The Effect Of An Exogenous Amylase On Performance And Total Tract Digestibility In Lactating Dairy Cows
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The Effect Of An Exogenous Amylase On Performance And Total Tract Digestibility In Lactating Dairy Cows
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Author : Maris M. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Effect Of An Exogenous Amylase On Performance And Total Tract Digestibility In Lactating Dairy Cows written by Maris M. McCarthy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Amylases categories.
This thesis consisted of 2 experiments. The objective of Experiment 1 was to determine performance and digestibility response of lactating dairy cows to a reduced starch diet containing a commercial amylase product. The objective of Experiment 2 was to determine the effect of various levels of amylase on in vitro starch digestibility of 3 substrates. In Experiment 1, 19 multiparous (86 ± 46 DIM) and 5 primiparous (93 ± 8 DIM), were blocked by parity and DIM and assigned to treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 28 d periods. Treatments were a normal starch TMR (NS), a reduced starch TMR (RS), and a reduced starch TMR with (351 KNU/ kg TMR DM) exogenous amylase added to the concentrate (RSE). The hypothesis was that reducing ration starch content would decrease milk production and diet digestibility compared to NS due to a decrease in available energy, and that RSE would alleviate some of this decrease by increasing nutrient digestibility. Rations were 41% concentrate and the NS TMR contained 12.8% corn grain, 2.9% soyhulls, and 2.9% citrus pulp. The RS and RSE TMR contained 6.0% corn grain, 6.9% soyhulls, and 6.9% citrus pulp. Starch concentrations in NS, RS, and RSE TMR were 27.5, 23.2, and 22.4%, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model containing the fixed effects of treatment, week, period, and their interactions, and the random effects of cow and block. Feeding a RS diet compared with a NS diet resulted in decreased milk, FCM, milk protein yield, milk lactose yield, and increased MUN and NDF digestibility. Feeding the RSE diet resulted in increased milk protein percentage and increased DM, NDF, and CP digestibility. Exogenous amylase decreased milk lactose yield and tended to decrease milk yield and 3.5% FCM yield. In Experiment 2, NS and RS grain samples and corn starch were pre-incubated (18 h prior to start of in vitro) or co-incubated (during in vitro) with 4 levels of liquid amylase (0, 382, 1274, 3833 KNU/ kg substrate DM) and 7 h in vitro starch digestibility was measured. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the fixed effects of substrate, amylase, preincubation, day, and all multi-way interactions. Pre-incubation of amylase with substrate for 18 h prior to in vitro resulted in increased starch digestibility compared to co-incubated samples. The starch digestibility for co-incubated samples was greatest at amylase application of 383 and 1274 KNU/kg substrate DM. While the addition of exogenous amylase increased in vitro starch digestibility as well as increased the digestibility of some nutrients during the lactation trial, this did not result in improved animal production performance.
Current Developments In Biotechnology And Bioengineering
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Author : Ashok Pandey
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2017-09-12
Current Developments In Biotechnology And Bioengineering written by Ashok Pandey and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-12 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Current Advances in Solid-State Fermentation provides knowledge and information on solid-state fermentation involving the basics of microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics and principles of genetic engineering, metabolic engineering and biochemical engineering. This volume of the series is on Solid-State fermentation (SSF), which would cover the basic and applied aspects of SSF processes, including engineering aspects such as design of bioreactors in SSF. The book offers a pool of knowledge on biochemical and microbiological aspects as well as chemical and biological engineering aspects of SSF to provide an integrated knowledge and version to the readers. Provides state-of-the-art information on basic and fundamental principles of solid-state fermentation Includes key features for the education and understanding of biotechnology education and R&D, in particular on SSF Lists fermentation methods for the production of a wide variety of enzymes and metabolites Provides examples of the various industrial applications of enzymes in solid state fermentation
Effect Of Exogenous Amylase And Protease On Ruminal Metabolism Nutrient Digestibility Rumen Microbiome And Lactation Performance Of Dairy Cows Fed Freshly Ensiled Corn Silage Based Diets
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Author : Lauren Kaye Shearer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Effect Of Exogenous Amylase And Protease On Ruminal Metabolism Nutrient Digestibility Rumen Microbiome And Lactation Performance Of Dairy Cows Fed Freshly Ensiled Corn Silage Based Diets written by Lauren Kaye Shearer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Amylases categories.
