Gb Virus Type C Hgv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hiv Co Infection

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Gb Virus Type C Hgv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hiv Co Infection

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Author : Farnaz Vahidnia
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011

Gb Virus Type C Hgv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hiv Co Infection written by Farnaz Vahidnia and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.

GB virus C (GBV-C), an RNA virus closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV), is transmitted through sexual, parenteral, and vertical routes. GBV-C is highly prevalent among patients receiving blood products and those at high risk of sexual or parenteral exposure. Unlike HCV, GBV-C replicates mainly in lymphocytes; many attempts to find an association between GBV-C infection and human disease have been unsuccessful. Therefore, donated blood is not routinely screened for GBV-C infection. In vitro and clinical studies have suggested that GBV-C co-infection may inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by several different biological mechanisms. Some previous studies, but not all, have shown an association between GBV-C infection and both lower HIV viral load (VL) and better survival among HIV-infected patients. Few studies describe predictors of acute GBV-C infection following transfusion in HIV-infected patients. Reports on survival benefits associated with co-infection after advent of highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) are inconclusive. An open question in many previous reports is the temporal relationship between GBV-C infection and HIV disease markers. To address some of the currently unanswered questions concerning GBV-C and HIV co-infection, we used a limited access database obtained from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Viral Activation Transfusion Study (VATS) was a randomized controlled trial comparing leukoreduced (LR) vs. non-LR transfusions given to anemic HIV-infected transfusion-naïve patients. Pre- and post-transfusion samples from 489 subjects were tested for GBV-C markers. We used the VATS dataset and the results of GBV-C testing to examine two hypotheses. First, we tested the hypothesis that GBV-C is transmitted to HIV-infected VATS subjects (n=294) via transfusion. We estimated the risk of acquiring GBV-C RNA per unit of blood transfused and examined the predictors of GBV-C acquisition. We found an incidence of 39 GBV-C infections per 100 person-years during follow-up in this population and an 8% increased risk of acquiring GBV-C associated with each additional unit of blood transfused, controlling for HAART status and baseline HIV VL. A lower HIV VL, use of HAART and white race were associated with an increased risk of subsequent GBV-C acquisition. Second, we examined the hypothesis that GBV-C co-infection is associated with lower mortality and lower HIV VL in 489 HIV-infected VATS subjects and in two VATS sub-cohorts. GBV-C viremia was associated with significantly lower mortality and HIV VL in unadjusted analyses. We found a non-significant trend towards lower mortality and lower HIV VL among HIV-infected VATS subjects, after adjusting for HIV risk behavior and time-updated E2 antibody, HAART status, HIV VL, and CD4 cell count. Acquisition of GBV-C was associated with lower mortality in the sub-cohort of individuals who were GBV-C RNA and antibody negative at baseline (n=294), adjusting for time-updated covariates (HR= 0.31, 95% CI 0.11, 0.86). Our results suggest high rates of GBV-C transmission by transfusion among HIV-infected subjects and an increased hazard of GBV-C acquisition with lower pre-transfusion HIV VL and current use of HAART. Our results also indicate that GBV-C viremia is associated with a trend towards lower mortality and lower HIV VL, and GBV-C acquisition via transfusion is associated with a significant reduction in mortality in HIV-infected individuals, after adjusting for HIV disease markers. These findings confirm previous reports that GBV-C infection inhibits HIV replication in vitro and in vivo.

Viral Interference Of Gb Virus C And Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

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Author : Susan Jung
language : en
Publisher: Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG
Release Date : 2011-02-01

Viral Interference Of Gb Virus C And Human Immunodeficiency Viruses written by Susan Jung and has been published by Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-02-01 with categories.

In general, infection of a host by multiple pathogens has important clinical implications. In conjunction with HIV, co-infections are associated with a significantly decreased survival probability. Unexpectedly, long-term viremia of the apathogenic GB Virus C (GBV-C) leads to improved survival of GBV-C co-infected HIV patients. However, epidemiological studies cannot prove a causal relationship nor they distinguish whether the observed reduction in HIV associated morbidity and mortality is caused by GBV-C/HIV interference or if GBV-C serves just as a surrogate marker for a robust immune system. Therefore, cell culture experiments were necessary. Indeed, GBV-C inhibits different HIV strains and clades. The underlaying mechanism of HIV suppression is complex. In addition to GBV-C proteins, such as the E2 glycoprotein that possess the ability to inhibit HIV entry or the NS5A protein that may imair later HIV replication steps, GBV-C elicits antibodies that neutralize HIV comparable to the broad reactive human anti-gp41 antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, as well. Taken together a combination of both inhibitory effects present an innovative approach for further drug development and vaccine design.

