Exploring Inductive Risk
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Exploring Inductive Risk
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Author : Kevin Christopher Elliott
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017
Exploring Inductive Risk written by Kevin Christopher Elliott and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Philosophy categories.
This book brings together eleven case studies of inductive risk-the chance that scientific inference is incorrect-that range over a wide variety of scientific contexts and fields. The chapters are designed to illustrate the pervasiveness of inductive risk, assist scientists and policymakers in responding to it, and productively move theoretical discussions of the topic forward.
Values In Science
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Author : Kevin C. Elliott
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2022-06-23
Values In Science written by Kevin C. Elliott and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-23 with Philosophy categories.
This Element introduces the philosophical literature on values in science by examining four questions: (1) How do values influence science? (2) Should we actively incorporate values in science? (3) How can we manage values in science responsibly? (4) What are some next steps for those who want to help promote responsible roles for values in science? It explores arguments for and against the “value-free ideal” for science (i.e., the notion that values should be excluded from scientific reasoning) and concludes that it should be rejected. Nonetheless, this does not mean that value influences are always acceptable. The Element explores a range of strategies for distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate value influences. It concludes by proposing an approach for managing values in science that relies on justifying, prioritising, and implementing norms for scientific research practices and institutions.
Science Policy And The Value Free Ideal
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Author : Heather E. Douglas
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Release Date : 2009-07-15
Science Policy And The Value Free Ideal written by Heather E. Douglas and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Pre this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-15 with Philosophy categories.
The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
A Tapestry Of Values
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Author : Kevin C. Elliott
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017-01-02
A Tapestry Of Values written by Kevin C. Elliott and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-02 with Science categories.
The role of values in scientific research has become an important topic of discussion in both scholarly and popular debates. Pundits across the political spectrum worry that research on topics like climate change, evolutionary theory, vaccine safety, and genetically modified foods has become overly politicized. At the same time, it is clear that values play an important role in science by limiting unethical forms of research and by deciding what areas of research have the greatest relevance for society. Deciding how to distinguish legitimate and illegitimate influences of values in scientific research is a matter of vital importance. Recently, philosophers of science have written a great deal on this topic, but most of their work has been directed toward a scholarly audience. This book makes the contemporary philosophical literature on science and values accessible to a wide readership. It examines case studies from a variety of research areas, including climate science, anthropology, chemical risk assessment, ecology, neurobiology, biomedical research, and agriculture. These cases show that values have necessary roles to play in identifying research topics, choosing research questions, determining the aims of inquiry, responding to uncertainty, and deciding how to communicate information. Kevin Elliott focuses not just on describing roles for values but also on determining when their influences are actually appropriate. He emphasizes several conditions for incorporating values in a legitimate fashion, and highlights multiple strategies for fostering engagement between stakeholders so that value influences can be subjected to careful and critical scrutiny.
Information Security Science
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Author : Carl Young
language : en
Publisher: Syngress
Release Date : 2016-06-23
Information Security Science written by Carl Young and has been published by Syngress this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-06-23 with Computers categories.
Information Security Science: Measuring the Vulnerability to Data Compromises provides the scientific background and analytic techniques to understand and measure the risk associated with information security threats. This is not a traditional IT security book since it includes methods of information compromise that are not typically addressed in textbooks or journals. In particular, it explores the physical nature of information security risk, and in so doing exposes subtle, yet revealing, connections between information security, physical security, information technology, and information theory. This book is also a practical risk management guide, as it explains the fundamental scientific principles that are directly relevant to information security, specifies a structured methodology to evaluate a host of threats and attack vectors, identifies unique metrics that point to root causes of technology risk, and enables estimates of the effectiveness of risk mitigation. This book is the definitive reference for scientists and engineers with no background in security, and is ideal for security analysts and practitioners who lack scientific training. Importantly, it provides security professionals with the tools to prioritize information security controls and thereby develop cost-effective risk management strategies. Specifies the analytic and scientific methods necessary to estimate the vulnerability to information loss for a spectrum of threats and attack vectors Represents a unique treatment of the nexus between physical and information security that includes risk analyses of IT device emanations, visible information, audible information, physical information assets, and virtualized IT environments Identifies metrics that point to the root cause of information technology risk and thereby assist security professionals in developing risk management strategies Analyzes numerous threat scenarios and specifies countermeasures based on derived quantitative metrics Provides chapter introductions and end-of-chapter summaries to enhance the reader’s experience and facilitate an appreciation for key concepts
Rethinking The Good
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Author : Larry S. Temkin
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2014-12-04
Rethinking The Good written by Larry S. Temkin and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-04 with Philosophy categories.