Effects Of Reduced Starch Diets And Starch Digestibility On Nutrient Digestibility Microbial Protein Flow And Lactation Performance Of Dairy Cows
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Effects Of Reduced Starch Diets And Starch Digestibility On Nutrient Digestibility Microbial Protein Flow And Lactation Performance Of Dairy Cows written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
A meta-analysis, two animal experiments, and one data mining experiment were conducted to determine the effects of feeding reduced-starch (RS) diets and starch digestibility on dairy cattle performance. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of feeding RS diets on intake, lactation performance, and ruminal parameters. Dietary starch was reduced by partial replacement of grain with non-forage fiber sources or forages. Dry matter intake, milk, fat, and protein yield were decreased as dietary starch was reduced. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was decreased as dietary starch was reduced. Molar proportion of ruminal acetate was increased as dietary starch was reduced. Reducing dietary starch decreased lactation performance of dairy cows. The first animal experiment determined the effects of normal or RS diets and finely- or coarsely-ground corn on performance of lactating dairy cows. Milk and protein yields were reduced for cows fed RS diets, however, fat-corrected milk was increased for cows fed the normal-starch finely-ground corn and RS coarsely-ground corn diets. Ruminal digestibility of NDF was increased for cows fed the RS diets. Total tract digestibility of NDF was greater on the RS diets, while total tract starch digestibility was greater on the RS diets and the finely-ground corn diets. Cows fed the finely ground corn diets had greater ruminal propionate and lower rumen pH. The second animal experiment determined the effects of feeding RS diets by partially replacing corn grain with soyhulls (SH) or corn silage (CS), or CS and grain with SH. Partial replacement of corn grain with SH or CS increased milk fat content compared with partial replacement of CS and corn grain with SH. Partial replacement of corn grain with SH or CS increased total tract NDF and starch digestion. Diet digestibility and performance of mid-lactation cows fed RS diets by partially replacing corn grain with SH or CS was similar to or improved compared to cows fed a normal-starch diet. The third experiment tested whether total tract starch digestibility can be predicted from the concentration of starch in fecal dry matter. Total tract starch digestibility was predicted accurately from fecal starch concentration.
Evaluation Of An Amylase Enabled Corn Silage In Lactating Cows
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Author : Sergio Cueva Welchez
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Evaluation Of An Amylase Enabled Corn Silage In Lactating Cows written by Sergio Cueva Welchez and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of an amylase-enabled corn silage on the lactation performance, enteric gas emission and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows. The amylase-enabled corn hybrid (Enogen; Syngenta Seeds LLC) was harvested, ensiled, and included in the diet at 40% of dry matter (DM) of the cows. The Enogen corn silage (ECS) was compared with silage from a control (CON) isogenic corn hybrid without the amylase trait. Both silages were included at the same inclusion rate of dietary DM and the diet fed, with exception of the silage source, was identical between the treatments. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effect of ECS on lactational performance, enteric gas emission, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows. Both corn hybrids were grown for approximately 130 d, and silages were fermented for approximately 220 d before the beginning of the animal experiment in April 2019. At harvest, the CON hybrid yielded approximated 1.1 t of DM/ha more than the ECS hybrid. Crude protein concentration was 6% lesser in ECS when compared with the CON hybrid. Acid detergent fiber was also 3.9% lesser for ECS. Furthermore, the ECS was greater in starch content, when compared with the CON (9.3%, on average). As expected, the amylase activity in ECS was 13-fold greater when compared with the CON silage. Nevertheless, the differences mentioned in the nutritional content of the silages, did not result in major differences in fermentation end-products between the silages. Inclusion of ECS at 40% dietary DM did not affect DMI but increased MY (40.8 vs 38.8 kg/d), improved feed efficiency (1.55 vs. 1.47 kg/kg) and tended to improve energy-corrected milk yield (ECM) feed efficiency in lactating cows (1.50 vs. 1.45 kg/kg). Milk lactose was greater (4.92 vs 4.86 %) for cows fed the ECS diet, relative to CON, but milk protein and fat contents were similar. Methane emission intensity (per unit of milk yield) was decreased by the ECS diet compared with CON; however, treatment did not affect CH4 emission intensity expressed per kilogram of ECM. Rumen fermentation, apart from a decreased molar proportion of butyrate in rumen fluid of ECS-fed cows, was not affected by treatment. Amylase activity was numerically, but not statistically, greater in rumen fluid of ECS-fed cows, however, the difference could be related both to a greater amylase activity in ECS (as previously described) and greater starch intake with the ECS diet, when compared with CON. As suspected, intake of starch was greater in cows fed the ECS diet relative to CON, and apparent total-tract DM digestibility also tended to be greater in cows fed the ECS. There were no differences in intakes in any of the other nutrients or their apparent total-tract digestibility. Nitrogen intake and utilization, as well as urinary purine derivative excretion, were not affected by the silage treatment. Effects induced by ECS were likely a result of the greater starch content in ECS and greater overall availability of digestible nutrients. Moreover, given that ECS decreased CH4 emission intensity (per unit of MY, but not of ECM), data would suggest that the carbon footprint of milk production could be reduced by inclusion of ECS, Inclusion of an amylase-enabled hybrid in dairy rations showed promising effects by improving feed efficiency and ECM feed efficiency in dairy cows. However, the amylase-enabled corn silage used in the current experiment tended to have a greater overall availability of digestible nutrients and was greater in starch content, when compared with its isogenic counterpart. In this regard, effects observed on cow performance can be attributed, at least partially, to differences in silage nutritional composition. Research investigating the effects of feeding amylase-enabled corn silages to dairy cows is limited. This makes it challenging to concretely determine the mode and extent of action of the amylase enzyme in the current study. Thus, future research on amylase-enabled hybrids should be focused on determining modes and stages of action of the enzyme, potential nutritional and environmental benefits in dairy cows, and possible interactions with other additives or dietary ingredients. The amylase-enabled technology seems to be promising, however, questions remain that must be answered to fully understand the benefits of the inclusion of amylase-enabled corn in dairy cow diets.
