Fixing Reference
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The Routledge Handbook Of Linguistic Reference
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Author : Stephen Biggs
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2020-12-24
The Routledge Handbook Of Linguistic Reference written by Stephen Biggs and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-24 with Philosophy categories.
This Handbook offers students and more advanced readers a valuable resource for understanding linguistic reference; the relation between an expression (word, phrase, sentence) and what that expression is about. The volume’s forty-one original chapters, written by many of today’s leading philosophers of language, are organized into ten parts: I Early Descriptive Theories II Causal Theories of Reference III Causal Theories and Cognitive Significance IV Alternate Theories V Two-Dimensional Semantics VI Natural Kind Terms and Rigidity VII The Empty Case VIII Singular (De Re) Thoughts IX Indexicals X Epistemology of Reference Contributions consider what kinds of expressions actually refer (names, general terms, indexicals, empty terms, sentences), what referring expressions refer to, what makes an expression refer to whatever it does, connections between meaning and reference, and how we know facts about reference. Many contributions also develop connections between linguistic reference and issues in metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science.
Fixing Reference
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Author : Imogen Dickie
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2015
Fixing Reference written by Imogen Dickie and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Imogen Dickie develops an account of aboutness-fixing for thoughts about ordinary objects, and of reference-fixing for the singular terms we use to express them. Extant discussions of this topic tread a weary path through descriptivist proposals, causalist alternatives, and attempts to combine the most attractive elements of each. The account developed here is a new beginning. It starts with two basic principles. The first connects aboutness and truth: a belief is about the object upon whose properties its truth or falsity depends. The second connects truth and justification: justification is truth conducive; in general and allowing exceptions, a subject whose beliefs are justified will be unlucky if they are not true, and not merely lucky if they are. These principles--one connecting aboutness and truth; the other truth and justification--combine to yield a third principle connecting aboutness and justification: a body of beliefs is about the object upon which its associated means of justification converges; the object whose properties a subject justifying beliefs in this way will be unlucky to get wrong and not merely luck to get right. The first part of the book proves a precise version of this principle. Its remaining chapters use the principle to explain how the relations to objects that enable us to think about them--perceptual attention; understanding of proper names; grasp of descriptions--do their aboutness-fixing and thought-enabling work. The book includes discussions of the nature of singular thought and the relation between thought and consciousness.
Knowledge And Reference In Empirical Science
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Author : Jody Azzouni
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2000
Knowledge And Reference In Empirical Science written by Jody Azzouni and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Knowledge, Theory of categories.
A fascinating study of the bounds between science and language; knowledge and truth. Jody Azzouni explores how the language of science transforms our fragmented investigations of the world into a unitary and seamless discourse.
Bound
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Author : Shaun Nichols
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2015-01-08
Bound written by Shaun Nichols and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-08 with Philosophy categories.
The problem of free will arises from ordinary, commonsense reflection. Shaun Nichols examines these ordinary attitudes from a naturalistic perspective. He offers a psychological account of the origins of the problem of free will. According to his account the problem arises because of two naturally emerging ways of thinking about ourselves and the world, one of which makes determinism plausible while the other makes determinism implausible. Although contemporary cognitive science does not settle whether choices are determined, Nichols argues that our belief in indeterminist choice is grounded in faulty inference and should be regarded as unjustified. However, even if our belief in indeterminist choice is false, it's a further substantive question whether that means that free will doesn't exist. Nichols argues that, because of the flexibility of reference, there is no single answer to whether free will exists. In some contexts, it will be true to say 'free will exists'; in other contexts, it will be false to say that. With this substantive background in place, Bound promotes a pragmatic approach to prescriptive issues. In some contexts, the prevailing practical considerations suggest that we should deny the existence of free will and moral responsibility; in other contexts the practical considerations suggest that we should affirm free will and moral responsibility. This allows for the possibility that in some contexts, it is morally apt to exact retributive punishment; in other contexts, it can be apt to take up the exonerating attitude of hard incompatibilism.
Incommensurability And Related Matters
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Author : Paul Hoyningen-Huene
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
Incommensurability And Related Matters written by Paul Hoyningen-Huene and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Science categories.
