Frequenz Prototyp Schema
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Frequenz Prototyp Schema
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Author : Eleonore Schmitt
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2023-11-24
Frequenz Prototyp Schema written by Eleonore Schmitt and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-24 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Die Arbeit entwickelt ein gebrauchsbasiertes Modell zur Entstehung grammatischer Varianten. Dieses wird auf drei Variationsphänomene angewandt: Variation in der Konjugation (geglimmt/geglommen), Variation in der Deklination (des Bären/Bärs) und Variation in der Selektion zwischen haben und sein im Perfekt (ich bin/habe Auto gefahren). Zudem wird das Modell psycholinguistisch überprüft. Das Modell greift auf den gebrauchsbasierten Ansatz der Kognitionslinguistik zurück und erarbeitet Frequenz, Prototyp und Schema als grundlegende Einflussfaktoren darauf, wie wahrscheinlich Variation und Stabilität in einem Sprachsystem sind: Bei allen Variationsphänomenen sind neben der Variation auch stabile Verwendungen zu beobachten (geflogen/*gefliegt, des Matrosen/*des Matroses, ich bin gegangen/*ich habe gegangen). Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit werden Frequenz, Protoyp und Schema als kognitive Einflussfaktoren auf Variation und Stabilität modelliert und anschließend ihr Einfluss auf die drei Variationsphänomene theoretisch beleuchtet. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Faktoren Frequenz, Prototyp und Schema anhand von Reaktionszeitmessungen überprüft. Das in der Arbeit entwickelte Modell fasst Variation und Stabilität von Sprache probabilistisch und prognostiziert auf diese Weise Variation. Der Rückgriff auf Reaktionszeiten erlaubt es, in der Sprachverarbeitung Variationspotential zu erkennen, das noch nicht im Sprachgebrauch sichtbar ist. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht damit den zentralen Stellenwert, den Variation in der Sprache einnimmt, erweitert mit der Verbindung aus Kognitions- und Psycholinguistik bestehende Forschung und ermöglicht einen systematischen, empirisch überprüfbaren Zugang zu Variation.
How To Create An Early German Scriptus
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Author : Katerina Somers
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2024-10-11
How To Create An Early German Scriptus written by Katerina Somers and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-11 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book presents a new methodology for the study of historical varieties, particularly a language’s early history. Using the German language’s first attestations as a case study, it offers an alternative to structuralist approaches to historical syntax, with their emphasis on delineating the shapes and mechanisms of early grammars. This focus has prompted Germanists to treat the data from the eighth- and ninth-century corpus with suspicion in that its texts are either poetic or translational. That is, if the unquestioned object of inquiry is a historical cognitive grammar, one ought to isolate – and perhaps discount entirely – data that are the product of confounding factors, like a poetic meter or a Latin source text. Otherwise, these competence-obscuring examples risk undermining scholars’ understanding of a genuine early German grammar. Rather than this “deficit approach,” the current volume proposes that scholars treat each early attestation as an artifact of “literization,” the process through which people transform their exclusively oral varieties into a written variety. Each historical text features a scriptus, that is, an ad hoc, idiosyncratic, and localized literization created by a person (or team of people) for a particular purpose. The challenge of understanding texts in this way lies in the fact that there is little to no direct evidence pointing to the specific identities of early medieval literizers, their motivations, and the nature of the multiple spoken competencies that fed into their scripti. In order to conceptualize early medieval German and the syntactic variation it exhibits as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, this book details the linguistic resources that were available to the literizer and are, happily, accessible to the modern researcher. First, there is Latin. Though illiterate in their own multilectal vernacular in the sense that no German scriptus existed until they developed it, literizers were educated in this highly literized language and the classical metalinguistic discourse, known as grammatica, that was associated with it. Second, there are the linguistic patterns of elaborated orality, that is, the varieties that are characteristic of public life and the oral tradition in exclusively oral communities. Though the patterns of a peculiarly German elaborated orality are lost to history, those of other traditions and cultures are attested and should also inform how scholars conceive of a multilectal early German.
