Experimental Investigations On The Syntax And Usage Of Fragments
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Experimental Investigations On The Syntax And Usage Of Fragments
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Author : Robin Lemke
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2021
Experimental Investigations On The Syntax And Usage Of Fragments written by Robin Lemke and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book investigates the syntax and usage of fragments (Morgan 1973), apparently subsentential utterances like "A coffee, please!" which fulfill the same communicative function as the corresponding full sentence "I'd like to have a coffee, please!". Even though such utterances are frequently used, they challenge the central role that has been attributed to the notion of sentence in linguistic theory, particularly from a semantic perspective. The first part of the book is dedicated to the syntactic analysis of fragments, which is investigated with experimental methods. Currently there are several competing theoretical analyses of fragments, which rely almost only on introspective data. The experiments presented in this book constitute a first systematic evaluation of some of their crucial predictions and, taken together, support an in situ ellipsis account of fragments, as has been suggested by Reich (2007). The second part of the book addresses the questions of why fragments are used at all, and under which circumstances they are preferred over complete sentences. Syntactic accounts impose licensing conditions on fragments, but they do not explain, why fragments are sometimes (dis)preferred provided that their usage is licensed. This book proposes an information-theoretic account of fragments, which predicts that the usage of fragments in constrained by a general tendency to distribute processing effort uniformly across the utterance. With respect to fragments, this leads to two predictions, which are empirically confirmed: Speakers tend towards omitting predictable words and they insert additional redundancy before unpredictable words.
Experimental Investigations On The Syntax And Usage Of Fragments
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Author : Robin Lemke
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2021-11-09
Experimental Investigations On The Syntax And Usage Of Fragments written by Robin Lemke and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-09 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book investigates the syntax and usage of fragments (Morgan 1973), apparently subsentential utterances like "A coffee, please!" which fulfill the same communicative function as the corresponding full sentence "I'd like to have a coffee, please!". Even though such utterances are frequently used, they challenge the central role that has been attributed to the notion of sentence in linguistic theory, particularly from a semantic perspective. The first part of the book is dedicated to the syntactic analysis of fragments, which is investigated with experimental methods. Currently there are several competing theoretical analyses of fragments, which rely almost only on introspective data. The experiments presented in this book constitute a first systematic evaluation of some of their crucial predictions and, taken together, support an in situ ellipsis account of fragments, as has been suggested by Reich (2007). The second part of the book addresses the questions of why fragments are used at all, and under which circumstances they are preferred over complete sentences. Syntactic accounts impose licensing conditions on fragments, but they do not explain, why fragments are sometimes (dis)preferred provided that their usage is licensed. This book proposes an information-theoretic account of fragments, which predicts that the usage of fragments in constrained by a general tendency to distribute processing effort uniformly across the utterance. With respect to fragments, this leads to two predictions, which are empirically confirmed: Speakers tend towards omitting predictable words and they insert additional redundancy before unpredictable words.
Discourse Structure And Narration A Diachronic View From Germanic
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Author : Ulrike Demske
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2025-06-20
Discourse Structure And Narration A Diachronic View From Germanic written by Ulrike Demske and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-06-20 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The volume Discourse structure and narration: A diachronic view from Germanic deals with questions of information structuring at discourse level, focusing on narrative discourses. More precisely, it is about the contribution of grammatical devices to the organization of texts as well as their diagnostic potential for the narrative text type. Although it is well-known that information packaging had a much greater impact on the distribution of grammatical patterns in historical stages of a language than it does today, so far many studies on the relationship between information structure and grammatical patterns do not go beyond the sentence level, in other words, they do not take into account the possible influence of the text type on the manifestation of certain grammatical patterns. How and to which degree changes in grammatical patterns correlate or are affected by changes in either discourse and/or narrative structure, how the two layers interact with each other and affect each other, and how such issues can be operationalized are still understudied. This volume aims to shed more light on these issues by presenting eight papers, which address these questions more or less explicitly. As the research questions imply, the papers all take a historical or diachronic perspective. Another commonality between the studies is that they all focus on data from Germanic languages, as we assume that by comparing closely related languages, the relationships in question become more pronounced. Specifically, the languages in question are German, Dutch, English and Icelandic. Understandably, the contributions in this volume can only highlight some aspects of the complex relationship between grammar and narration(s). Addressing among others questions of narrative progression, temporal structure, reference tracking and discourse functions, the contributions discuss phenomena such as temporal adverbials at the left periphery as well as later in the clause, left dislocation structures, fronting of the finite verb in dependent and independent clauses, linguistic means to express aspectual and tense information, and the distribution of nominalization patterns across text types.