In choosing between moral alternatives -- choosing between various forms of ethical action -- we typically make calculations of the following kind: A is better than B; B is better than C; therefore A is better than C. These inferences use the principle of transitivity and are fundamental to many forms of practical and theoretical theorizing, not just in moral and ethical theory but in economics. Indeed they are so common as to be almost invisible. What Larry Temkin's book shows is that, shockingly, if we want to continue making plausible judgments, we cannot continue to make these assumptions. Temkin shows that we are committed to various moral ideals that are, surprisingly, fundamentally incompatible with the idea that "better than" can be transitive. His book develops many examples where value judgments that we accept and find attractive, are incompatible with transitivity. While this might seem to leave two options -- reject transitivity, or reject some of our normative commitments in order to keep it -- Temkin is neutral on which path to follow, only making the case that a choice is necessary, and that the cost either way will be high. Temkin's book is a very original and deeply unsettling work of skeptical philosophy that mounts an important new challenge to contemporary ethics.
Epistemic Evaluation
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Author : John Greco
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2015
Epistemic Evaluation written by John Greco and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Philosophy categories.
Ntroduction : the point and purpose of epistemic evaluation / David Henderson and John Greco -- Part I : Philosophical methods and evaluative purposes -- Teleologies and the methodology of epistemology / Georgi Gardiner -- Know first, tell later : the truth about Craig on knowledge / Elizabeth Fricker -- What's the point? / David Henderson and Terence Horgan -- Part II : Contextualism and pragmatic encroachment -- Knowledge, practical interests, and rising tides / Stephen R. Grimm -- Two purposes of knowledge-attribution and the contextualism debate / Matthew McGrath -- Part III : Does knowledge always require reasons? -- Knowledge in practice / Michael Williams -- Regress-stopping and disagreement for epistemic neopragmatists / Jonathan M. Weinberg -- Part IV : The internalism/externalism debate -- What is the subject-matter of the theory of epistemic justification? / Sanford C. Goldberg -- Why justification matters / Declan Smithies -- Part V : Epistemic norms as social norms -- Epistemic normativity and social norms / Peter J. Graham -- Testimonial knowledge and the flow of information / John Greco.
Problems Of Religious Luck
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Author : Guy Axtell
language : en
Publisher: Lexington Books
Release Date : 2018-12-06
Problems Of Religious Luck written by Guy Axtell and has been published by Lexington Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-06 with Philosophy categories.
This book develops an inductive risk account of the limits of reasonable religious disagreement. The riskiness of different people’s methods for forming religious beliefs is shown central both to understanding fundamentalist orientation and to concerns that philosophers and theologians share for “ownership” of risk in people’s faith ventures.
Bad Beliefs
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Author : Neil Levy
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2022-01-30
Bad Beliefs written by Neil Levy and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-01-30 with Philosophy categories.
"Why do people come to reject climate science or the safety and efficacy of vaccines, in defiance of the scientific consensus? A popular view explains bad beliefs like these as resulting from a range of biases that together ensure that human beings fall short of being genuinely rational animals. This book presents an alternative account. It argues that bad beliefs arise from genuinely rational processes. We've missed the rationality of bad beliefs because we've failed to recognize the ubiquity of the higher-order evidence that shapes beliefs, and the rationality of being guided by this evidence. The book argues that attention to higher-order evidence should lead us to rethink both how minds are best changed and the ethics of changing them: we should come to see that nudging - at least usually - changes belief (and behavior) by presenting rational agents with genuine evidence, and is therefore fully respectful of intellectual agency. We needn't rethink Enlightenment ideals of intellectual autonomy and rationality, but we should reshape them to take account of our deeply social epistemic agency"--
Research Ethics For Environmental Health
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Author : Friedo Zölzer
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-12-20
Research Ethics For Environmental Health written by Friedo Zölzer and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-20 with Nature categories.
Research Ethics for Environmental Health explores the ethical basis of environmental health research and related aspects of risk assessment and control. Environmental health encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect human health, such as radiation, toxic chemicals and other hazardous agents. It is often assumed that the assessment part is just a matter of scientific research, and that control is a matter of implementing standards that unambiguously follow from that research. But it is less commonly understood that environmental health also requires addressing questions of an ethical nature. Coming from multiple disciplines and nine different countries, the contributors to this book critically examine a diverse range of ethical concerns in modern environmental health research. This book will be of great interest to scholars and practitioners of environmental health, as well as researchers in applied ethics, environmental ethics, medical ethics, bioethics and those concerned with chemical and radiation protection.