Essays On The Performance Of Manufacturing Firms In Developing Countries
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Essays On The Performance Of Manufacturing Firms In Developing Countries
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Author : Benjamin Patrick Eifert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Essays On The Performance Of Manufacturing Firms In Developing Countries written by Benjamin Patrick Eifert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
This dissertation provides a theoretical and empirical investigation of the role of two under-explored factors in the performance of industrial firms in developing countries - one external to the firm in source, electricity service quality, and one internal to the firm, management practices. The first chapter lays out a theoretical framework that illustrates how poor electricity service quality can have particularly negative impacts on industrial productivity, including unexpected consequences like increased market concentration and oligopolistic behavior. The key idea here is that, because firms can produce their own electricity using private generators when the public grid is down, unreliable central power systems translate the substantial economies of scale in where relatively small producers are otherwise cost-competitive. As a result, larger firms can more easily dominate markets, potentially resulting in lower output and slower productivity growth. The second chapter turns to state- and firm-level data from India over the period 1979-2005, providing econometric estimates of the impacts of increases in electricity generation capacity on aggregate manufacturing output, employment and productivity, as well as suggestive evidence on the relationship between electricity shortages and the firm size distribution. The headline result is that a 1% increase in public sector electricity generation capacity is associated with a 0.13-0.26% increase in manufacturing output, about half of which comes from increased employment in the manufacturing sector and the remainder from increased productivity. These results put the present value of investments in public sector electricity generation capacity at roughly 2-4 times their cost. The third chapter turns to management practices, a similarly under-studied determinant of firm performance that lies primarily internal to the firm. Using data from an experiment on the randomized provision of management consulting services to textile manufacturing firms in India, this chapter provides a detailed methodology for measuring management practices on the shop-floor as well as econometric estimates of the impact of improved management practices on firm-level productivity, quality and profitability. The econometric results confirm the commonly held suspicion among businesspeople that the quality of management matters for firm performance; the improvements in management practices induced by the treatment increased the average plant's productivity by about 15% and its profitability by about 24% per year. The chapter also offers some suggestive evidence on why firms do not necessarily rapidly adopt modern management practices despite their benefits for productivity, focusing on the notion of management as a technology which diffuses slowly via knowledge transfer. Together, these three chapters provide a complex picture of the performance of firms in developing countries. External obstacles like poor electricity service quality broadly hinder economic growth and require improvements in state capacity, regulatory quality and the market environment to overcome. However, firms nonetheless can potentially make large gains in productivity and profitability from improving their internal systems and processes, including management practices. This story is consistent with the evidence of great competitive difficulties felt by many Indian firms struggling to compete with Chinese imports on the one hand, and the rise of great Indian multinationals like Tata and Reliance from humble beginnings as family businesses on the other.
Three Essays On Organizational Stability And Change In Manufacturing Firms From Developing Countries
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Author : Chinawut Chinaprayoon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Three Essays On Organizational Stability And Change In Manufacturing Firms From Developing Countries written by Chinawut Chinaprayoon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Manufacturing Firms In Developing Countries
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Author : James R. Tybout
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1998
Manufacturing Firms In Developing Countries written by James R. Tybout and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Developing countries categories.
Public Enterprise At The Crossroads
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Author : John Heath
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-01-11
Public Enterprise At The Crossroads written by John Heath and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-11 with Business & Economics categories.
In many parts of the world public enterprise is in crisis. Privatisation programmes are being widely touted as the solution to many of the problems of inefficiency and slow rates of growth associated with public enterprise. This book discusses the underlying causes of those problems, and critically examines some of the solutions that have been adopted. Its geographical coverage is wide and it cuts across the political spectrum. The experiences of countries in four continents are analysed in an attempt to shed light on current dilemmas. Recurrent patterns are found; problems are frequently seen to be political as much as economic, and bureaucracy and administrative confusion is often found to be at the heart of poor financial performance.Yet since political aims, economic environment, and administrative and managerial capabilities vary so widely, universal solutions remain more difficult to define than universal problems.