Velar Fronting In German Dialects A Study In Synchronic And Diachronic Phonology
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Author : Tracy Alan Hall
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2022-11-30
Velar Fronting In German Dialects A Study In Synchronic And Diachronic Phonology written by Tracy Alan Hall and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-30 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Velar Fronting (VF) is the name for any synchronic or diachronic phonological process shifting the velar place of articulation to the palatal region of the vocal tract. A well-known case of VF in Standard German is the rule specifying that the fricative [x] assimilates to [ç] after front segments. VF also refers to the change from velar sounds like [ɣ k g ŋ] to palatals ([ʝ c ɟ ɲ]). The book provides a thorough investigation of VF in German dialects: Data are drawn from over 300 original sources for varieties that are (or were) spoken in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and other countries. VF differs geographically along three parameters: (A) triggers, (B) targets, and (C) outputs. VF triggers (=A) are typically defined according to vowel height: In some systems VF is induced only by high front vowels, in others by high and mid front vowels, and in yet others by high, mid, and low front vowels. Some varieties treat consonants ([r l n]) as triggers, while others do not. VF can be nonassimilatory, in which case the rule applies even in the context of back segments. In many varieties of German, VF targets (=B) consist of the two fricatives [x ɣ], but in other dialects the targets comprise [x] but not [ɣ]. In some places, VF affects not only [x ɣ], but also velar stops and the velar nasal. The output of VF (=C) is typically palatal [ç] (given the input [x]), but in many other places it is the alveolopalatal [ɕ]. A major theme is the way in which VF interacts with synchronic and diachronic changes creating or eliminating structures which can potentially undergo it or trigger it. In many dialects the relationship between velars ([x]) and palatals ([ҫ]) is transparent because velars only occur in the back vowel context and palatals only when adjacent to front sounds. In that type of system, independent processes can either feed VF (by creating additional structures which the latter can undergo), or they can bleed it (by eliminating potential structures to which VF could apply). In other dialects, VF is opaque. In one opaque system, both velars ([x]) and palatals ([ҫ]) surface in the context of front segments. Thus, in addition to expected front vowel plus palatal sequences ([…iç…]), there are also unexpected ones consisting of front vowel plus velar ([…ix…]). In a second type of opaque system, velars and palatals are found in the context of back segments; hence, expected sequences such as […iç…] occur in addition to unexpected ones like […ɑç…].
Noun Phrases In Early Germanic Languages
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Author : Kristin Bech
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2024-03-01
Noun Phrases In Early Germanic Languages written by Kristin Bech and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
On the premise that syntactic variation is constrained by factors that may not always be immediately obvious, this volume explores various perspectives on the nominal syntax in the early Germanic languages and the syntactic diversity they display. The fact that these languages are relatively well attested and documented allows for individual cases studies as well as comparative studies. Due to their well-observable common ancestry at the time of their earliest attestations, they moreover permit close-up comparative investigations into closely related languages. Besides the purely empirical aspects, the volume also explores the methodological side of diagnosing, classifying and documenting the details of syntactic diversity. The volume starts with a description by Alexander Pfaff and Gerlof Bouma of the principles underlying the Noun Phrases in Early Germanic Languages (NPEGL) database, before Alexander Pfaff presents the Patternization method for measuring syntactic diversity. Kristin Bech, Hannah Booth, Kersti Börjars, Tine Breban, Svetlana Petrova, and George Walkden carry out a pilot study of noun phrase variation in Old English, Old High German, Old Icelandic, and Old Saxon. Kristin Bech then considers the development of Old English noun phrases with quantifiers meaning ‘many’. Alexandra Rehn’s study is concerned with the inflection of stacked adjectives in Old High German and Alemannic. Old High German is also the topic of Svetlana Petrova’s study, which looks at inflectional patterns of attributive adjectives. With Hannah Booth’s contribution we move to Old Icelandic and the use of the proprial article as a topic management device. Juliane Tiemann investigates adjective position in Old Norwegian. Alexander Pfaff and George Walkden then take a broader view of adjectival articles in early Germanic, before Alexander Pfaff rounds off the volume with a study of a peculiar class of adjectives, the so-called positional predicates, which occur across the early Germanic languages.
