External Sector Report 2022
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External Sector Report 2022
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2022-08-04
External Sector Report 2022 written by International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-04 with Business & Economics categories.
Global current account balances—the overall size of current account deficits and surpluses—continued to widen in 2021 to 3.5 percent of world GDP, and are expected to widen again this year. The IMF’s multilateral approach suggests that global excess balances narrowed to 0.9 percent of world GDP in 2021 compared with 1.2 percent of world GDP in 2020. The pandemic has continued to affect economies’ current account balances unevenly through the travel and transportation sectors as well as a shift from services to goods consumption. Commodity prices recovered from the COVID-19 shock and started rising in 2021 with opposite effects on the external position of exporters and importers, a trend that the war in Ukraine is exacerbating in 2022. The medium-term outlook for global current account balances is a gradual narrowing as the impact of the pandemic fades away, commodity prices normalize, and fiscal consolidation in current account deficit economies progresses. However, this outlook is highly uncertain and subject to several risks. Policies to promote external rebalancing differ with positions and needs of individual economies.
External Sector Report 2024
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Author : International Monetary Fund
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-07-12
External Sector Report 2024 written by International Monetary Fund and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-07-12 with Business & Economics categories.
This year’s report provides the external sector assessment of 30 of the world’s largest economies on the basis of their 2023 data. With tight monetary policy conditions in key advanced economies continuing in 2023, the US dollar remained strong in 2023 and early 2024 by historical standards, while other reserve currency movements have been mixed. Net capital inflows to emerging market and developing economies recovered slightly from the lows experienced in 2022 but remained negative in 2023. Gross inflows and outflows in emerging markets declined, however. Against this background, the global current account balance (defined as the cross-country sum of absolute values of current account) narrowed significantly in 2023, while the excess global current account balance (in excess of the current account norms) has remained broadly unchanged relative to 2022. The report also analyzes the historical pattern in the external sector implications of energy price swings. Energy-importing countries are exposed to adverse effects of negative oil supply shocks but can adopt several policy measures to soften the impact. Possible implications of the clean energy transition and the evolving correlation between the oil price and US dollar are discussed. Lastly, the report contains external sector assessments of individual economies, which are based on a wide range of methods including a multilaterally consistent model of current accounts.
External Sector Report 2021
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Author : International Monetary Fund
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-08-02
External Sector Report 2021 written by International Monetary Fund and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-02 with Business & Economics categories.
Produced since 2012, the IMF’s annual External Sector Report analyzes global external developments and provides multilaterally consistent assessments of external positions, including current accounts, real exchange rates, external balance sheets, capital flows, and international reserves, of the world’s largest economies, representing over 90 percent of global GDP. Chapter 1 discusses the evolution of global external positions in 2020, external developments throughout the COVID-19 crisis, and policy priorities for reducing excess imbalances over the medium term. Chapter 2 analyzes how the unprecedented fiscal support provided in response to the COVID-19 crisis has affected external positions at the individual and global level. It also focuses on how withdrawal of such support will impact external positions in the medium term. Chapter 3, “Individual Economy Assessments,” provides details on the different aspects of the overall external assessment and associated policy recommendations for 30 economies. This year’s report and associated external assessments are based on the latest vintage of the External Balance Assessment (EBA) methodology and on data and IMF staff projections as of June 30, 2021.
2017 External Sector Report Individual Economy Assessments
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Author : International Working Group on External Debt Statistics
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2017-07-28
2017 External Sector Report Individual Economy Assessments written by International Working Group on External Debt Statistics and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-28 with Business & Economics categories.
The external sector assessments use a wide range of methods, including the External Balance Assessment (EBA) developed by the IMF’s Research Department to estimate desired current account balances and real exchange rates (see IMF Working Paper WP/13/272 for a complete description of the EBA methodology and Annex I of the 2015 External Sector Report for a discussion of more recent refinements). In all cases, the overall assessment is based on the judgment of IMF staff drawing on the inputs provided by these model estimates and other analysis. Since estimates are subject to uncertainty, overall assessments are presented in ranges. The external sector assessments are based on data and IMF staff projections as of June 15th, 2017. The external assessments discuss a broad range of external indicators: the current account, the real effective exchange rate, capital and financial accounts flows and measures, FX intervention and reserves and the foreign asset or liability position.[1] The individual economy assessments are discussed with the respective authorities as a part of bilateral surveillance.
External Sector Report 2020
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2020-08-04
External Sector Report 2020 written by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-04 with Business & Economics categories.
Produced since 2012, the IMF’s annual External Sector Report analyzes global external developments and provides multilaterally consistent assessments of external positions, including current accounts, real exchange rates, external balance sheets, capital flows, and international reserves, of the world’s largest economies, representing over 90 percent of global GDP. Chapter 1 discusses the evolution of global external positions in 2019, external developments during the COVID-19 crisis, and policy priorities for responding to the crisis and for reducing excess imbalances over the medium term. Chapter 2 analyzes the relationship between the structure of external assets and liabilities—the components of the international investment position—and the risk of external stress events. It also assesses how heightened global risk aversion, as during the COVID-19 crisis, amplifies these risks. Chapter 3, “Individual Economy Assessments,” provides details on the different aspects of the overall external assessment and associated policy recommendations for 30 economies. This year’s report and associated external assessments are based on the latest vintage of the External Balance Assessment (EBA) methodology and on data and IMF staff projections as of July 15, 2020.
External Sector Report July 2018
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Author : International Monetary Fund
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2018-07-23
External Sector Report July 2018 written by International Monetary Fund and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-23 with Business & Economics categories.
