External Sector Report 2024
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External Sector Report 2024
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Author : International Monetary Fund
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-07-12
External Sector Report 2024 written by International Monetary Fund and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-07-12 with Business & Economics categories.
This year’s report provides the external sector assessment of 30 of the world’s largest economies on the basis of their 2023 data. With tight monetary policy conditions in key advanced economies continuing in 2023, the US dollar remained strong in 2023 and early 2024 by historical standards, while other reserve currency movements have been mixed. Net capital inflows to emerging market and developing economies recovered slightly from the lows experienced in 2022 but remained negative in 2023. Gross inflows and outflows in emerging markets declined, however. Against this background, the global current account balance (defined as the cross-country sum of absolute values of current account) narrowed significantly in 2023, while the excess global current account balance (in excess of the current account norms) has remained broadly unchanged relative to 2022. The report also analyzes the historical pattern in the external sector implications of energy price swings. Energy-importing countries are exposed to adverse effects of negative oil supply shocks but can adopt several policy measures to soften the impact. Possible implications of the clean energy transition and the evolving correlation between the oil price and US dollar are discussed. Lastly, the report contains external sector assessments of individual economies, which are based on a wide range of methods including a multilaterally consistent model of current accounts.
External Sector Report July 2019
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2019-07-17
External Sector Report July 2019 written by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-17 with Business & Economics categories.
The IMF’s 2019 External Sector Report shows that global current account balances stand at about 3 percent of global GDP. Of this, about 35–45 percent are now deemed excessive. Meanwhile, net credit and debtor positions are at historical peaks and about four times larger than in the early 1990s. Short-term financing risks from the current configuration of external imbalances are generally contained, as debtor positions are concentrated in reserve-currency-issuing advanced economies. An intensification of trade tensions or a disorderly Brexit outcome—with further repercussions for global growth and risk aversion—could, however, affect other economies that are highly dependent on foreign demand and external financing. With output near potential in most systemic economies, a well-calibrated macroeconomic and structural policy mix is necessary to support rebalancing. Recent trade policy actions are weighing on global trade flows, investment, and growth, including through confidence effects and the disruption of global supply chains, with no discernible impact on external imbalances thus far.
2016 External Sector Report Individual Economy Assessments
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2016-01-07
2016 External Sector Report Individual Economy Assessments written by International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-07 with Business & Economics categories.
The external sector assessments use a wide range of methods, including the External Balance Assessment (EBA) developed by the IMF’s Research Department to estimate desired current account balances and real exchange rates (see Annex I of the 2015 External Sector Report, also IMF Working Paper WP/13/272 for a complete description of the EBA methodology). In all cases, the overall assessment is based on the judgment of IMF staff drawing on the inputs provided by these model estimates and other analysis and the estimates are subject to uncertainty. The assessments discuss a broad range of external indicators: the current account, the real effective exchange rate, capital and financial accounts flows and measures, FX intervention and reserves and the foreign asset or liability position. The individual economy assessments are discussed with the respective authorities as a part of bilateral surveillance.
External Sector Report 2022
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2022-08-04
External Sector Report 2022 written by International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-04 with Business & Economics categories.
Global current account balances—the overall size of current account deficits and surpluses—continued to widen in 2021 to 3.5 percent of world GDP, and are expected to widen again this year. The IMF’s multilateral approach suggests that global excess balances narrowed to 0.9 percent of world GDP in 2021 compared with 1.2 percent of world GDP in 2020. The pandemic has continued to affect economies’ current account balances unevenly through the travel and transportation sectors as well as a shift from services to goods consumption. Commodity prices recovered from the COVID-19 shock and started rising in 2021 with opposite effects on the external position of exporters and importers, a trend that the war in Ukraine is exacerbating in 2022. The medium-term outlook for global current account balances is a gradual narrowing as the impact of the pandemic fades away, commodity prices normalize, and fiscal consolidation in current account deficit economies progresses. However, this outlook is highly uncertain and subject to several risks. Policies to promote external rebalancing differ with positions and needs of individual economies.
