Estimation Of Processor Microarchitecture Timing
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Estimation Of Processor Microarchitecture Timing
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Author : Matthew Mergener
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Estimation Of Processor Microarchitecture Timing written by Matthew Mergener and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Processor Microarchitecture
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Author : Antonio Gonzalez
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-05-31
Processor Microarchitecture written by Antonio Gonzalez and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-31 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This lecture presents a study of the microarchitecture of contemporary microprocessors. The focus is on implementation aspects, with discussions on their implications in terms of performance, power, and cost of state-of-the-art designs. The lecture starts with an overview of the different types of microprocessors and a review of the microarchitecture of cache memories. Then, it describes the implementation of the fetch unit, where special emphasis is made on the required support for branch prediction. The next section is devoted to instruction decode with special focus on the particular support to decoding x86 instructions. The next chapter presents the allocation stage and pays special attention to the implementation of register renaming. Afterward, the issue stage is studied. Here, the logic to implement out-of-order issue for both memory and non-memory instructions is thoroughly described. The following chapter focuses on the instruction execution and describes the different functional units that can be found in contemporary microprocessors, as well as the implementation of the bypass network, which has an important impact on the performance. Finally, the lecture concludes with the commit stage, where it describes how the architectural state is updated and recovered in case of exceptions or misspeculations. This lecture is intended for an advanced course on computer architecture, suitable for graduate students or senior undergrads who want to specialize in the area of computer architecture. It is also intended for practitioners in the industry in the area of microprocessor design. The book assumes that the reader is familiar with the main concepts regarding pipelining, out-of-order execution, cache memories, and virtual memory. Table of Contents: Introduction / Caches / The Instruction Fetch Unit / Decode / Allocation / The Issue Stage / Execute / The Commit Stage / References / Author Biographies
Processor Microarchitecture
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Author : Antonio González
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2010-12-30
Processor Microarchitecture written by Antonio González and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-30 with Computers categories.
This lecture presents a study of the microarchitecture of contemporary microprocessors. The focus is on implementation aspects, with discussions on their implications in terms of performance, power, and cost of state-of-the-art designs. The lecture starts with an overview of the different types of microprocessors and a review of the microarchitecture of cache memories. Then, it describes the implementation of the fetch unit, where special emphasis is made on the required support for branch prediction. The next section is devoted to instruction decode with special focus on the particular support to decoding x86 instructions. The next chapter presents the allocation stage and pays special attention to the implementation of register renaming. Afterward, the issue stage is studied. Here, the logic to implement out-of-order issue for both memory and non-memory instructions is thoroughly described. The following chapter focuses on the instruction execution and describes the different functional units that can be found in contemporary microprocessors, as well as the implementation of the bypass network, which has an important impact on the performance. Finally, the lecture concludes with the commit stage, where it describes how the architectural state is updated and recovered in case of exceptions or misspeculations. This lecture is intended for an advanced course on computer architecture, suitable for graduate students or senior undergrads who want to specialize in the area of computer architecture. It is also intended for practitioners in the industry in the area of microprocessor design. The book assumes that the reader is familiar with the main concepts regarding pipelining, out-of-order execution, cache memories, and virtual memory. Table of Contents: Introduction / Caches / The Instruction Fetch Unit / Decode / Allocation / The Issue Stage / Execute / The Commit Stage / References / Author Biographies
Worst Case Execution Time Estimation For Advanced Processor Architectures
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Author : Stefan M. E. Petters
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Worst Case Execution Time Estimation For Advanced Processor Architectures written by Stefan M. E. Petters and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
Performance Analysis Of Timing Speculative Processors
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Author : Omid Assare