Discourse Structure And Narration A Diachronic View From Germanic
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Author : Ulrike Demske
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2025-06-20
Discourse Structure And Narration A Diachronic View From Germanic written by Ulrike Demske and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-06-20 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The volume Discourse structure and narration: A diachronic view from Germanic deals with questions of information structuring at discourse level, focusing on narrative discourses. More precisely, it is about the contribution of grammatical devices to the organization of texts as well as their diagnostic potential for the narrative text type. Although it is well-known that information packaging had a much greater impact on the distribution of grammatical patterns in historical stages of a language than it does today, so far many studies on the relationship between information structure and grammatical patterns do not go beyond the sentence level, in other words, they do not take into account the possible influence of the text type on the manifestation of certain grammatical patterns. How and to which degree changes in grammatical patterns correlate or are affected by changes in either discourse and/or narrative structure, how the two layers interact with each other and affect each other, and how such issues can be operationalized are still understudied. This volume aims to shed more light on these issues by presenting eight papers, which address these questions more or less explicitly. As the research questions imply, the papers all take a historical or diachronic perspective. Another commonality between the studies is that they all focus on data from Germanic languages, as we assume that by comparing closely related languages, the relationships in question become more pronounced. Specifically, the languages in question are German, Dutch, English and Icelandic. Understandably, the contributions in this volume can only highlight some aspects of the complex relationship between grammar and narration(s). Addressing among others questions of narrative progression, temporal structure, reference tracking and discourse functions, the contributions discuss phenomena such as temporal adverbials at the left periphery as well as later in the clause, left dislocation structures, fronting of the finite verb in dependent and independent clauses, linguistic means to express aspectual and tense information, and the distribution of nominalization patterns across text types.
A Reference Guide To The Syntax Of North American Norwegian
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Author : Kari Kinn
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2025-04-28
A Reference Guide To The Syntax Of North American Norwegian written by Kari Kinn and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-04-28 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
North American Norwegian (NAmNo) is a diasporic heritage variety of Norwegian spoken primarily in the Upper Midwest of the United States. NAmNo has been in use since the mid-19th century, but it is now moribund. This volume serves as a synopsis of previous research focusing on the syntax of this language while also expanding upon these findings in key domains. Beyond the rich empirical description of facets of North American Norwegian syntax, the chapters in this volume also contribute to theory-building efforts from a Minimalist perspective. Kari Kinn and Michael T. Putnam begin the volume introducing the language and the theoretical preliminaries of aspects of the Minimalist Program found throughout the volume. The introductory chapter is followed by a detailed history of the emigration and language during the settlement period by Arnstein Hjelde. Brita Ramsevik Riksem and Mari Nygård explore the intricacies of agreement in determiner phrases, while Yvonne van Baal investigates its properties of definiteness. Kari Kinn rounds out the contributions on aspects of determiner phrases by taking a closer look at how possession is licensed in these structures. Shifting focus to the verbal and clausal domains, Kristin Eide’s chapter addresses the syntactic reflexes of tense, modality, and aspect in NAmNo. The structure of non-finite clauses is the theme of Michael T. Putnam and Åshild Søfteland’s contribution, which is followed up by Merete Anderssen, Helene R. Jensberg, Terje Lohndal, Björn Lundquist, and Marit Westergaard’s treatment of verb second (V2) word and finite verb placement. Ida Larsson and Kari Kinn analyze argument placement in NAmNo, focusing particularly on subject shift, object shift, and verb particles. Michael T. Putnam and Kari Kinn conclude the volume with an epilogue, highlighting the key empirical and theoretical findings of these contributions as well as charting a course for future research on the syntax of NAmNo. In summary, this volume is the first of its kind whose mission is not only to simultaneously summarize previous and ongoing research on the syntax of NAmNo, but to also demonstrate the important role heritage language syntax contributes to our understanding of the acquisition, attrition, change, and maintenance of heritage language syntax.