Dominant Reserve
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Author : Jasmine Fosque
language : en
Publisher: Jasmine Fosque
Release Date : 2025-06-08
Dominant Reserve written by Jasmine Fosque and has been published by Jasmine Fosque this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-06-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Currency Power: The Anatomy of Global Dominance is a forensic investigation into the architecture of monetary supremacy. It does not begin with GDP charts or abstract theory. It begins with fracture. On April 2, 2025, President Trump declared “Liberation Day,” launching an aggressive tariff campaign. Markets convulsed. The Dow collapsed. Volatility surged. And yet, the U.S. dollar held its line. It did not rise. It did not fall. It endured. That stillness was not coincidence. It was infrastructure. That moment revealed the book’s thesis: power is not what moves, but what holds. This book is not about currencies. It is about systems, about the legal scaffolding, institutional reflexes, and strategic behaviors that determine whether a currency survives under pressure. It explains why investors flee not to growth, but to gravity. Why central banks do not select currencies out of admiration, but out of necessity. Why money is not neutral. It is engineered. Structured around three pillars, Value, Strength, and Dominance, the book introduces the Global Currency Power (GCP) Model, a data-driven diagnostic framework that evaluates the dollar, euro, yuan, and yen across economic health, crisis reflex, and systemic embedment. Through this framework, each chapter becomes a diagnostic station in a global financial hospital. GDP is the heart. Inflation is the bloodstream. Labor markets are muscle. Trade is metabolism. Interest rates are reflexes. Reserves form the spine. And Dominance, the final and most difficult trait, reflects whether a currency functions not just as a medium, but as the architecture of trust. The dollar leads, not because it is flawless, but because no other system has replicated its legal enforceability, reserve traction, military deterrent, and settlement command. Yet, the model does not excuse fragility. It penalizes unsustainable inflation, fiscal overreach, and structural drift. China’s yuan rises on infrastructure but falters on convertibility. The euro commands legalism but struggles with coordination. Japan’s yen remains disciplined but peripheral. Through chapters on digital currencies, green finance, military deterrence, and cross-border payment infrastructure, the book exposes how monetary power is shifting, not toward collapse, but toward competition. CBDCs are no longer concepts; they are live infrastructure. ESG metrics are not ideology; they are gatekeepers of market access. Defense spending is not a cost; it is a collateral function behind sovereign trust. With a background spanning the Department of Defense, the U.S. Treasury, and strategic research roles at Meta and the Digital Chamber, the author builds this argument not from abstraction but from systems analysis. She reveals how economic diagnostics now require geopolitical fluency and how trust is programmed into architecture, digital, legal, and strategic. This is a book for policymakers who must anticipate shocks before they arrive. For investors who must decode reflexes beneath volatility. For regulators defining climate risk and digital rails. And for anyone seeking to understand how power survives when optimism fails. In a system increasingly driven by structural tests, not narrative forecasts, the question is no longer who issues currency. It is: whose system is still functional when everything else breaks? Currency Power makes one thing clear: dominance is not declared. It is revealed under pressure. And the next monetary order will not be shaped by sentiment, but by which architecture can still hold the weight of global trust.
Switzerland
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Author : International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-06-24
Switzerland written by International Monetary Fund. European Dept. and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-24 with categories.
Growth is recovering gradually (projected at 1.3 percent in 2024) after slowing in 2023 (0.8 percent). A tight monetary stance and disinflation abroad have brought inflation within SNB’s 0–2 percent price stability range, and the SNB lowered its policy rate in March 2024, ahead of other major central banks. The external current account has remained in surplus but declined, while the general government surplus declined in 2023. Fiscal fundamentals are strong with low debt levels, but mounting spending pressures and remaining future financing gaps in the pension system, including stemming from the recent vote on a 13th monthly pension payment, need to be addressed. The state-facilitated acquisition of Credit Suisse (CS) by UBS stabilized markets, and the authorities have published reform proposals based on their review of the transaction and the TBTF framework. Negotiations with the EU restarted. Climate policy progressed. Medium-term challenges include labor shortages and skill gaps.
Introduction To Development Economics
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Author : Marco Missaglia
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2025-03-21
Introduction To Development Economics written by Marco Missaglia and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-03-21 with Business & Economics categories.
This textbook provides an introduction to development economics that examines both the drivers of economic growth and sustainable development. It initially presents development economics within a historical and political context, before widening its attention to theories of growth and development, the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals, the imbalance of power between the Global North and South, global development policies, and the role of international finance in development. Rather than focusing primarily on neoclassical growth theories, qualitative and quantitative aspects of the development process are both highlighted. This book aims to give readers a broad understanding of the economic drivers of development and the economic theories that underpin them. It will be relevant to undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in development economics and sustainable development.
Sierra Leone
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Author : International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-11-22
Sierra Leone written by International Monetary Fund. African Dept. and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11-22 with categories.
Political and social stability have been tested by a cost-of-living crisis, a coup attempt, and allegations of electoral fraud. To help maintain calm, the ruling coalition and the opposition released a joint statement promoting a constructive political dialogue. The Tripartite Committee facilitated by the UN published its recommendations to strengthen the electoral system. External shocks and suboptimal policies contributed to substantial macroeconomic imbalances following the Covid-19 pandemic. A new economic team has taken action to stabilize the economy and reduce debt-related risks, but additional efforts will be needed, including to protect the most vulnerable. The Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement will serve as a critical policy anchor, and strong ownership will be key.
Fiji
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2025-06-20
Fiji written by International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-06-20 with categories.
Economic recovery has continued, driven mainly by tourism. Inflation decelerated sharply in 2024 as the impact of the 2023 VAT hike faded. The fiscal stance was tightened, but monetary and financial conditions remain highly accommodative. Progress has been made in enhancing the business environment and addressing near-term constraints to growth, but significant structural challenges remain.
Dominica
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-06-27
Dominica written by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-27 with categories.
Dominica is a small island developing state that is vulnerable to external shocks. Key economic drivers (agriculture and ecotourism) have limited downstream integration and are vulnerable to disaster shocks. During the past decade, consecutive natural disasters (NDs) followed by the pandemic and cost of living shocks have taken its toll on Dominica’s economy. Policy responses have eroded essential fiscal buffers, despite large Citizenship by Investment (CBI) revenues which have supported reconstruction, infrastructure development, and climate adaptation. The country remains exposed to shocks, while tight fiscal space constrains development initiatives. The ongoing economic expansion provides an opportunity to rebuild essential buffers and reorient policies towards increasing prospects for more sustained and resilient growth.