Essays On Globalization And Development
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Author : Mari Tanaka
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays On Globalization And Development written by Mari Tanaka and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
The first chapter of this dissertation asks the impact of foreign trade on working conditions in developing countries. There is a long-standing debate over the impact of global trade on workers and firms in developing countries. In this chapter, I investigate the causal effect of firm exporting on working conditions and firm performance in Myanmar. This analysis draws on a new survey I conducted on Myanmar manufacturing firms from 2013 to 2015. I use the rapid opening of Myanmar to foreign trade after 2011 alongside identification strategies that exploit product, geographic and industry variations to obtain causal estimates of the impact of trade. I find that exporting has large positive impacts on working conditions in terms of improved fire safety, health-care, union recognition, and wages. Empirical results also indicate that exporting increases firm sales, employment, and management practice scores, and the likelihood of receiving a labor audit, which is typically required by foreign buyers, providing potential explanations for the positive impact of exporting on working conditions. The second chapter, coauthored with Laura Boudreau and Ryo Makioka, investigates the effects of a large accident occurred in developing country firms on their potential trade partners in developed countries. Specifically, we use the 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh, which housed several exporting garment factories, to test for effects on stock prices, sales, costs, and profits of retail and apparel firms in developed countries. We measure CSR activity as participation in voluntary industry agreements established after the collapse to improve working conditions in the Bangladeshi apparel sector. Using an event study with stock prices, we find that firms' stock prices respond heterogeneously to association with the collapse by the media. Firms that experienced the most negative responses in stock prices in the first few days after the collapse agreed to participate in a CSR initiative, at which point their stock prices recovered; their quarterly performance was not significantly affected. Other firms that were initially less affected, but delayed forming a coalition, experienced a decline in their sales and profits in the quarter of the collapse. Our findings support a mechanism in which firms that are punished by stakeholders for the revelation of poor social standards in their supply chains may find that the benefits of CSR outweigh the costs. The third chapter asks whether an increase of foreign firms in developing countries facilitates workers' skill acquisition in firms. An increasing number of foreign firms have been invited to developing countries in the hope of benefiting the host countries' human capital formation. However, foreign entrants may reduce incumbent firms' monopsony power and incentive of training their workers. For evaluating the impact of foreign firm entries on incumbent firms' decisions to train workers, I use a rapid opening of Myanmar to trade and foreign direct investment, which attracted a large number of foreign investments, especially in the garment industry since 2012. Using yearly plant-level panel survey data from the garment industry from 2013 to 2015, I estimated the effects of an increase in the number of firms within 100 meters-neighborhoods of incumbent plants on changes in firm-sponsored training of workers, wage, turnover rates and employment. The results suggest that a foreign firm entry increases turnover rates and reduces the training intensity of incumbent firms.
Manufacturers Responses To External Pressures
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Author : Zhexiong Tao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Manufacturers Responses To External Pressures written by Zhexiong Tao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
"This thesis consists of three essays which focus on how manufacturing firms respond to external pressures: supply chain power and corruption. The first essay examines how weaker manufacturers respond to the dominance of stronger suppliers and/or customers within supply chain relationships. The extant literature on power in supply chains has focused on the dominant players who control and influence the behavior of weaker actors. These weaker actors have been portrayed as passive targets, their roles as decision-makers being largely left unexamined. In contrast, we take the perspective of the weaker manufacturers and find that they counteract the dominance of more powerful partners by using distinctive strategies dependent on the source of the power (suppliers or customers). Specifically, we find that weaker manufacturers often adopt exploration strategies to countervail the power dominance of suppliers, and adopt exploitation strategies to deal with more powerful customers. In dealing with both dominant suppliers and customers, weaker manufacturers are prone to adopt exploration and exploitation strategies simultaneously, and hence become ambidextrous. We also determine exactly how manufacturers' responses to powerful chain partners are moderated by external competitive intensity and their own internal resources.The second essay investigates the influences of exploration and exploitation strategies on supply chain integration which, in turn, affects operational and business performance. Using survey-based data gathered from 788 manufacturers in 22 economies with a wide coverage of Europe, North America, South America, and Asia, we find that manufacturers which pursue exploitation strategies are more likely to gain knowledge from suppliers, customers, and internal sales units, whereas those that pursue exploration strategies often acquire knowledge from suppliers, customers, internal sales units, and internal new product development units. The results of our analysis suggest that manufacturers pursuing exploration strategies are more likely to search a wider scope of inside and outside firms than do manufacturers pursuing exploitation strategies. We reveal that design-manufacturing integration is effective in improving operational and business performance, and customer integration is positively related to operational performance.The third essay investigates manufacturing firms' responses to corruption. Specifically, this study examines the effect of home country bribery on firms' international sourcing by developing two competing hypotheses. On the one hand, home country bribery enables a firm to lower import barriers, thus promoting international sourcing. On the other hand, bribery helps the firm build political connections with local government officials which strengthens the firm's position within the domestic country and thus decreases the incentive of exploring foreign supply sources. Adopting the instrument variable two-stage least squares method, we test these two competing arguments using a sample of 36,069 firms across 113 countries from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys. We find that home country bribery decreases, rather than increases, international sourcing. This suggests that firms that pay more bribes to home country government officials are more likely to choose domestic than foreign suppliers.In general, this dissertation finds that manufacturing firms develop distinctive strategies to deal with different types of external pressures (i.e., supply chain power and corruption). Specifically, we provide empirical evidence that these firms create tailored strategies dependent on whether they are facing powerful suppliers, powerful customers, or both. Further, we find that manufacturers reduce their international sourcing intensity in order to respond to home country bribery." --
Essays On Industrial Organization In Developing Countries
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Author : Albert John Morel Bollard
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Essays On Industrial Organization In Developing Countries written by Albert John Morel Bollard and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
This dissertation presents three essays on industrial organization in developing countries. The first examines the causes of the large employer size-wage premium in Indian manufacturing. The second presents the strong empirical relationship between average manufacturing plant size and average labor productivity across industries and across countries. The third documents the effects of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union on firms close to the old economic border.