Evaluating The Impact Of Bovamine On Performance Nutrient Digestibility And Digestive Function In Lactating Dairy Cows
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Author : MacKenzie Conklin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Evaluating The Impact Of Bovamine On Performance Nutrient Digestibility And Digestive Function In Lactating Dairy Cows written by MacKenzie Conklin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Two experiments evaluated the effect of a direct fed microbial (DFM) (Bovamine®®, Chr. Hansen, Hørsholm, Denmark) on performance and digestion of dairy cows. In Experiment 1 (Exp1), 30 multiparous cows (75 + 32 DIM) were assigned to one of two treatments fed for 10 weeks, BOV (3 x 109 CFU/d Bovamine ®) or CON (control, no Bovamine®). In Experiment 2 (Exp2), 6 ruminally cannulated cows (123 + 129 DIM) were assigned to a crossover design with two 6 week periods with the same treatments as Exp1 except that cows were fed a 23.8% starch diet during weeks 1-5 of each period then abruptly switched to a 31.1% starch diet for week 6. For both experiments, intake and milk yield were measured daily and milk samples were collected weekly. In Exp1, fecal grab samples were collected every 6 h on d 7 of week--1, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, fecal consistency was scored, and fecal starch measured in composited daily samples. Composites from a subset of 7 cows per treatment were used to measure apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. In Exp2, rumen pH was continuously recorded during weeks 5-6. Rumen in situ digestibility was measured on week 5 day 7, week 6 day 1, and week 6 day 7. On those dates, rumen fluid and feces were collected every 6 h for rumen VFA, fecal pH, and fecal starch (composited by cow within day). Rumen and fecal microbiome samples were collected at one time point on these days. In Exp1, treatment did not affect intake, milk yield or composition, fecal score or fecal starch. BOV tended to increase starch digestibility compared to CON (98.74 vs. 98.46%, P = 0.051), but digestibility of other nutrients was unaffected. In Exp2, intake, milk yield, and milk composition were unaffected when evaluated over the entire study. However, during the abrupt switch to the high starch diet, milk fat yield was increased for BOV compared to CON (1.39 vs. 1.28 kg/d, P = 0.002) and milk fat percentage tended to increase (3.59 vs. 3.42%, P = 0.09). Treatment did not impact rumen pH, rumen VFA, in situ digestibility or the rumen and fecal microbiomes. Contrary to Exp1, BOV increased fecal starch compared to CON (2.49 vs. 2.03%, P = 0.02), and this was most evident during the high starch feeding. Overall, Bovamine®? modestly improved starch digestibility in Exp1 and increased milk fat during the high starch challenge in Exp2.
An Evaluation Of Exogenous Enzymes With Amylolytic Activity For Dairy Cows
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Author : Candice M. Klingerman
language : en
Publisher: ProQuest
Release Date : 2008
An Evaluation Of Exogenous Enzymes With Amylolytic Activity For Dairy Cows written by Candice M. Klingerman and has been published by ProQuest this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Amylolysis categories.
Cumulated Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Medicine categories.
Sustainable Use Of Feed Additives In Livestock
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Author : Georgios Arsenos
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-12-28
Sustainable Use Of Feed Additives In Livestock written by Georgios Arsenos and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-28 with Medical categories.