Frequenz Prototyp Schema
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Author : Eleonore Schmitt
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2023-11-24
Frequenz Prototyp Schema written by Eleonore Schmitt and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-24 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Die Arbeit entwickelt ein gebrauchsbasiertes Modell zur Entstehung grammatischer Varianten. Dieses wird auf drei Variationsphänomene angewandt: Variation in der Konjugation (geglimmt/geglommen), Variation in der Deklination (des Bären/Bärs) und Variation in der Selektion zwischen haben und sein im Perfekt (ich bin/habe Auto gefahren). Zudem wird das Modell psycholinguistisch überprüft. Das Modell greift auf den gebrauchsbasierten Ansatz der Kognitionslinguistik zurück und erarbeitet Frequenz, Prototyp und Schema als grundlegende Einflussfaktoren darauf, wie wahrscheinlich Variation und Stabilität in einem Sprachsystem sind: Bei allen Variationsphänomenen sind neben der Variation auch stabile Verwendungen zu beobachten (geflogen/*gefliegt, des Matrosen/*des Matroses, ich bin gegangen/*ich habe gegangen). Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit werden Frequenz, Protoyp und Schema als kognitive Einflussfaktoren auf Variation und Stabilität modelliert und anschließend ihr Einfluss auf die drei Variationsphänomene theoretisch beleuchtet. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Faktoren Frequenz, Prototyp und Schema anhand von Reaktionszeitmessungen überprüft. Das in der Arbeit entwickelte Modell fasst Variation und Stabilität von Sprache probabilistisch und prognostiziert auf diese Weise Variation. Der Rückgriff auf Reaktionszeiten erlaubt es, in der Sprachverarbeitung Variationspotential zu erkennen, das noch nicht im Sprachgebrauch sichtbar ist. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht damit den zentralen Stellenwert, den Variation in der Sprache einnimmt, erweitert mit der Verbindung aus Kognitions- und Psycholinguistik bestehende Forschung und ermöglicht einen systematischen, empirisch überprüfbaren Zugang zu Variation.
Nominale Flexionsmorphologie In Den Ostoberdeutschen Dialekten Bayerns
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Author : Grit Nickel
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2023-11-13
Nominale Flexionsmorphologie In Den Ostoberdeutschen Dialekten Bayerns written by Grit Nickel and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-13 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Diese Arbeit fokussiert die nominale Flexionsmorphologie der ostoberdeutschen Dialekte in ihrer Systematik. Dialekte sind insbesondere für Fragen zum morphologischen Wandel relevant, da sie im Vergleich zum Standard gesprochensprachlichen Wandel besser repräsentieren. Gleichzeitig weisen Dialekte spezifischen Wandel in Phonologie und an der Schnittstelle von Phonologie und Morphologie auf. Die kontrastive Studie dialektaler Flexionsverfahren unter varianten phonologischen Voraussetzungen kann hier zeigen, wo die formale Varianz phonologisch bedingt ist, wo sie das Ergebnis genuin morphologischer Prozesse ist und wo beide Ebenen interagieren. Damit verbindet die Studie die synchrone, diachrone und areale Perspektive.Mit dem Ziel, die Spezifika und Gemeinsamkeiten der nominalen Numerus- und Kasusflexion für die drei Teilräume des Ostoberdeutschen (Ostfränkisch, Nord- und Mittelbairisch) in ihrer Systematik kontrastiv darzustellen, wurde für 37 Ortsdialekte und die syntaktische Einheit aus Definitartikel und Substantiv Datenmaterial des Forschungsprojekts Bayerischer Sprachatlas ausgewertet. Der erste Teil der Datenauswertung fokussiert die Formenbildung des Substantivs, wobei das Ziel der Untersuchung nicht nur in einer Inventarisierung der einzelnen (evtl. dialektraumspezifischen) Markierungsstrategien für Numerus und Kasus besteht, sondern in der Erfassung des Systems. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils stehen die Struktur der dialektalen Deklinationsklassensysteme und die Frage, inwiefern Deklinationsklassen diachron und synchron zu außerflexivischer Konditionierung tendieren (z.B. durch semantische oder phonotaktisch-prosodische Faktoren). Der dritte Teil der Datenauswertung behandelt schließlich den morphosyntaktischen Kontext und die Frage, wo Numerus und Kasus in der Nominalphrase markiert werden und inwiefern die Markierung durch morphologische oder syntaktische Mittel oder durch Disambiguierung im semantisch-pragmatischen Kontext erfolgt. Abschließend erfolgt eine Diskussion der Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund von Grammatikmodellen, die morphologischen Wandel, Sprachgebrauch und Kognition fokussieren. This book comprises a systematic analysis of the nominal inflectional systems of 37 local dialects of the East Upper German variety (i.e., East Franconian, North and Central Bavarian), analyzing data drawn from the research project Bavarian Linguistic Atlas (Bayerischer Sprachatlas). The surveyed dialects show a wide spectrum of variation with regard to dialect-specific phonological change and subsequently exhibit