Essays In The Evaluation Of Human Capital Investment Policies
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Essays In The Evaluation Of Human Capital Investment Policies
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays In The Evaluation Of Human Capital Investment Policies written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Essays In The Evaluation Of Human Capital Investment Policies
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Author : Italo Lopez Garcia
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays In The Evaluation Of Human Capital Investment Policies written by Italo Lopez Garcia and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Essays On Human Capital Investment
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Author : Sarena Goodman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays On Human Capital Investment written by Sarena Goodman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
This dissertation contains a collection of essays on human capital formation and social service provision in the United States. The chapters evaluate three policies targeted to populations for whom the development and retention of skills is particularly critical--young adults, children, and the near-homeless. The first and second chapters focus on uncovering methods that could enhance the performance of the U.S. educational system: the first chapter examines a policy that better aligns educational expectations and potential among secondary school students; the second chapter evaluates a policy that incentivizes teachers to improve achievement among students in high-poverty primary and secondary schools. The third chapter examines an intervention designed to assist high-need families on the brink of homelessness. The chapters are also linked methodologically: in each, I exploit the exact timing of policy events (i.e., testing mandates, the opportunity for teachers to earn bonuses, the availability of homelessness prevention services) to identify their causal effects.
Essays On Development And Human Capital Investment
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Author : Evelyn Monteiro Pereira Nunes
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays On Development And Human Capital Investment written by Evelyn Monteiro Pereira Nunes and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
The present dissertation consists of three essays related to economic development and human capital investment. The first essay investigates the choice between public and private schools in Brazil. I use cross-sectional survey data to show that families with higher income and schooling are less likely to enroll their children in public school. But if their race is black or brown, they are more likely to choose public schools, even when controlling for income, education and location. I do not find any evidence that this result comes from scarcity of private schools, race preferences, or residential segregation. But it is likely caused by the lower returns to education that black and brown individuals have. This essay shows that not only income and education matter for school choice in Brazil, but also race. The second essay explores the theory behind parental educational investments in the presence of heterogeneous returns. I build on the overlapping generations literature to study the investment that parents make on the education of their children, in a setting with private and public schools and different returns by group. This assumption is motivated by the findings in the first essay, and it results in different school choices based on income and returns. This difference in the educational investment leads to school segregation in equilibrium and may result in poverty traps. The third essay uses a quantitative approach to study the effects of implementing a voucher program in Brazil. I use simulated method of moments to estimate some parameters in a parental choice model, while calibrating others to the Brazilian economy. The estimation is used to evaluate how implementing private education vouchers compares with the non-voucher case. I find that vouchers increase the average human capital of the economy and reduce inequality measured by the Gini coefficient and coefficient of variation. In some cases it improves the welfare of the first generation affected by the voucher, while in others it will impose a welfare cost. For future generations there are large welfare gains of continuing this policy.
Essays In The Economics Of Human Capital
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Author : Rodrigo Azuero Melo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Essays In The Economics Of Human Capital written by Rodrigo Azuero Melo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This dissertation deals with two different aspects of human capital accumulation: early childhood development and tertiary education. Specifically, it analyzes the role that public policies or changes in regulations affect incentives of agents in a way that ends up affecting the aggregate endowment of human capital in an economy. The first chapter is related to early childhood development. Recent literature has shown that skills shaped during childhood have long lasting consequences later in life. This fact has promoted a large number of programs aimed at stimulating the skill formation process for children in disadvantage. However, little is known about how cost-effective are these policies. In this chapter I evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three alternative policies aimed at improving the living standards of families in disadvantage: cash transfers, childcare subsidies, and subsidies for child investments. I find that subsidies promoting child investments are much more productive than the other two alternatives. In the second chapter, co-authored with David Zarruk, we analyze the consequences that subsidized loans for higher education have on the quality of education offered by colleges in the context of a developing country. We find that subsidized student loan policies lead to a widening gap in the quality of services provided by higher education institutions. This happens because the demand for elite institutions unambiguously increases when individuals can borrow. This does not happen in non-elite institutions, since relaxing borrowing constraints makes some individuals move from non-elite to elite institutions. The higher increase in demand for elite institutions allows them to increase prices and investment per student. If investment and average student ability are complementary inputs in the quality production function, elite universities also increase their acceptance cut-offs. In this new equilibrium, the differentiation of the product offered by colleges increases, where elite universities provide higher quality education to high-ability students and non-elite universities offer lower quality to less-able students. We calibrate the model to Colombia, which implemented massive student loan policies during the last decade and experienced an increase in the gap of quality of education provided by elite and non-elite universities. We show that the increase in the quality gap can be a by-product of the subsidized loan policies. Such results show that, when analyzed in a general equilibrium setting, subsidized loan policies can have negative effects in equilibrium.
Essays On Human Capital Investment
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Author : Yichao Wu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Essays On Human Capital Investment written by Yichao Wu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Essays In Human Capital Development
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Author : Randeep Kaur
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Essays In Human Capital Development written by Randeep Kaur and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This dissertation studies decisions pertaining to human capital investment, specifically education and health. Specifically, I examine human capital decisions through two key research questions. One, what is the effect of household structures on decisions pertaining to human capital development of infants? Two, what is the effect of education policies on education choices? Chapter 1 of the dissertation examines the former by assessing the role of grandparents in household decisions, and Chapters 2 and 3 study the latter question using education policies in India and United States, respectively. Chapter 1 studies the role of grandparents in healthcare decisions made for infants. Using a unique research design, I show that a change to household structure caused by the death of the last living grandparent can be used to identify the effect of grandparents on household decisions, if one exploits the variation in the timing of these decisions relative to the death. This chapter highlights the importance of grandparents in household decisions, especially in context of technology diffusion and human capital development. It also makes an important contribution to the literature by offering a novel empirical strategy that could be used to study the effect of family members on a variety of outcomes in an extended household setting. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 investigate how education policies affect educational outcomes of disadvantaged populations. In Chapter 2, I examine the effects of the world's largest free lunch program, the Mid Day Meal Scheme of India. Using an instrumental variable strategy, I explicitly incorporate the differential implementation levels of the policy across states. The findings of this paper show that India's free lunch program increased primary school enrollment in India, especially for girls and other disadvantaged populations. In Chapter 3, I study the effect of education policies on choices of students in higher education. In particular, I explore the impact of a policy change that allowed undocumented immigrants to be eligible for in-state tuition in Texas. Employing a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that the reduced college costs resulting from the in-state tuition policy decreased the gap in educational outcomes of undocumented immigrants and their US-born peers. The results of this chapter suggest that the in-state tuition policy increased the probability of graduating and graduating with advanced degrees from community colleges for undocumented immigrants.