The External Sector Report presents a methodologically consistent assessment of the exchange rates, current accounts, reserves, capital flows, and external balance sheets of the world’s largest economies. The 2018 edition includes an analytical assessment of how trade costs and related policy barriers drive excess global imbalances.
Introduction To Development Economics
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Author : Marco Missaglia
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2025-03-21
Introduction To Development Economics written by Marco Missaglia and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-03-21 with Business & Economics categories.
This textbook provides an introduction to development economics that examines both the drivers of economic growth and sustainable development. It initially presents development economics within a historical and political context, before widening its attention to theories of growth and development, the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals, the imbalance of power between the Global North and South, global development policies, and the role of international finance in development. Rather than focusing primarily on neoclassical growth theories, qualitative and quantitative aspects of the development process are both highlighted. This book aims to give readers a broad understanding of the economic drivers of development and the economic theories that underpin them. It will be relevant to undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in development economics and sustainable development.
The Green Frontier Assessing The Economic Implications Of Climate Action
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Author : JEAN PISANI-FERRY
language : en
Publisher: Peterson Institute for International Economics
Release Date : 2024-06-03
The Green Frontier Assessing The Economic Implications Of Climate Action written by JEAN PISANI-FERRY and has been published by Peterson Institute for International Economics this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-03 with Business & Economics categories.
Addressing climate change will entail major challenges for economic growth, employment, inflation, and public finances. Mitigating the impact of global warming will yield benefits and costs that are yet to be quantified and defined for the global economy and for nations, workers, households, and companies. The Green Frontier: Assessing the Economic Implications of Climate Action offers research originally presented at a major conference at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in June 2023 in Washington, DC, organized to shed light on this still unexplored field of study and recommend policies for the future.
Eba Lite 3 0 Model And Methodology
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-11-18
Eba Lite 3 0 Model And Methodology written by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11-18 with categories.
The EBA-lite methodology is a key input in external sector assessments for over three-quarters of IMF member countries, representing a broad set of emerging and low-income economies. The EBA-lite methodology is refined periodically, and this paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the current EBA-lite econometric models and framework which is referred to as EBA-lite 3.0. The most recent refinements to the EBA-lite models included data updates, improved construction of model variables, and exclusion of non-robust variables. This paper also updates operational guidance on the complementary EBA-lite tools, such as the external sustainability approach and the modules for commodity exporters.
Dominant Reserve
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Author : Jasmine Fosque
language : en
Publisher: Jasmine Fosque
Release Date : 2025-06-08
Dominant Reserve written by Jasmine Fosque and has been published by Jasmine Fosque this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-06-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Currency Power: The Anatomy of Global Dominance is a forensic investigation into the architecture of monetary supremacy. It does not begin with GDP charts or abstract theory. It begins with fracture. On April 2, 2025, President Trump declared “Liberation Day,” launching an aggressive tariff campaign. Markets convulsed. The Dow collapsed. Volatility surged. And yet, the U.S. dollar held its line. It did not rise. It did not fall. It endured. That stillness was not coincidence. It was infrastructure. That moment revealed the book’s thesis: power is not what moves, but what holds. This book is not about currencies. It is about systems, about the legal scaffolding, institutional reflexes, and strategic behaviors that determine whether a currency survives under pressure. It explains why investors flee not to growth, but to gravity. Why central banks do not select currencies out of admiration, but out of necessity. Why money is not neutral. It is engineered. Structured around three pillars, Value, Strength, and Dominance, the book introduces the Global Currency Power (GCP) Model, a data-driven diagnostic framework that evaluates the dollar, euro, yuan, and yen across economic health, crisis reflex, and systemic embedment. Through this framework, each chapter becomes a diagnostic station in a global financial hospital. GDP is the heart. Inflation is the bloodstream. Labor markets are muscle. Trade is metabolism. Interest rates are reflexes. Reserves form the spine. And Dominance, the final and most difficult trait, reflects whether a currency functions not just as a medium, but as the architecture of trust. The dollar leads, not because it is flawless, but because no other system has replicated its legal enforceability, reserve traction, military deterrent, and settlement command. Yet, the model does not excuse fragility. It penalizes unsustainable inflation, fiscal overreach, and structural drift. China’s yuan rises on infrastructure but falters on convertibility. The euro commands legalism but struggles with coordination. Japan’s yen remains disciplined but peripheral. Through chapters on digital currencies, green finance, military deterrence, and cross-border payment infrastructure, the book exposes how monetary power is shifting, not toward collapse, but toward competition. CBDCs are no longer concepts; they are live infrastructure. ESG metrics are not ideology; they are gatekeepers of market access. Defense spending is not a cost; it is a collateral function behind sovereign trust. With a background spanning the Department of Defense, the U.S. Treasury, and strategic research roles at Meta and the Digital Chamber, the author builds this argument not from abstraction but from systems analysis. She reveals how economic diagnostics now require geopolitical fluency and how trust is programmed into architecture, digital, legal, and strategic. This is a book for policymakers who must anticipate shocks before they arrive. For investors who must decode reflexes beneath volatility. For regulators defining climate risk and digital rails. And for anyone seeking to understand how power survives when optimism fails. In a system increasingly driven by structural tests, not narrative forecasts, the question is no longer who issues currency. It is: whose system is still functional when everything else breaks? Currency Power makes one thing clear: dominance is not declared. It is revealed under pressure. And the next monetary order will not be shaped by sentiment, but by which architecture can still hold the weight of global trust.