The Impact Of Gb Virus C Co Infection On Mother To Child Transmission Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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Author : Wendy Bhanich Supapol
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009

The Impact Of Gb Virus C Co Infection On Mother To Child Transmission Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus written by Wendy Bhanich Supapol and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.

GB virus C (GBV-C) is a common, apathogenic virus that can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro. Persistent coinfection with GBV-C has been associated with improved survival among HIV-infected adults while loss of GBV-C viremia has been associated with poor survival. If GBV-C does inhibit HIV replication, it is possible that GBV-C infection may reduce mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV. This study investigated whether maternal or infant GBV-C infection was associated with reduced MTCT of HIV infection.The study population consisted of 1,783 pregnant women from three Bangkok perinatal HIV transmission studies (1992-94, 1996-7, 1999-2004). We tested plasma collected at delivery for GBV-C RNA, GBV-C antibody, and GBV-C viral genotype. If maternal GBV-C RNA was detected, the four- or six-month infant specimen was tested for GBV-C RNA. Rates of MTCT of HIV in GBV-C-infected and GBV-C-uninfected women and infants were compared using multiple logistic regression as were associations with MTCT of GBV-C and prevalence of GBV-C infection.The prevalence of GBV-C infection (i.e. presence of RNA or antibody) was 33% among HIV-infected women and 15% among HIV-uninfected women. Forty-one percent of GBV-C-RNA-positive women transmitted GBV-C to their infants. Only two of 101 (2.0%) GBV-C-RNA-positive infants acquired HIV infection compared to 162 (13.2%) of 1,232 of GBV-C-RNA-negative infants (RR 0.15, p

Advances In Flavivirus Research

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Author : Michael R. Holbrook
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2018-07-10

Advances In Flavivirus Research written by Michael R. Holbrook and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-10 with categories.

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Advances in Flavivirus Research" that was published in Viruses

Immunology And The Quest For An Hiv Vaccine

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Author : Dr. Omar Bagasra, MD, PhD and Dr. Donald Gene Pace, PhD
language : en
Publisher: Author House
Release Date : 2012-01-13

Immunology And The Quest For An Hiv Vaccine written by Dr. Omar Bagasra, MD, PhD and Dr. Donald Gene Pace, PhD and has been published by Author House this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-13 with Medical categories.

How many human immune systems are there? How old are they? Why is there no AIDS vaccine? Is a new approach needed? Why is public opinion growing skeptical of the scientific community after three decades of public awareness about HIV/AIDS? Consider answers to these puzzling questions. Learn from the decades of experience of two senior scholars: Dr. Omar Bagasra (an eminent molecular biologist, immunologist, and retrovirologist) and Dr. Donald Gene Pace (a highly published writer who examines public health policy). Explore intriguing new possibilities about human immunity, and the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. Read Immunology and the Quest for an HIV Vaccine. Benefit from an informed synthesis backed by a wealth of peer-reviewed scientific references. Review basic concepts of immunology, and stretch your perspective by contemplating this creative synthesis that provides a provocative treatise on the origin, evolution, and etiology of several forms of immune systems. Consider compelling ideas that will have an important bearing on HIV vaccine development. Enjoy this informative volume designed for anyone interested in the development of a safe AIDS vaccine, for anyone curious about present knowledge about human immunity, and for anyone yearning for a solution to the global pandemic that is AIDS.

Sleisenger And Fordtran S Gastrointestinal And Liver Disease

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Author : Mark Feldman
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2020-06-09

Sleisenger And Fordtran S Gastrointestinal And Liver Disease written by Mark Feldman and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-09 with Medical categories.

For nearly 50 years, Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease has been the go-to reference for gastroenterology and hepatology residents, fellows, physicians, and the entire GI caregiving team. Now in a fully revised 11th Edition, this two-volume masterwork brings together the knowledge and expertise of hundreds of global experts who keep you up to date with the newest techniques, technologies, and treatments for every clinical challenge you face in gastroenterology and hepatology. A logical organization, more than 1,100 full-color illustrations, and easy-to-use algorithms ensure that you’ll quickly and easily find the information you need. Features new and expanded discussions of chronic hepatitis B and C, Helicobacter pylori infection, colorectal cancer prevention through screening and surveillance, biologic agents and novel small molecules to treat and prevent recurrences of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastrointestinal immune and autoimmune diseases, and more. Offers reliable coverage of key topics such as Barrett’s esophagus, gut microbiome, enteric microbiota and probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and hepatic, pancreatic, and small bowel transplantation. Provides more quick-reference algorithms that summarize clinical decision making and practical approaches to patient management. Employs a consistent, templated, format throughout for quick retrieval of information. Includes monthly updates online, as well as more than 20 procedural videos.

Current Studies In Hiv Research

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Author : SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
language : en
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
Release Date : 2016-07-13

Current Studies In Hiv Research written by SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi and has been published by Bentham Science Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-13 with Medical categories.

Current Studies in HIV Research brings key topics in HIV/AIDS research to the fore by compiling reviews prepared by HIV/AIDS experts. Readers will benefit from the extensive range of topics covered in this book. Each of the 24 chapters of this volume present a brief account of major facets of HIV/AIDS research including epidemiology, HIV prevention, basic virology, clinical studies (including co-infection with mycobacteria and hepatitis viruses), antiretroviral therapy, treatment options for specific patient groups (such as pregnant women and elderly patients), patient psychology and public health concerns. The book also presents information about issues encountered in practical situations such as management models for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community involvement in HIV programs and sampling methods in HIV research. Current Studies in HIV Research is, therefore, a useful guide to research information for novice epidemiologists, clinicians, psychologists, sociologists and managers involved in planning and implementing HIV/AIDS research, prevention and monitoring projects.

Sleisenger And Fordtran S Gastrointestinal And Liver Disease E Book

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Author : Mark Feldman
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2015-01-01

Sleisenger And Fordtran S Gastrointestinal And Liver Disease E Book written by Mark Feldman and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-01 with Medical categories.

Now in its 10th edition, Sleisenger and Fordtran?s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease remains your indispensable source for definitive, state-of-the-art answers on every aspect of gastroenterology and hepatology. Overcome your most complex clinical challenges and make optimal use of the newest techniques, technologies, and treatments?with superb guidance from hundreds of world-renowned authorities. Meticulous updates throughout include the latest approaches and improvements in gastrointestinal and liver disease diagnosis and therapy as well as hundreds of images and 35 new procedural videos. "..one of the most valuable clinical resources in the dynamic field of gastroenterology and hepatology." Reviewed by Brindusa Diaconu on behalf of the Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, July 2015 "..an engaging, educational yet clinically orientated textbook which is relevant to modern clinical practice." Reviewed by Dr Harry Brown on behalf of glycosmedia.com, April 2015 "I can personally attest to the remarkable advances that have been made, as I was author of the chapter on eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the second edition of the textbook, and reading the same chapter in the tenth edition underscores the important advances that have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis as well as the pathophysiology of this and related disorders." Foreword by Norton J. Greenberger, MD Boston, Massachusetts, June 2015 Consult this title on your favorite e-reader. Get the essential gastroenterology information you need from one authoritative source with an outstanding global reputation for excellence. Zero in on the key information you need to know with a consistent, full-color chapter design. Stay up to date with emerging and challenging topics: enteric microbiota and probiotics; fecal microbiota transplantation; Clostridium difficile colitis; and factitious gastrointestinal diseases. Incorporate the latest findings and improvements in care for liver disease patients—from diagnosis and treatment through post-treatment strategies and management of complications. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, references, and videos from the book on a variety of devices.

Cumulated Index Medicus

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000

Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Medicine categories.

Modern Blood Banking Transfusion Practices

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Author : Denise M Harmening
language : en
Publisher: F.A. Davis
Release Date : 2018-11-30

Modern Blood Banking Transfusion Practices written by Denise M Harmening and has been published by F.A. Davis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-30 with Medical categories.

Join the generations of students who have embarked on successful careers with a firm foundation in the theory and practice of blood banking and transfusion practices. Denise HarmeningÕs classic text teaches you not only how to perform must-know tests and tasks, but to understand the scientific principles behind them.