Viral Interference Of Gb Virus C And Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
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Viral Interference Of Gb Virus C And Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
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Author : Susan Jung
language : en
Publisher: Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG
Release Date : 2011-02-01
Viral Interference Of Gb Virus C And Human Immunodeficiency Viruses written by Susan Jung and has been published by Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-02-01 with categories.
In general, infection of a host by multiple pathogens has important clinical implications. In conjunction with HIV, co-infections are associated with a significantly decreased survival probability. Unexpectedly, long-term viremia of the apathogenic GB Virus C (GBV-C) leads to improved survival of GBV-C co-infected HIV patients. However, epidemiological studies cannot prove a causal relationship nor they distinguish whether the observed reduction in HIV associated morbidity and mortality is caused by GBV-C/HIV interference or if GBV-C serves just as a surrogate marker for a robust immune system. Therefore, cell culture experiments were necessary. Indeed, GBV-C inhibits different HIV strains and clades. The underlaying mechanism of HIV suppression is complex. In addition to GBV-C proteins, such as the E2 glycoprotein that possess the ability to inhibit HIV entry or the NS5A protein that may imair later HIV replication steps, GBV-C elicits antibodies that neutralize HIV comparable to the broad reactive human anti-gp41 antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, as well. Taken together a combination of both inhibitory effects present an innovative approach for further drug development and vaccine design.
Gb Virus Type C Hgv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hiv Co Infection
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Author : Farnaz Vahidnia
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Gb Virus Type C Hgv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hiv Co Infection written by Farnaz Vahidnia and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
GB virus C (GBV-C), an RNA virus closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV), is transmitted through sexual, parenteral, and vertical routes. GBV-C is highly prevalent among patients receiving blood products and those at high risk of sexual or parenteral exposure. Unlike HCV, GBV-C replicates mainly in lymphocytes; many attempts to find an association between GBV-C infection and human disease have been unsuccessful. Therefore, donated blood is not routinely screened for GBV-C infection. In vitro and clinical studies have suggested that GBV-C co-infection may inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by several different biological mechanisms. Some previous studies, but not all, have shown an association between GBV-C infection and both lower HIV viral load (VL) and better survival among HIV-infected patients. Few studies describe predictors of acute GBV-C infection following transfusion in HIV-infected patients. Reports on survival benefits associated with co-infection after advent of highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) are inconclusive. An open question in many previous reports is the temporal relationship between GBV-C infection and HIV disease markers. To address some of the currently unanswered questions concerning GBV-C and HIV co-infection, we used a limited access database obtained from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Viral Activation Transfusion Study (VATS) was a randomized controlled trial comparing leukoreduced (LR) vs. non-LR transfusions given to anemic HIV-infected transfusion-naïve patients. Pre- and post-transfusion samples from 489 subjects were tested for GBV-C markers. We used the VATS dataset and the results of GBV-C testing to examine two hypotheses. First, we tested the hypothesis that GBV-C is transmitted to HIV-infected VATS subjects (n=294) via transfusion. We estimated the risk of acquiring GBV-C RNA per unit of blood transfused and examined the predictors of GBV-C acquisition. We found an incidence of 39 GBV-C infections per 100 person-years during follow-up in this population and an 8% increased risk of acquiring GBV-C associated with each additional unit of blood transfused, controlling for HAART status and baseline HIV VL. A lower HIV VL, use of HAART and white race were associated with an increased risk of subsequent GBV-C acquisition. Second, we examined the hypothesis that GBV-C co-infection is associated with lower mortality and lower HIV VL in 489 HIV-infected VATS subjects and in two VATS sub-cohorts. GBV-C viremia was associated with significantly lower mortality and HIV VL in unadjusted analyses. We found a non-significant trend towards lower mortality and lower HIV VL among HIV-infected VATS subjects, after adjusting for HIV risk behavior and time-updated E2 antibody, HAART status, HIV VL, and CD4 cell count. Acquisition of GBV-C was associated with lower mortality in the sub-cohort of individuals who were GBV-C RNA and antibody negative at baseline (n=294), adjusting for time-updated covariates (HR= 0.31, 95% CI 0.11, 0.86). Our results suggest high rates of GBV-C transmission by transfusion among HIV-infected subjects and an increased hazard of GBV-C acquisition with lower pre-transfusion HIV VL and current use of HAART. Our results also indicate that GBV-C viremia is associated with a trend towards lower mortality and lower HIV VL, and GBV-C acquisition via transfusion is associated with a significant reduction in mortality in HIV-infected individuals, after adjusting for HIV disease markers. These findings confirm previous reports that GBV-C infection inhibits HIV replication in vitro and in vivo.
Human Herpesviruses
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Author : Ann Arvin
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2007-08-16
Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-08-16 with Medical categories.
This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Antiviral Strategies
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Author : Hans-Georg Kräusslich
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-12-02
Antiviral Strategies written by Hans-Georg Kräusslich and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-12-02 with Medical categories.