This book offers a comprehensive collection of cutting-edge research on feed additives for a sustainable animal production, including insects and aquaculture. In five clearly structured sections, the sources of feed additives, details on their biochemistry, feed security as well as specific applications for individual farm animal species, livestock health and product characteristics (meat, milk and eggs) find attention. International expert authors provide a full description on the use of aromatic plants, extracts and essential oils as feed additives alone or in combination with functional feeds of different categories. Readers will explore the potential of feed additives to tackle environmental issues. Practical examples include the use of local feedstuffs in combination with herbal additives and enzymes. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of using local feed sources versus imported feedstuffs on global warming potential, primary energy use, nutrient excretion and the feed additive influence on lessening the pollution from animal operations. The results presented will support realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular SDG 12 which stands for Responsible Consumption and Production worldwide. The use of novel and different feed additives can be an important tool to enhance sustainability, support productivity, and match increased food demands around the globe. Animal production depends on feed efficiency to sustain growth and profitability. Along these lines, the present volume is an essential reading for all future-oriented veterinarians, animal nutritionists, agricultural scientists, and moreover the feed, food and plant industry.
Effect Of Oleic Acid And Exogenous Emulsifiers On Fatty Acid Absorption In Lactating Dairy Cows
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Author : Crystal M. Prom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Effect Of Oleic Acid And Exogenous Emulsifiers On Fatty Acid Absorption In Lactating Dairy Cows written by Crystal M. Prom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Electronic dissertations categories.
As the milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) of modern dairy cows continue to increase, so too does the amount of fatty acids (FA) reaching the small intestine. Furthermore, supplemental FA are often added to the diet in order to increase the energy density of the ration and support energy requirements of the cow. Thus, the combination of supplemental FA in the diet and increasing DMI causes a significantly higher amount of FA available for absorption in the small intestine. However, previous research has demonstrated that increasing the amount of FA flowing to the small intestine negatively impacts the absorption of FA and thus the amount of energy available to the cow. Our research examined potential strategies to improve FA absorption by utilizing oleic acid (OA) and exogenous emulsifiers. In the first research chapter, we evaluated the effects of varying the ratio of supplemental dietary stearic acid (SA; C18:0) and OA (cis-9 C18:1) on FA digestibility and milk production of post-peak dairy cows. We observed that overall inclusion of supplemental fat increased milk yield, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency compared to a non-fat supplemented control. Increasing OA in the supplemental fat treatments increased the digestibility and absorption of FA but did not affect production responses. Our second research chapter examined the effects of increasing doses of OA infused into the abomasum. Increasing the amount of OA reaching the duodenum did not affect DMI but increased the digestibility and absorption of total, 16-carbon, and 18-carbon FA. Higher absorbed FA increased plasma insulin, but did not affect BW or BCS, and tended to increase milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and ECM. In the third research chapter, we abomasally infused 30 g/d of three exogenous emulsifiers (Tween) that differed in the FA attached to the polysorbate base. Compared to control, the overall effect of Tween did not affect DM intake or digestibility, but increased milk fat content and tended to increase milk fat yield and 3.5% FCM. The emulsifier containing OA, Tween80, improved digestibility of 16-carbon, 18-carbon, and total FA compared to control and to the two other emulsifier treatments. Tween80 also increased milk fat content and yield compared to control. Thus, Tween80 has the potential to improve nutrient digestibility and milk production, but it is unknown whether this is primarily due to the polysorbate or the attached OA. Our last research chapter directly compared abomasal infusions of OA and Tween80, as well as examined the interaction between the two. OA increased the absorption of total and 18-carbon FA but had negligible effects on production responses. Tween80 did not affect nutrient digestibility but increased milk yield, decreased milk fat content, and did not affect milk fat yield. These results contradict previous research utilizing Tween80, but the reason for this is unclear as energy status and FA intake was similar across studies. No interactions between OA and Tween80 were observed for nutrient digestibility but an interaction was observed for ECM, milk fat yield, feed efficiency, and BCS. Overall, there is evidence that both OA and Tween80 can improve FA digestibility. When directly compared, OA was more beneficial to total, 16-carbon, and 18-carbon FA digestibility than Tween80 and providing both had no additional benefits. Therefore, increasing the amount of OA reaching the small intestine is a viable strategy to improve FA digestibility and thus energy availability to the cow. Exogenous emulsifiers can also improve FA digestibility, but results are inconsistent and should be investigated further in the future. Furthermore, combinations of OA and various emulsifiers should be further examined for independent and interactive effects.