Incommensurability and Related Matters draws together some of the most distinguished contributors to the critical literature on the problem of the incommensurability of scientific theories. It addresses all the various problems raised by the problem of incommensurability, such as meaning change, reference of theoretical terms, scientific realism and anti-realism, rationality of theory choice, cognitive aspects of conceptual change, as well as exploring the broader implications of incommensurability for cultural difference. While it offers new work, and new directions of discussion, on the topic of incommensurability, the book also recapitulates the history of the discussion of the topic that has taken place within the literature on incommensurability.
Philip Kitcher
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Author : Marie I. Kaiser
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2013-05-02
Philip Kitcher written by Marie I. Kaiser and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-02 with Philosophy categories.
Philip Kitcher has deeply influenced many of the current debates in the philosophy of biology. He has also made groundbreaking contributions to the philosophy of science, to ethics, the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of mathematics, and, most recently, to pragmatism. This volume results from the 15th Münster Lectures in Philosophy. It contains an original article by Kitcher and eight critical papers on a wide range of topics.
Management Of Biological Nitrogen Fixation For The Development Of More Productive And Sustainable Agricultural Systems
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Author : J.K. Ladha
language : en
Publisher: Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Release Date : 1995-09-30
Management Of Biological Nitrogen Fixation For The Development Of More Productive And Sustainable Agricultural Systems written by J.K. Ladha and has been published by Int. Rice Res. Inst. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-09-30 with Nature categories.
Reprinted from Plant and Soil, v.174, nos.1-2 (1995), this volume is devoted to discussions on the role of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in agricultural sustainability. Papers presented on BNF in crop forage and tree legumes are augmented with discussion of integrated farming systems involving BNF, soil and N management, and recycling of legume residues. BNF by non-legumes is discussed and attempts to transform cereals into nodulating plants are critically reviewed. Also described are advances in the development of new methodologies to understand symbiotic interactions and to assess N-2 fixation in the field; means of enhancing BNF through plant and soil management; breeding and selection; problems encountered in exploiting BNF under farmers' field conditions; and promising approaches to improve BNF exploitation. Lacks a subject index. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Nitrogen Fixation With Non Legumes
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Author : F.A. Skinner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Nitrogen Fixation With Non Legumes written by F.A. Skinner and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 23-28, 1987
Nitrogen Fixation At The Millennium
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Author : G.J. Leigh
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2002-11-22
Nitrogen Fixation At The Millennium written by G.J. Leigh and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-11-22 with Science categories.
The turn of the millennium from the twentieth to the twenty-first century provides an occasion to review our understanding of a biological process, biological nitrogen fixation, that is of prime importance for the continued survival of mankind. This process has provided a basis for maintaining soil fertility since the beginning of organised agriculture, yet its very existence was confirmed only just over a century ago. In the intervening years, an enormous intellectual effort has dispersed much of the mystery surrounding biological nitrogen fixation. Biological fixation is widely exploited in agriculture, as are nitrogen fertilisers prepared for the last hundred years under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. However, despite all our efforts, the fundamental nature of the reactions involved at the heart of the biological process remain unknown. This book aims to describe what we have learned in the last one hundred years or so about biological nitrogen fixation, about what its chemistry appears to be, and how it is applied in agriculture. This ambitious objective has not been attempted recently. It is aimed at students and those who wish to enter these very challenging areas of research, and who need to learn the state of the art at the turn of the millennium.The authors are all acknowledged world experts in their fields. They have prepared concise, well referenced and authoritative accounts of their subjects. This book provides a unique summary of the current state of knowledge that will be indispensable to all students and researchers, actual and potential, interested in biological nitrogen fixation.
Nitrogen Fixation In Tropical Cropping Systems
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Author : K. E. Giller
language : en
Publisher: CABI
Release Date : 2001
Nitrogen Fixation In Tropical Cropping Systems written by K. E. Giller and has been published by CABI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Science categories.
Nitrogen fixation by leguminous plants is especially important when farmers are trying to minimise fertilizer use for cost or environmental reasons. This second edition of the highly successful book, first published in 1991, contains thoroughly updated and revised material on the theory and practice of nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems.