Evaluating Chemical And Other Agent Exposures For Reproductive And Developmental Toxicity
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Evaluating Chemical And Other Agent Exposures For Reproductive And Developmental Toxicity
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2001-04-13
Evaluating Chemical And Other Agent Exposures For Reproductive And Developmental Toxicity written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-04-13 with Nature categories.
The United States Navy has been concerned for some time with protecting its military and civilian personnel from reproductive and developmental hazards in the workplace. As part of its efforts to reduce or eliminate exposure of Naval personnel and their families to reproductive and developmental toxicants, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) recommend an approach that can be used to evaluate chemicals and physical agents for their potential to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicology, which convened the Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, to prepare this report. In this report, the subcommittee recommends an approach for evaluating agents for potential reproductive and developmental toxicity and demonstrates how that approach can be used by the Navy. This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: James Chen (National Center for Toxicological Research), George Daston (Procter and Gamble Company), Jerry Heindel (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences), Grace Lemasters (University of Cincinnati), and John Young (National Center for Toxicological Research).
Phthalates And Cumulative Risk Assessment
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2009-01-19
Phthalates And Cumulative Risk Assessment written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-01-19 with Nature categories.
People are exposed to a variety of chemicals throughout their daily lives. To protect public health, regulators use risk assessments to examine the effects of chemical exposures. This book provides guidance for assessing the risk of phthalates, chemicals found in many consumer products that have been shown to affect the development of the male reproductive system of laboratory animals. Because people are exposed to multiple phthalates and other chemicals that affect male reproductive development, a cumulative risk assessment should be conducted that evaluates the combined effects of exposure to all these chemicals. The book suggests an approach for cumulative risk assessment that can serve as a model for evaluating the health risks of other types of chemicals.
Toxicity Testing For Assessment Of Environmental Agents
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2006-05-07
Toxicity Testing For Assessment Of Environmental Agents written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-05-07 with Nature categories.
Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants.
Principles For Evaluating Health Risks To Reproduction Associated With Exposure To Chemicals
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Author : P. Foster
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2001
Principles For Evaluating Health Risks To Reproduction Associated With Exposure To Chemicals written by P. Foster and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Medical categories.
Intended as a tool for use by public health officials, research and regulatory scientists and risk managers, this publication seeks to provide a scientific framework for the use and interpretation of reproductive toxicity data from human and animal studies. It also discusses emerging methodology and testing strategy in reproductive toxicity. The text focuses on approaches to assessing reproductive toxicity in males and females, including sexual dysfunction and infertility, and many aspects of developmental toxicity (following both prenatal and postnatal exposure), from conception to sexual maturation. It is an overview of the major scientific principles underlying hazard identification, testing methods and risk assessment strategies in human reproductive toxicity. It also discusses the evaluation of reproductive toxicity data in the context of the extensive risk assessment methodology that has emerged over the past 10-15 years.
Science And Judgment In Risk Assessment
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1994-01-01
Science And Judgment In Risk Assessment written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-01-01 with Science categories.
The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblownâ€"or when risks are overlookedâ€"public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.
Reproductive And Developmental Toxicants
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Author : Eleanor Chelimsky
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2000
Reproductive And Developmental Toxicants written by Eleanor Chelimsky and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with categories.
Evaluates federal regulatory actions on environmental chemicals known to cause adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes. Identifies 30 environmental chemicals found to be of high concern because of the widespread acknowledgment of their reproductive and developmental consequences as toxicants. Determines the extent to which these chemicals are regulated by the federal government. Assesses the degree to which these regulatory actions are based on reproductive and developmental toxicity. Evaluates whether the regulatory protection currently provided to the public against reproductive and developmental disease is sufficient.
A Framework To Guide Selection Of Chemical Alternatives
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2014-10-29
A Framework To Guide Selection Of Chemical Alternatives written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-29 with Science categories.
Historically, regulations governing chemical use have often focused on widely used chemicals and acute human health effects of exposure to them, as well as their potential to cause cancer and other adverse health effects. As scientific knowledge has expanded there has been an increased awareness of the mechanisms through which chemicals may exert harmful effects on human health, as well as their effects on other species and ecosystems. Identification of high-priority chemicals and other chemicals of concern has prompted a growing number of state and local governments, as well as major companies, to take steps beyond existing hazardous chemical federal legislation. Interest in approaches and policies that ensure that any new substances substituted for chemicals of concern are assessed as carefully and thoroughly as possible has also burgeoned. The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Chemical alternative assessments are tools designed to facilitate consideration of these factors to assist stakeholders in identifying chemicals that may have the greatest likelihood of harm to human and ecological health, and to provide guidance on how the industry may develop and adopt safer alternatives. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. In addition to hazard assessments, the framework incorporates steps for life-cycle thinking - which considers possible impacts of a chemical at all stages including production, use, and disposal - as well as steps for performance and economic assessments. The report also highlights how modern information sources such as computational modeling can supplement traditional toxicology data in the assessment process. This new framework allows the evaluation of the full range of benefits and shortcomings of substitutes, and examination of tradeoffs between these risks and factors such as product functionality, product efficacy, process safety, and resource use. Through case studies, this report demonstrates how different users in contrasting decision contexts with diverse priorities can apply the framework. This report will be an essential resource to the chemical industry, environmentalists, ecologists, and state and local governments.
Principles For Evaluating Health Risks In Children Associated With Exposure To Chemicals
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Author : Germaine Buck Louis
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2006
Principles For Evaluating Health Risks In Children Associated With Exposure To Chemicals written by Germaine Buck Louis and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Medical categories.
Conclusions, and recommendations -- Introduction and background -- Unique biological characteristics of children -- Developmental stage-specific susceptibilities and outcomes in children -- Exposure assessment of children -- Methodologies to assess health outcomes in children -- Implications and strategies for risk assessment for children.
Developmental And Reproductive Toxicology
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Author : Ronald D. Hood
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-08-30
Developmental And Reproductive Toxicology written by Ronald D. Hood and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-08-30 with Medical categories.
Completely revised and updated, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology: A Practical Approach, Second Edition draws together valuable information typically scattered throughout the literature, plus some not previously published, into one complete resource. In addition to the traditional aspects of developmental toxicity testing, the book covers e
Scientific Frontiers In Developmental Toxicology And Risk Assessment
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2000-12-21
Scientific Frontiers In Developmental Toxicology And Risk Assessment written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-12-21 with Nature categories.
Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment reviews advances made during the last 10-15 years in fields such as developmental biology, molecular biology, and genetics. It describes a novel approach for how these advances might be used in combination with existing methodologies to further the understanding of mechanisms of developmental toxicity, to improve the assessment of chemicals for their ability to cause developmental toxicity, and to improve risk assessment for developmental defects. For example, based on the recent advances, even the smallest, simplest laboratory animals such as the fruit fly, roundworm, and zebrafish might be able to serve as developmental toxicological models for human biological systems. Use of such organisms might allow for rapid and inexpensive testing of large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause developmental toxicity; presently, there are little or no developmental toxicity data available for the majority of natural and manufactured chemicals in use. This new approach to developmental toxicology and risk assessment will require simultaneous research on several fronts by experts from multiple scientific disciplines, including developmental toxicologists, developmental biologists, geneticists, epidemiologists, and biostatisticians.