilization And Efficiency Of Use In Lactating Cows written by Erin Beth Recktenwald and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Due to concern over nitrogen (N) emissions, this study attempted to evaluate dietary approaches to reduce N excretion by dairy cattle. Knowledge about potential N sources that were either unaccounted for or under-predicted by CPM Dairy and the Dairy NRC (2001) was used to formulate rations that were much lower in crude protein (CP) than typically fed to dairy cattle but would potentially not decrease production. Specifically, the three diets fed were predicted to have: (1) positive rumen N and metabolizable protein (MP) balances (Diet P) (2) negative MP balance and positive rumen N balance (Diet N), or (3) negative rumen N balance but positive MP balance (Diet T) as predicted by CPM Dairy version 3. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether, and to what extent, the decrease in predicted ruminally available N and MP supply would affect milk production. Eighty-eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows (83 ± 20 DIM), were blocked by average daily milk yield to 50 DIM and parity and assigned to three diets differing in N content or predicted rumen degradability of the feed N. The diets were formulated with CPM Dairy V3 using library values for all feeds except corn silage where actual chemical, digestibility, and degradation rate values were determined and used. The diets (DM basis) consisted of approximately 50% corn silage, 2% wheat straw and 48% of a diet specific ingredient mix and were formulated for 22.2 of kg DMI. Actual diet CP levels were 16.7, 14.2 and 14.3% for Diets P, N and T, respectively. The predicted CPM Dairy rumen N balance at the formulated DMI was 29 and 27 g for Diets P and N and negative 39 g/d for Diet T, whereas the predicted MP balance was 263 and negative 145 and 91 g/d for Diets P, N and T, respectively. Monensin was included in the diets at a formulated intake of approximately 300 mg per cow per d and somatotropin was administered per label. Actual DMI for cattle fed these treatments were 25.7, 25.5 and 24.2 kg/d for Diets P, N and T, respectively and were significantly lower for Diet T. Actual milk yield was 45.0, 42.6 and 43.3 kg/d and 3.5% FCM was 38.1, 36.5, and 36.4 kg/d for cows fed Diets P, N and T, respectively and was significantly lower for cows fed Diets N and T. Milk protein percent was not affected by diet; however, milk protein yield was significantly greater for cows fed Diet P due to the difference in milk yield. Plasma urea N concentrations were 11.31, 8.40 and 7.13 mg/dl for cows fed diets P, N and T, respectively and were different and paralleled the rumen ammonia levels of 8.32, 6.58 and 5.84 mg/dl. Milk fat depression (MFD) was observed in all cows and was not affected by treatment, and the average milk fat levels were 2.67, 2.68 and 2.54% for diets P, N and T, respectively. To determine if monensin was partially responsible for the MFD, monensin was removed from the diets of approximately half of the cows on treatment once they had finished the experimental period. Removal of monensin resulted in a 30% increase in milk fat percent, and milk protein content was not affected. Calculated milk N:intake N ratios for the three treatments were 0.31, 0.33 and 0.36 for Diets P, N and T respectively. The results of this study suggest that more productive N is available than currently predicted by either CPM Dairy and the Dairy NRC (2001). Understanding where these differences exist would allow for feeding less CP to dairy cattle and decreasing N emissions to the environment. It may also be a profitable strategy for dairy farmers, as they would be able to reduce their purchase of costly protein feeds, but that was not demonstrated in this study - primarily due to the severe milk fat depression that decreased the economic value of milk. However, ration cost was not a concern for this experiment, and that aspect can be considered when implementing feeding strategies stemming from this research. (Abstract).
Ruminant Nutrition
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Author : Robert Jarrige
language : en
Publisher: John Libbey Eurotext
Release Date : 1989
Ruminant Nutrition written by Robert Jarrige and has been published by John Libbey Eurotext this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Nature categories.
Deals with feed evaluation systems, the nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock and the feeding value of a wide range of feedstuffs. This book lists about 800 typical forages, 65 crop residues and 120 concentrate and by-product feeds. It is suitable for teachers, specialist scientists and industrialists.