The Licensing And Usage Of Topic Drop In German
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Author : Lisa Schäfer
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2025-06-10
The Licensing And Usage Of Topic Drop In German written by Lisa Schäfer and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-06-10 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book is concerned with the licensing and usage of the elliptical construction topic drop in German. The term topic drop refers to the omission of the preverbal constituent in declarative verb-second sentences, for example, the omission of the subject ich (‘I’) in the sentence Bin gleich zurück (‘Am right back’). Topic drop exists in most of the Germanic verb-second languages and typically occurs in spoken language and text types such as SMS, chats, notes, etc. While much of the previous research has focused on individual specific properties of topic drop, often adopting a purely theoretical perspective, this book presents a systematic investigation of both the syntactic properties and usage conditions of topic drop based on empirical evidence from a corpus study and 12 acceptability rating studies. The first part of the book investigates the licensing of topic drop, in particular its restriction to the preverbal ‘prefield’ position. The results of four rating studies on topic drop in different prefield configurations lead to a refined prefield condition based on proposals by Rizzi (1994) and Freywald (2020) that is independent of topicality. Moreover, they inform the discussion on the most suitable syntactic analysis of topic drop, supporting a PF-deletion approach. The second part of the book presents and tests an information-theoretic account of topic drop usage that builds on the Uniform Information Density hypothesis (Levy & Jaeger 2007). In a corpus study and seven rating studies, several potential usage factors are investigated, including grammatical person and verb predictability. The results provide initial evidence suggesting that topic drop usage can be explained by general processing principles: The prefield constituent is omitted when it is redundant and realized overtly when it facilitates the processing of the following verb. This information-theoretic explanation is based on independently evidenced processing mechanisms, bundles isolated claims from the theoretical literature, and allows for a unified analysis of topic drop with other types of ellipsis and reduction.
Noun Phrases In Early Germanic Languages
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Author : Kristin Bech
language : en
Publisher: Language Science Press
Release Date : 2024-03-01
Noun Phrases In Early Germanic Languages written by Kristin Bech and has been published by Language Science Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
On the premise that syntactic variation is constrained by factors that may not always be immediately obvious, this volume explores various perspectives on the nominal syntax in the early Germanic languages and the syntactic diversity they display. The fact that these languages are relatively well attested and documented allows for individual cases studies as well as comparative studies. Due to their well-observable common ancestry at the time of their earliest attestations, they moreover permit close-up comparative investigations into closely related languages. Besides the purely empirical aspects, the volume also explores the methodological side of diagnosing, classifying and documenting the details of syntactic diversity. The volume starts with a description by Alexander Pfaff and Gerlof Bouma of the principles underlying the Noun Phrases in Early Germanic Languages (NPEGL) database, before Alexander Pfaff presents the Patternization method for measuring syntactic diversity. Kristin Bech, Hannah Booth, Kersti Börjars, Tine Breban, Svetlana Petrova, and George Walkden carry out a pilot study of noun phrase variation in Old English, Old High German, Old Icelandic, and Old Saxon. Kristin Bech then considers the development of Old English noun phrases with quantifiers meaning ‘many’. Alexandra Rehn’s study is concerned with the inflection of stacked adjectives in Old High German and Alemannic. Old High German is also the topic of Svetlana Petrova’s study, which looks at inflectional patterns of attributive adjectives. With Hannah Booth’s contribution we move to Old Icelandic and the use of the proprial article as a topic management device. Juliane Tiemann investigates adjective position in Old Norwegian. Alexander Pfaff and George Walkden then take a broader view of adjectival articles in early Germanic, before Alexander Pfaff rounds off the volume with a study of a peculiar class of adjectives, the so-called positional predicates, which occur across the early Germanic languages.