A crucial issue for antiviral therapy is the fact that all antiviral substances rapidly select for resistance; thus, monitoring and overcoming resistance has become a most important clinical paradigm of antiviral therapy. This calls for cautious use of antiviral drugs and implementation of combination therapies. In parallel, efforts in drug discovery have to be continued to develop compounds with novel mode-of-action and activity against resistant strains. This book reviews the current status of antiviral therapy, from the roads to development of new compounds to their clinical use and cost effectiveness. Individual chapters address in more detail all available drug classes and outline new approaches currently under development.
Sars Mers And Other Viral Lung Infections
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Author : David S. Hui
language : en
Publisher: European Respiratory Society
Release Date : 2016-06-01
Sars Mers And Other Viral Lung Infections written by David S. Hui and has been published by European Respiratory Society this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-06-01 with Medical categories.
Viral respiratory tract infections are important and common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past two decades, several novel viral respiratory infections have emerged with epidemic potential that threaten global health security. This Monograph aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome and other viral respiratory infections, including seasonal influenza, avian influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, through six chapters written by authoritative experts from around the globe.
Polymicrobial Diseases
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Author : Kim A. Brogden
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Polymicrobial Diseases written by Kim A. Brogden and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Bacteria categories.
Polymicrobial diseases, those involving more than one etiologic agent, are more common than is generally realized and include respiratory diseases, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, hepatitis, periodontal diseases, multiple sclerosis, genital infections, intra -- abdominal infections, and pertussis.
Immunopathogenesis Of Hiv Infection
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Author : Anthony S. Fauci
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Immunopathogenesis Of Hiv Infection written by Anthony S. Fauci and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
During the last 5 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and in the development of new potent antiviral agents. With regard to HIV pathogenesis, several recent observations have not only changed our perspectives of HIV disease, but have been critical for the design of therapeutic strategies.
Principles Of Virology
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Author : Jane Flint
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2020-09-02
Principles Of Virology written by Jane Flint and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-02 with Science categories.
Principles of Virology, the leading virology textbook in use, is an extremely valuable and highly informative presentation of virology at the interface of modern cell biology and immunology. This text utilizes a uniquely rational approach by highlighting common principles and processes across all viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to illustrate the breadth of viral complexity, students are able to understand viral reproduction and pathogenesis and are equipped with the necessary tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fifth edition was updated to keep pace with the ever-changing field of virology. In addition to the beloved full-color illustrations, video interviews with leading scientists, movies, and links to exciting blogposts on relevant topics, this edition includes study questions and active learning puzzles in each chapter, as well as short descriptions regarding the key messages of references of special interest. Volume I: Molecular Biology focuses on the molecular processes of viral reproduction, from entry through release. Volume II: Pathogenesis and Control addresses the interplay between viruses and their host organisms, on both the micro- and macroscale, including chapters on public health, the immune response, vaccines and other antiviral strategies, viral evolution, and a brand new chapter on the therapeutic uses of viruses. These two volumes can be used for separate courses or together in a single course. Each includes a unique appendix, glossary, and links to internet resources. Principles of Virology, Fifth Edition, is ideal for teaching the strategies by which all viruses reproduce, spread within a host, and are maintained within populations. This edition carefully reflects the results of extensive vetting and feedback received from course instructors and students, making this renowned textbook even more appropriate for undergraduate and graduate courses in virology, microbiology, and infectious diseases.
The Molecular Basis Of Viral Infection
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2015-01-13
The Molecular Basis Of Viral Infection written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-13 with Science categories.
Virology is in a sense both one of the most important precursors and one of the most significant beneficiaries of structural and cellular molecular biology. Numerous breakthroughs in our understanding of the molecular interactions of viruses with host cells are ready for translation into medically important applications such as the prevention and treatment of viral infections. This book collects a wide variety of examples of frontline research into molecular aspects of viral infections from virological, immunological, cell- and molecular-biological, structural, and theoretical perspectives. Contributors are world leaders in their fields of study and represent prestigious academic and research institutions Review articles vary vastly in scope: some focus on a narrowly defined scientific problem of one particular virus with careful introduction for the non-specialist; others are essays in general and comparative virology with forays into specific viral species or molecules The different perspectives complement each other and collectively the contributions provide an impression of the fast-moving frontlines of virology while showing how the problems have evolved Structural data are presented through high-quality illustrations
Molecular Virology
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Author : Susanne Modrow
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-09-18
Molecular Virology written by Susanne Modrow and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-18 with Science categories.
The book gives a comprehensive overview on the knowledge of virus infection relevant for humans and animals. For each virus family the molecular details of the virus particle and the viral replication cycle are described. In the case of virus types with relevance for human and/or animal health the data on molecular biology, genetics and virus-cell interaction are combined with those concerning, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinics, prevention and therapy.