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Performance Analysis Of Timing Speculative Processors written by Omid Assare and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Timing guardbands act as a barrier protecting conventional processors from circuit-level phenomena like timing errors. Timing-speculative (TS) processors replace these guardbands with timing error detection and recovery circuits to guarantee correct execution. For timing speculation to be effective, the performance and/or energy improvements gained from eliminating the guardbands must outweigh the costs of detecting and recovering from timing errors. The high costs and limited benefits that have been an obstacle to adoption of timing speculation in commercial designs have been steadily improving over the past decade. Likewise, recent advances in design of ultra-fast on-chip voltage regulators and all-digital phase locked loops with sub-nanosecond response times have increased the potential benefits by enabling more aggressive timing speculation schemes. This dissertation is motivated by another contributing factor limiting broader adoption of TS processors--complexity of their performance analysis. The absence of timing guardbands complicates timing analysis of TS processors as circuit and architecture, and their interdependence, must be considered simultaneously. We present a cross-layer performance analysis framework for TS processors that spans the system stack from circuit to application, including dynamic timing analysis tools at the level of gates, microarchitecture, and architecture, an instruction-level timing error model, and a statistical program error rate estimation methodology. We then use our framework to study the performance of a TS processor with an emphasis on characterizing the role of software. Our experiments show that the combination of running application and its input data can change the performance of a TS processor by as much as 25 percent, demonstrating that application-specific analysis is necessary for accurate evaluation of TS processors and should be used to inform design decisions and assess the suitability of applications for timing speculation. Performance of TS processors also relies on accurate prediction of the optimal operating point. Our experiments show that, in a typical case, the most commonly used policy achieves only a fraction of the potential gains of timing speculation. Inspired by our modeling of timing errors, the improved timing speculation strategies we propose in this dissertation can realize a more than 50 percent throughput improvement compared to a guardbanded design.
Pipelined Multiprocessor System On Chip For Multimedia
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Author : Haris Javaid
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-26
Pipelined Multiprocessor System On Chip For Multimedia written by Haris Javaid and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-26 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book describes analytical models and estimation methods to enhance performance estimation of pipelined multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). A framework is introduced for both design-time and run-time optimizations. For design space exploration, several algorithms are presented to minimize the area footprint of a pipelined MPSoC under a latency or a throughput constraint. A novel adaptive pipelined MPSoC architecture is described, where idle processors are transitioned into low-power states at run-time to reduce energy consumption. Multi-mode pipelined MPSoCs are introduced, where multiple pipelined MPSoCs optimized separately are merged into a single pipelined MPSoC, enabling further reduction of the area footprint by sharing the processors and communication buffers. Readers will benefit from the authors’ combined use of analytical models, estimation methods and exploration algorithms and will be enabled to explore billions of design points in a few minutes.
Power Estimation Of Microprocessors
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Author : Sriram Sambamurthy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Power Estimation Of Microprocessors written by Sriram Sambamurthy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
The widespread use of microprocessor chips in high performance applications like graphics simulators and low power applications like mobile phones, laptops, medical applications etc. has made power estimation an important step in the manufacture of VLSI chips. It has become necessary to estimate the power consumption not only after the circuits have been laid out, but also during the design of the modules of the microprocessor at higher levels of design abstraction. The design of a microprocessor is complex and is performed at multiple layers of abstraction before it finally gets manufactured. The processor is first conceptually designed using blocks at the system level, and then modeled using a high-level language (C, C++, SystemC). This enables the early development of software applications using these high-level models. The C/C++ model is then translated to a hardware description language (HDL), that typically corresponds to the register transfer level (RT-Level). Once the processor is defined at the RT-Level, it is synthesized into gates and state elements based on user-defined constraints. In this thesis, novel techniques to estimate the power consumed by the microprocessor circuits at the gate level and RT-level of abstraction are presented. At the gate level, the average power consumed by microprocessor circuits is straight-forward to estimate, as the implementation is known. However, estimating the maximum or peak instantaneous power consumed by the microprocessor as a whole, when it is executing instructions, is a hard problem due to the high complexity of the state space involved. An hierarchical approach to estimate the peak power using powerful search techniques and formal tools is presented in this thesis. This approach has been extended and applied to solve the problem of estimating the maximum supply drop. Details on this extension and a discussion of promising results are also presented. In addition, this approach has been applied to explore the possibility of minimizing the leakage component of power dissipation, when the processor is idle. At the register transfer level, estimating the average power consumed by the circuits of the microprocessor is by itself a challenging problem. This is due to the fact that their implementation is unknown at this level of abstraction. The average power consumption directly depends on the implementation. The implementation, in turn, depends on the performance constraint imposed on the microprocessor. One of the factors affecting the performance of the microprocessor, is the speed of operation of its circuits. Considering these factors and dependencies (for making early design decisions at the RT-Level), a methodology that estimates the power vs. delay curves of microprocessor circuits has been developed. This will enable designers to make design decisions for even rudimentary designs without going through the time consuming process of synthesis.