Frequency Of Use And The Organization Of Language
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Author : Joan Bybee
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2007
Frequency Of Use And The Organization Of Language written by Joan Bybee and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This is a collection of three decades of articles by the linguist Joan Bybee. Her articles argue for the importance of frequency of use as a factor in the analysis and explanation of language structure.
Lost In Change
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Author : Svenja Kranich
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Release Date : 2021-06-15
Lost In Change written by Svenja Kranich and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
While research on language change has formulated robust empirical generalisations about processes and motivations underlying the emergence and spread of linguistic elements, their decline and loss is less well understood. So far a systematic investigation into the processes and motivations of decline and loss in language change is lacking. This book is a first step towards remedying this state of affairs. It brings together a varied set of empirical investigations into decline and loss, spanning morphology, syntax and the lexicon, in different languages. Their authors apply diverse methodologies and represent different theoretical approaches. On the basis of this broad span of studies, authors and editors propose generalisations related to decline and loss and assess similarities and differences with processes and motivations of emergence and spread. The book aims to inspire and provide hypotheses for further studies of decline and loss. It will appeal to historical linguists and others interested in language change.
A Framework For Cognitive Sociolinguistics
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Author : Francisco Moreno-Fernandez
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2016-10-04
A Framework For Cognitive Sociolinguistics written by Francisco Moreno-Fernandez and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-04 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
A Framework for Cognitive Sociolinguistics attempts to lay out the epistemological system for a cognitive sociolinguistics—the first book to do so in the English language. The intention of this volume is not to provide a simple catalog of sociolinguistic principles or of theoretical postulates of a cognitive nature, but rather it aims to build a verifiable metatheoretical basis for cognitive sociolinguistics. This book is articulated through a series of propositions, accompanied by annotations and commentaries that develop, qualify and exemplify these propositions. As for the research questions that would be central to a cognitive sociolinguistic endeavor, the following incomplete catalog could be enumerated: What do speakers know about their language? What do they know about communicative interaction? What do speakers know about sociolinguistic variation? Where does that knowledge reside and how is it configured? How does social reality influence the origin and processing of language? How does language use affect the configuration, evolution and variation of language? What do speakers know about their socio-communicative context? How do speakers perceive sociolinguistic reality? What are speakers’ attitudes and beliefs regarding linguistic variation? How does sociolinguistic perception influence speakers’ communicative behavior at all levels? How does language contribute to the construction of identity? Offering a fresh perspective on the frequently taught and studied topic of cognitive linguistics, A Framework for Cognitive Sociolinguistics can easily be incorporated into existing courses in the areas of both cognitive and sociocultural linguistics.
Foundations Of Cognitive Grammar
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Author : Ronald W. Langacker
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Release Date : 1987
Foundations Of Cognitive Grammar written by Ronald W. Langacker and has been published by Stanford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This is the first volume of a two-volume work that introduces a new and fundamentally different conception of language structure and linguistic investigation. The central claim of cognitive grammar is that grammar forms a continuum with lexicon and is fully describable in terms of symbolic units (i.e. form-meaning pairings). In contrast to current orthodoxy, the author argues that grammar is not autonomous with respect to semantics, but rather reduces to patterns for the structuring and symbolization of conceptual content. Reviews It is impossible within the limits of a review to discuss, or even do justice to, the wealth of information and genuine insights that the book contains. . . . Let us look forward to seeing the continuation of this promising approach to language. Langacker has written a highly stimulating first part; it will be exciting to see the sequel. Canadian Journal of Linguistics It represents important changes in the thrust of linguistic approaches to language. . . . It is rich, full, and thought-provoking. . . . The issues it raises are significant and will be much debated in the future. Linguistic Anthropology Understanding Langacker s grammar is made easier by the fact that, instead of using mathematical formalisms to prove his points, he uses common knowledge of language to persuade the reader. . . . The book is valuable for several factors in addition to its clarification of grammar. The insights into verbal thought and meaning are prime reasons for recommending the book to the semantically inclined. Et cetera"