Manufacturing Firms In Developing Countries
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Author : James Tybout
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Manufacturing Firms In Developing Countries written by James Tybout and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Competition among manufacturers in developing countries is remarkably vigorous. Nonetheless, markets are imperfect, so the general trend toward trade liberalization has yielded benefits beyond the traditional gains from specialization.Manufacturing firms in developing countries have traditionally been relatively protected. They have also been subject to heavy regulation, much of it biased in favor of large enterprises. Accordingly, it is often argued that manufacturers in these countries perform poorly in several respects:- Markets tolerate inefficient firms, so cross-firm productivity dispersion is high.- Small groups of entrenched oligopolists exploit monopoly power in product markets. - Many small firms are unable or unwilling to grow, so important economies of scale go unexploited.Tybout assesses each of these conjectures, drawing on plant - and firm - level studies of manufacturers in developing countries. He finds systematic support for none of them. Turnover is substantial, exploited scale economies are modest, and convincing demonstrations of monopoly rents are generally lacking.Overprotection and overregulation are probably less a problem in developing countries than are uncertainty about policies and demand, poor rule of law, and corruption.Tybout does find some evidence that protection increases firms' price-cost margins and reduces average efficiency levels at the margin.And although the econometric evidence on technology diffusion in developing countries is limited, it does suggest that protecting learning industries is unlikely to foster productivity growth.All of which suggests that the general trend toward trade liberalization has yielded greater benefits than the traditional gains from trade.This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to link firm-level performance with commerical policy.
Economic Policy And Manufacturing Performance In Developing Countries
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Author : Oliver Morrissey
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2001
Economic Policy And Manufacturing Performance In Developing Countries written by Oliver Morrissey and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Business & Economics categories.
Weighing the controversy between trade liberalization and government support for manufacturing, this book uses country-specific case studies to examine the impact of recent economic reforms on manufacturing performance. It further considers policy options for promoting manufacturing. Ten chapters consider the experiences of Ghana, Uganda, Indonesia, Nepal, India, Cambodia, Ecuador, the Gaza Strip, and other developing areas. Contributors are economists from England, Ireland, Ghana, Zambia, Gaza, Uganda, and Australia. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
World Economic Performance
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Author : D. S. Prasada Rao
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2013-07-01
World Economic Performance written by D. S. Prasada Rao and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-01 with Business & Economics categories.
ÔNot only is this excellent collection of papers a fitting tribute to Angus Maddison, it is also a great resource for thinking about future patterns of global economic growth Ð both in the BRICS and the OECD Ð based on key insights from historical experience.Õ Ð Nicholas Crafts, University of Warwick, UK ÔAngus Maddison may no longer be with us, but his spirit is very much alive. This collection of essays Ð including one by Maddison himself Ð shows how the methods he pioneered continue to shed new light on the comparative performance of nations and inspire successive generations of scholars.Õ Ð Barry Eichengreen, University of California at Berkeley, US ÔThe distinguished editors, leading authorities in the field of comparative quantitative economic development, have gathered a stellar group of authors to address arguably the most challenging question of our time: understanding development dynamics over time and across countries. They are to be congratulated for this comprehensive, stimulating and insightful volume. It is a fitting tribute to the late Angus Maddison, an intellectual giant in the study of long-term economic development, to whom the book is dedicated.Õ Ð Hal Hill, Australian National University World economic performance over the last 50 years has been spectacular. The post-war period has witnessed impressive growth rates in Western Europe and Japan, and in recent times, China and India. This new book discusses these issues and tackles topical questions such as: what are the socio-economic and institutional factors that have contributed to this impressive performance? Will China and India continue to grow at the same rate over the next two decades? What are the prospects for Japan, the US and other advanced economies? The book brings together contributions by eminent scholars including the late Angus Maddison, Professors Justin Lin, Bob Gordon, Ross Garnaut, Bart van Ark and others to provide answers to these fascinating questions. The chapters analyse the economic performance of selected countries including China, India, Japan, Indonesia and the US, as well as Western Europe, Latin America and developing countries as a group. The time period of the study is from 1850 to the present and includes forecasts to 2030. This well-documented book will be of considerable interest to development economists and country specialists working on countries such as China and India, economic historians who are interested in explaining the growth performance of countries, economists and economic statisticians who are interested in the measurement issues, and international organizations such as the OECD, World Bank and the UN. General readers and non-specialists who are interested in the world economic performance will also find much to interest them in this book.