Power Estimation And Optimization Methodologies For Vliw Based Embedded Systems
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Author : Vittorio Zaccaria
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-05-08
Power Estimation And Optimization Methodologies For Vliw Based Embedded Systems written by Vittorio Zaccaria and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-08 with Computers categories.
This volume introduces innovative power estimation and optimization methodologies to support the design of low power embedded systems based on high-performance VLIW microprocessors. A VLIW processor is a (generally) pipelined processor that can execute, in each clock cycle, a set of explicitly parallel operations.
Embedded Systems And Software Validation
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Author : Abhik Roychoudhury
language : en
Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann
Release Date : 2009-04-29
Embedded Systems And Software Validation written by Abhik Roychoudhury and has been published by Morgan Kaufmann this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-04-29 with Computers categories.
Modern embedded systems require high performance, low cost and low power consumption. Such systems typically consist of a heterogeneous collection of processors, specialized memory subsystems, and partially programmable or fixed-function components. This heterogeneity, coupled with issues such as hardware/software partitioning, mapping, scheduling, etc., leads to a large number of design possibilities, making performance debugging and validation of such systems a difficult problem. Embedded systems are used to control safety critical applications such as flight control, automotive electronics and healthcare monitoring. Clearly, developing reliable software/systems for such applications is of utmost importance. This book describes a host of debugging and verification methods which can help to achieve this goal. Covers the major abstraction levels of embedded systems design, starting from software analysis and micro-architectural modeling, to modeling of resource sharing and communication at the system level Integrates formal techniques of validation for hardware/software with debugging and validation of embedded system design flows Includes practical case studies to answer the questions: does a design meet its requirements, if not, then which parts of the system are responsible for the violation, and once they are identified, then how should the design be suitably modified?
Performance Evaluation And Benchmarking
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Author : Lizy Kurian John
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-10-03
Performance Evaluation And Benchmarking written by Lizy Kurian John and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-03 with Computers categories.
Computer and microprocessor architectures are advancing at an astounding pace. However, increasing demands on performance coupled with a wide variety of specialized operating environments act to slow this pace by complicating the performance evaluation process. Carefully balancing efficiency and accuracy is key to avoid slowdowns, and such a balance can be achieved with an in-depth understanding of the available evaluation methodologies. Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking outlines a variety of evaluation methods and benchmark suites, considering their strengths, weaknesses, and when each is appropriate to use. Following a general overview of important performance analysis techniques, the book surveys contemporary benchmark suites for specific areas, such as Java, embedded systems, CPUs, and Web servers. Subsequent chapters explain how to choose appropriate averages for reporting metrics and provide a detailed treatment of statistical methods, including a summary of statistics, how to apply statistical sampling for simulation, how to apply SimPoint, and a comprehensive overview of statistical simulation. The discussion then turns to benchmark subsetting methodologies and the fundamentals of analytical modeling, including queuing models and Petri nets. Three chapters devoted to hardware performance counters conclude the book. Supplying abundant illustrations, examples, and case studies, Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking offers a firm foundation in evaluation methods along with up-to-date techniques that are necessary to develop next-generation architectures.