variation at the interface of phonology and morphology, making a contrastive study of dialect morphology worthwhile. The first part of the data analysis focuses on number and case marking strategies, surveying the local dialects’ allomorphs from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. The second part addresses the structure of dialect declension classes, specifically focusing on superior assignment principles. In a third step, noun phrases are included into the analysis, widening the focus to the more general question of whether the coding of plural (or case) information is necessarily attributed to inflectional morphology, or whether plural (or case) coding has to be located at the interface between morphology, syntax and context. Finally, the data analysis is followed by a discussion, covering theoretical (namely usage-based) approaches on morphological change
Information Structure And Information Theory
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Author : Robin Lemke
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2024-09-19
Information Structure And Information Theory written by Robin Lemke and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-09-19 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This volume results from the workshop "Discourse obligates – How and why discourse limits the way we express what we express" at the 44th Annual Meeting of the German Linguistic Society in Tübingen, Germany. The workshop brought - and this book brings - together information-structural and information-theoretic perspectives on optional variation between linguistic encodings. Previously, linguistic phenomena like linearization, the choice between syntactic constructions or the distribution of ellipsis have been investigated from an information-structural or information-theoretic perspective, but the relationship between these approaches remains underexplored. The goal of this book is to look more in detail into how information structure and information theory contribute to explaining linguistic variation, to what extent they explain different encoding choices and whether they interact in doing so. Using experimental and corpus-based methods, the contributions investigate this on different languages, historical stages and levels of linguistic analysis.
The Grammar Of Multilingualism
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Author : Artemis Alexiadou
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-10-31
The Grammar Of Multilingualism written by Artemis Alexiadou and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-31 with categories.
This volume investigates the nature of grammatical representations in speakers who master multiple languages. Since the early days of modern formal approaches to grammar, most work has been based on the language of monolingual humans. Less work has been conducted based on data from speakers who possess more than one language. Although important insights have been gained from a monolingual focus, there is every reason to believe that bi- and multilingual data can inform linguistic theory. A lot of ongoing work demonstrates that this is indeed the case, and the current volume contributes to this growing literature. Thus, the research topic addresses a number of questions relating to grammatical structures in multilingual speakers as well as the methodological issues that arise in the context of studying such speakers. A better understanding of the grammatical sides of multilingualism is crucial for understanding the human language capacity and in turn for offering better advice to the public concerning issues of language choice for multilingual children and adults, education, and language deficits in multilingual individuals.
New Trends In Data Warehousing And Data Analysis
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Author : Stanislaw Kozielski
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-10-23
New Trends In Data Warehousing And Data Analysis written by Stanislaw Kozielski and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-23 with Business & Economics categories.
Most of modern enterprises, institutions, and organizations rely on knowledge-based management systems. In these systems, knowledge is gained from data analysis. Today, knowledge-based management systems include data warehouses as their core components. Data integrated in a data warehouse are analyzed by the so-called On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) applications designed to discover trends, patterns of behavior, and anomalies as well as finding dependencies between data. Massive amounts of integrated data and the complexity of integrated data coming from many different sources make data integration and processing challenging. New Trends in Data Warehousing and Data Analysis brings together the most recent research and practical achievements in the DW and OLAP technologies. It provides an up-to-date bibliography of published works and the resource of research achievements. Finally, the book assists in the dissemination of knowledge in the field of advanced DW and OLAP.