Essays On Human Capital Geography And The Family
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Author : Garrett Anstreicher
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Essays On Human Capital Geography And The Family written by Garrett Anstreicher and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
In this dissertation, I study the interplay of familial and geographic factors in influencing human capital development and economic mobility in the United States. The first chapter extends a canonical model of intergenerational human capital investment to a geographic context in order to study the role of migration in determining optimal human capital accumulation and income mobility in the United States. The main result is that migration is considerably influential in shaping the high rates of economic mobility observed among children from low-wage areas, with human capital investment behavioral responses being important to consider. Equalizing school quality across locations does more to reduce interstate inequality in income mobility than equalizing skill prices, and policies that attempt to decrease human capital flight from low-wage areas via cash transfers are unlikely to be cost-effective. The second chapter, joint with Joanna Venator, studies how childcare costs, the location of extended family, and fertility events influence both the labor force attachment and labor mobility of women in the United States. We begin by empirically documenting strong patterns of women returning to their home locations in anticipation of fertility events, indicating that the desire for intergenerational time transfers is an important motivator of home migration. Moreover, women who reside in their parent's location experience a substantial long-run reduction in their child earnings penalty. Next, we build a dynamic model of labor force participation and migration to assess the incidence of counterfactual scenarios and childcare policies. We find that childcare subsidies increase lifetime earnings and labor mobility for women, with particularly strong effects for women who are ever single mothers and Blacks. Ignoring migration understates these benefits by a meaningful extent. The third chapter, joint with Owen Thompson and Jason Fletcher, studies the long-run impacts of court-ordered desegregation. Court ordered desegregation plans were implemented in hundreds of US school districts nationwide from the 1960s through the 1980s, and were arguably the most substantive national attempt to improve educational access for African American children in modern American history. Using large Census samples that are linked to Social Security records containing county of birth, we implement event studies that estimate the long run effects of exposure to desegregation orders on human capital and labor market outcomes. We find that African Americans who were relatively young when a desegregation order was implemented in their county of birth, and therefore had more exposure to integrated schools, experienced large improvements in adult human capital and labor market outcomes relative to Blacks who were older when a court order was locally implemented. There are no comparable changes in outcomes among whites in counties undergoing an order, or among Blacks who were beyond school ages when a local order was implemented. These effects are strongly concentrated in the South, with largely null findings in other regions. Our data and methodology provide the most comprehensive national assessment to date on the impacts of court ordered desegregation, and strongly indicate that these policies were in fact highly effective at improving the long run socioeconomic outcomes of many Black students.
Three Essays On Land Rights Labor Mobility And Human Capital Investment In China
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Author : Dan Wang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Three Essays On Land Rights Labor Mobility And Human Capital Investment In China written by Dan Wang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with China categories.
The dissertation explores how institutional features of the Chinese economy impact the welfare and behavior of Chinese households. The first two chapters investigate the economic implications of varying land security in rural China. The third chapter provides an empirical test of household responses to China's One-Child Policy, looking at children's education attainments and subsequent earnings. Chapter one provides both theoretical and empirical models to show that with secured land rights, households with high farming ability are likely to invest in land while households with low farming ability tend to invest in human capital and migrate to the city. The result indicates labor specialization as a result of land security. The results imply that governmental policies promoting land security may facilitate both migration and investment in land. Chapter two examines the role of rural land reallocation on welfare and risk coping strategies. In a closed agricultural economy, large-scale land reallocation help households to cope with labor supply shocks. However, when non-farm labor market and land rental market exist, the proportion of households that benefit from large-scale land adjustments will decrease. Both migration and large-scale reallocation appear to serve as effective strategies to smooth out consumption. Large-scale land reallocation appears to play a bigger role in smoothing consumption than in smoothing income. Chapter three provides an empirical test to evaluate the impacts of the One-Child Policy (OCP) on children's education attainments and subsequent earnings. The baseline identification strategy uses a difference-in-difference approach to compare outcome for children born before and after OCP; it also compares outcomes between treatment and control groups facing different institutional constraints at the same period of time. The study estimates the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) for returns to education. Empirical results suggest that OCP has bigger impacts on years of education of urban men compared with urban women. Wage estimations show that one more year of education increases women's hourly wage earnings by 5.6 to 8.1 percentage points but an additional year has no significant impact on the wage of men.
Essays On Human Capital Investments
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Author : Javaeria Ashraf Qureshi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Essays On Human Capital Investments written by Javaeria Ashraf Qureshi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
This dissertation explores topics related to the determinants of investments in education, social returns to education, and human capital production. The first two chapters investigate the effect of oldest sister's schooling on the human capital accumulation of younger siblings while the third chapter estimates the impact of school quality on student achievement. Together these studies shed light on the role of home and school inputs in the human capital formulation of children in both developing and developed countries.